Anxiety Counselling in Belfast

Photo of Lesley Delaney, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Lesley Delaney
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Belfast BT5
Stress, anxiety, low self-esteem and relationship concerns are my specialisms.
I offer a safe relaxed space where you will be really listened to without judgement. My aim is to help you to understand yourself better, change destructive behavioural patterns, improve your emotional wellbeing and take more control of your life. Do you feel overwhelmed, stressed or depressed? Perhaps you are stuck or dissatisfied with your life or your relationship? Maybe work is taking over your life? Do you need help to make a change? Together we can explore your feelings, to make sense of what is happening or happened in your life. Together we can explore new perspectives. I am here to help you to achieve your goals.
Stress, anxiety, low self-esteem and relationship concerns are my specialisms.
I offer a safe relaxed space where you will be really listened to without judgement. My aim is to help you to understand yourself better, change destructive behavioural patterns, improve your emotional wellbeing and take more control of your life. Do you feel overwhelmed, stressed or depressed? Perhaps you are stuck or dissatisfied with your life or your relationship? Maybe work is taking over your life? Do you need help to make a change? Together we can explore your feelings, to make sense of what is happening or happened in your life. Together we can explore new perspectives. I am here to help you to achieve your goals.
028 9692 8076 View 028 9692 8076
Photo of Elsa Steen, MBACP, Counsellor
Elsa Steen
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Belfast BT9
I have the skills to help clients with anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, health anxiety, social anxiety, OCD, generalised anxiety disorder, depression and stress.
Hello, welcome to my profile. I understand it can be daunting finding a therapist and hope the information below can help. I am a cognitive behavioural therapist (CBT) and currently work with adults and children. CBT is an evidenced and skill-based therapy which looks at understanding the links between our thoughts (cognitions), feelings (emotions) and actions (behaviours). My aim is to help individuals better understand their thoughts and behaviours, making a positive change in their life.
I have the skills to help clients with anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, health anxiety, social anxiety, OCD, generalised anxiety disorder, depression and stress.
Hello, welcome to my profile. I understand it can be daunting finding a therapist and hope the information below can help. I am a cognitive behavioural therapist (CBT) and currently work with adults and children. CBT is an evidenced and skill-based therapy which looks at understanding the links between our thoughts (cognitions), feelings (emotions) and actions (behaviours). My aim is to help individuals better understand their thoughts and behaviours, making a positive change in their life.
028 3829 8077 View 028 3829 8077
Photo of Helen Ross Mckelvey, MSc, SNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Helen Ross Mckelvey
Counsellor, MSc, SNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Belfast BT16
Clients I work most successfully with have a desire to sort out relationship(s), present or past. They will be open to discover their own needs, issues and aspirations and to own these and, if a present relationship, to enter into mutual understanding of what each can bring to and gain from that relationship. They will find the possibilities of change from attitudes and thought patterns created by or brought into the relationship. Other clients will bring an openness to discover why and how their issues, grief, fear, loneliness, low self worth or anxiety/depression have formed and engage in the journey to wholeness.
Clients I work most successfully with have a desire to sort out relationship(s), present or past. They will be open to discover their own needs, issues and aspirations and to own these and, if a present relationship, to enter into mutual understanding of what each can bring to and gain from that relationship. They will find the possibilities of change from attitudes and thought patterns created by or brought into the relationship. Other clients will bring an openness to discover why and how their issues, grief, fear, loneliness, low self worth or anxiety/depression have formed and engage in the journey to wholeness.
028 9692 8170 View 028 9692 8170
Photo of Marian Rafferty, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Marian Rafferty
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Belfast BT9
Have you been feeling anxious or depressed? Perhaps you have suffered a loss - a relationship, a bereavement, a job? Are events from the past still haunting you? Maybe you are not really sure why you are feeling so low? As an experienced counsellor, I can help you to explore your thoughts and feelings, manage your symptoms and decide what changes you want to make to your life. It is often difficult to talk to friends and family about our problems due to embarrassment or fear of being a burden. As a qualified counsellor, I have been trained to listen and support you through your darkest moments.
Have you been feeling anxious or depressed? Perhaps you have suffered a loss - a relationship, a bereavement, a job? Are events from the past still haunting you? Maybe you are not really sure why you are feeling so low? As an experienced counsellor, I can help you to explore your thoughts and feelings, manage your symptoms and decide what changes you want to make to your life. It is often difficult to talk to friends and family about our problems due to embarrassment or fear of being a burden. As a qualified counsellor, I have been trained to listen and support you through your darkest moments.
028 9692 8153 View 028 9692 8153
Photo of Ian Robert William Wilson - Woodmere CBT, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Woodmere CBT
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Belfast BT8
My areas of practice in which I am experienced and hold relevant qualifications to practise include, working with anxiety, social anxiety, depression, panic disorder, type 1 and type 2 trauma, OCD and grief.
Woodmere CBT is a Cognitive Behavioural Therapy practice located in Belfast offering BACP accredited & NCPS Professionally Accredited psychotherapy services and specialised grief therapy interventions. Whatever your issue, Woodmere CBT will meet it with compassion, curiosity and care, using a contemporary, rational and evidence based therapy framework which aims to reduce your presenting symptoms and get you thinking, feeling and behaving like the human being you want to be.
My areas of practice in which I am experienced and hold relevant qualifications to practise include, working with anxiety, social anxiety, depression, panic disorder, type 1 and type 2 trauma, OCD and grief.
Woodmere CBT is a Cognitive Behavioural Therapy practice located in Belfast offering BACP accredited & NCPS Professionally Accredited psychotherapy services and specialised grief therapy interventions. Whatever your issue, Woodmere CBT will meet it with compassion, curiosity and care, using a contemporary, rational and evidence based therapy framework which aims to reduce your presenting symptoms and get you thinking, feeling and behaving like the human being you want to be.
028 9694 3938 View 028 9694 3938
Photo of Katie Trainor - Belfast CBT Clinic - Dr Katie Trainor, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Belfast CBT Clinic - Dr Katie Trainor
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Belfast BT9
I am a fully registered Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist, accredited by the British Association for Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP) in providing psychological assessments and tailored CBT interventions. I completed my CBT training in Queens University Belfast and have 7 years experience working in mental health services, supporting clients with a wide range anxiety, low mood and PTSD. I am passionate about my role as a cognitive behavioural therapist, helping clients to make steps toward recovery and positive, lasting changes in their lives.
I am a fully registered Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist, accredited by the British Association for Behavioural & Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP) in providing psychological assessments and tailored CBT interventions. I completed my CBT training in Queens University Belfast and have 7 years experience working in mental health services, supporting clients with a wide range anxiety, low mood and PTSD. I am passionate about my role as a cognitive behavioural therapist, helping clients to make steps toward recovery and positive, lasting changes in their lives.
028 9694 3729 View 028 9694 3729
Photo of Michael Walton, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Michael Walton
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Belfast BT4
I have experience of working with depression, relationship issues, anxiety and bereavement, as well as working with suicidal thoughts and self harm.
If you are in the process of considering counselling/psychotherapy then finding the right therapist is the most important decision to make. Research shows positive therapeutic outcomes are based on the relationship between therapist and client. A good way of assessing if we can work well together is attending a free of charge session; no commitment beyond this, to see if I can help you to identify further what your needs are.
I have experience of working with depression, relationship issues, anxiety and bereavement, as well as working with suicidal thoughts and self harm.
If you are in the process of considering counselling/psychotherapy then finding the right therapist is the most important decision to make. Research shows positive therapeutic outcomes are based on the relationship between therapist and client. A good way of assessing if we can work well together is attending a free of charge session; no commitment beyond this, to see if I can help you to identify further what your needs are.
028 8944 9964 View 028 8944 9964
Photo of Ellen Bowler-McCartney, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap., Psychotherapist
Ellen Bowler-McCartney
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Belfast BT9  (Online Only)
I work with people of all ages to help them feel less anxious and less stuck. Have you been anxious lately? Maybe you've been "a worrier" for as long as you can remember? Well let's work on that. If you are struggling with sleep, social anxiety, lack of confidence or have difficulties in relationships, give me a call. If you are tired of perfectionism or people pleasing, we can focus on that together. If worry has put up barriers to you living your most joyful life and overthinking is disrupting your days or nights, then I am here to help you sort through it all with talk and with art therapy. It really does
I work with people of all ages to help them feel less anxious and less stuck. Have you been anxious lately? Maybe you've been "a worrier" for as long as you can remember? Well let's work on that. If you are struggling with sleep, social anxiety, lack of confidence or have difficulties in relationships, give me a call. If you are tired of perfectionism or people pleasing, we can focus on that together. If worry has put up barriers to you living your most joyful life and overthinking is disrupting your days or nights, then I am here to help you sort through it all with talk and with art therapy. It really does
028 9694 3765 View 028 9694 3765
Photo of Dr Andrew Mc Gibbon, PsychD, ACP, Psychotherapist
Dr Andrew Mc Gibbon
Psychotherapist, PsychD, ACP
Verified Verified
Belfast BT9
Waitlist for new clients
I work therapeutically with Children, Adolescents, Parents and Young People up to 25. I help with a range of difficulties, including but not limited to anxiety, depression, trauma, school difficulties, social isolation and identity issues. My experience includes 20 years working in the NHS within The Child & Adolescent Mental Health Services. I also offer Supervision to professionals.
I work therapeutically with Children, Adolescents, Parents and Young People up to 25. I help with a range of difficulties, including but not limited to anxiety, depression, trauma, school difficulties, social isolation and identity issues. My experience includes 20 years working in the NHS within The Child & Adolescent Mental Health Services. I also offer Supervision to professionals.
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Photo of Ross George White - Strive2Thrive, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Strive2Thrive
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Belfast BT7
At times, we can find it difficult to cope with challenges that we are facing. In contending with these challenges, we can lose sight of what matters to us, which only serves to intensify our problems. Strive2Thrive is a clinical psychology service that provides evidence-based approaches to help you cope with difficult thoughts and emotions and get you back on track by reconnecting with what matters to you. Whether it is feelings of anxiety, low mood, managing life transitions, or dealing with trauma, Strive2Thrive can help. In addition to one-to-one therapy, we also offer support to couples experiencing relationship difficulties.
At times, we can find it difficult to cope with challenges that we are facing. In contending with these challenges, we can lose sight of what matters to us, which only serves to intensify our problems. Strive2Thrive is a clinical psychology service that provides evidence-based approaches to help you cope with difficult thoughts and emotions and get you back on track by reconnecting with what matters to you. Whether it is feelings of anxiety, low mood, managing life transitions, or dealing with trauma, Strive2Thrive can help. In addition to one-to-one therapy, we also offer support to couples experiencing relationship difficulties.
028 9694 3340 View 028 9694 3340
Photo of Anne Marie McKinley, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Anne Marie McKinley
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Belfast BT4
Trauma, anxiety, and depression symptoms can be very uncomfortable.
In my years of experience working as a Trauma Therapist. I worked within the NHS and treated trauma alongside PTSD responses to birth as a midwife and trauma therapist. Private practice includes working with life concerns such as depression, PTSD, dissociative conditions, and relationship stresses in any of life's circumstances. I am happy to work with almost any general life issue. Examples include GRI, sexual or other abuse, rape, and lifelong bullying are frequent concerns in therapy, and couple therapy is of particular interest. I use EMDR, Rewind, and Trauma-focused CBT in a person-centred approach and work with clients online
Trauma, anxiety, and depression symptoms can be very uncomfortable.
In my years of experience working as a Trauma Therapist. I worked within the NHS and treated trauma alongside PTSD responses to birth as a midwife and trauma therapist. Private practice includes working with life concerns such as depression, PTSD, dissociative conditions, and relationship stresses in any of life's circumstances. I am happy to work with almost any general life issue. Examples include GRI, sexual or other abuse, rape, and lifelong bullying are frequent concerns in therapy, and couple therapy is of particular interest. I use EMDR, Rewind, and Trauma-focused CBT in a person-centred approach and work with clients online
028 2502 2464 View 028 2502 2464
Photo of Rita Hashemipour, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Rita Hashemipour
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Belfast BT9
Do you feel like you are stuck at a cross roads and not sure which way to turn? Are you feeling overwhelmed with life’s challenges, feeling anxious, depressed or trapped in an impossible situation? Maybe you are struggling with an addiction or need to talk about something that is bothering you to someone who doesn’t have an agenda. We all experience struggles at times and these can be distressing or get in the way of our everyday lives. No matter what the issue is, counselling can help shed new light on problems and help you understand your feelings with a view to gaining new insights and developing better ways of coping.
Do you feel like you are stuck at a cross roads and not sure which way to turn? Are you feeling overwhelmed with life’s challenges, feeling anxious, depressed or trapped in an impossible situation? Maybe you are struggling with an addiction or need to talk about something that is bothering you to someone who doesn’t have an agenda. We all experience struggles at times and these can be distressing or get in the way of our everyday lives. No matter what the issue is, counselling can help shed new light on problems and help you understand your feelings with a view to gaining new insights and developing better ways of coping.
028 9124 4013 View 028 9124 4013
Photo of Eamonn McVeigh - Eamonn McVeigh  Consultant Psychotherapist, PNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Eamonn McVeigh Consultant Psychotherapist
Psychotherapist, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Belfast BT12
I can help you with any Anxiety Disorder such as Panic attacks, PTSD, Depression, Eating disorders, Sleep problems and general health conditions.
Effective, Empathetic, Empowering. Mental ill health treated with care. Providing a Professional Service for your Mental Health needs​. I am a Mental Health Consultant. I provide treatment for Mental ill health conditions. I use CBT, Schema Therapy, Hypnotherapy, EMDR, EFT, Orthomolecular advice and Psychotherapy with Nutritional Guidance. In the first session I will do a full assessment and then offer the best treatment plan for your needs. We will work together on a weekly basis.
I can help you with any Anxiety Disorder such as Panic attacks, PTSD, Depression, Eating disorders, Sleep problems and general health conditions.
Effective, Empathetic, Empowering. Mental ill health treated with care. Providing a Professional Service for your Mental Health needs​. I am a Mental Health Consultant. I provide treatment for Mental ill health conditions. I use CBT, Schema Therapy, Hypnotherapy, EMDR, EFT, Orthomolecular advice and Psychotherapy with Nutritional Guidance. In the first session I will do a full assessment and then offer the best treatment plan for your needs. We will work together on a weekly basis.
028 9694 3608 View 028 9694 3608
Photo of Victoria Lynn Brown, MSc, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Victoria Lynn Brown
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Belfast BT9
I specialise in the following: Trauma, Bereavement, Anxiety, Depression, PTSD, Relationship Issues, Family Trauma, Children’s Therapy, Eating Disorders, CBT and Psychodynamic therapy.
Hello! Thank you for taking a moment to visit my profile.  My name is Victoria, I am a qualified and registered Psychotherapist. My registration is with British association of Counsellors and Psychotherapists. As a psychotherapist, my primary focus is to provide support and guidance to individuals struggling with various mental health challenges such as depression, stress, family issues and trauma. I offer a safe and non judgemental space for clients to explore their thoughts, emotions and experiences.
I specialise in the following: Trauma, Bereavement, Anxiety, Depression, PTSD, Relationship Issues, Family Trauma, Children’s Therapy, Eating Disorders, CBT and Psychodynamic therapy.
Hello! Thank you for taking a moment to visit my profile.  My name is Victoria, I am a qualified and registered Psychotherapist. My registration is with British association of Counsellors and Psychotherapists. As a psychotherapist, my primary focus is to provide support and guidance to individuals struggling with various mental health challenges such as depression, stress, family issues and trauma. I offer a safe and non judgemental space for clients to explore their thoughts, emotions and experiences.
028 9692 8289 View 028 9692 8289
Photo of Kevin McFaul, MSc, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Kevin McFaul
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Belfast BT9
I have 14 years experience working in mental health services, supporting clients with a wide range anxiety and mood difficulties.
I am a BABCP accredited Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist trained in providing psychological assessments and tailored interventions for children, adolescents and adults. CBT helps to provide clients with a deeper understanding of difficult emotions which can be overwhelming and impact on day to day life. This is achieved by collaboratively exploring life events, patterns of thinking and examining behaviours which may intensify unwanted feelings. By learning to challenge unhelpful thinking and behaving, clients can begin to achieve their therapeutic goals and develop an understanding of how to address future difficulties.
I have 14 years experience working in mental health services, supporting clients with a wide range anxiety and mood difficulties.
I am a BABCP accredited Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist trained in providing psychological assessments and tailored interventions for children, adolescents and adults. CBT helps to provide clients with a deeper understanding of difficult emotions which can be overwhelming and impact on day to day life. This is achieved by collaboratively exploring life events, patterns of thinking and examining behaviours which may intensify unwanted feelings. By learning to challenge unhelpful thinking and behaving, clients can begin to achieve their therapeutic goals and develop an understanding of how to address future difficulties.
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Photo of Dr Amanda Gleeson, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Amanda Gleeson
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Belfast BT8  (Online Only)
I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist who has worked with adults and young people with a variety of different mental health difficulties. I am fully registered and offer a variety of evidence-based psychological therapies for a range of difficulties. I specialise in supporting individuals with psychological difficulties as a result of their experience of trauma and I have published research in this area. I also work with anxiety, stress/overwhelm, OCD, panic and relationship difficulties. I offer online appointments only, with both evening and weekend availability.
I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist who has worked with adults and young people with a variety of different mental health difficulties. I am fully registered and offer a variety of evidence-based psychological therapies for a range of difficulties. I specialise in supporting individuals with psychological difficulties as a result of their experience of trauma and I have published research in this area. I also work with anxiety, stress/overwhelm, OCD, panic and relationship difficulties. I offer online appointments only, with both evening and weekend availability.
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Photo of Linda White, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Linda White
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Belfast BT11  (Online Only)
Are you currently experiencing symptoms of low mood and/or anxiety. Come and talk to me and together we will explore these issues and work on ways of managing these current difficulties in a positive way. Having worked in the mental health sector for 12 years I have experienced how talking therapy can allow clients to explore their issues that they face on a daily basis and enable them to develop coping strategies which provide positive changes moving forward.
Are you currently experiencing symptoms of low mood and/or anxiety. Come and talk to me and together we will explore these issues and work on ways of managing these current difficulties in a positive way. Having worked in the mental health sector for 12 years I have experienced how talking therapy can allow clients to explore their issues that they face on a daily basis and enable them to develop coping strategies which provide positive changes moving forward.
01571 590043 View 01571 590043
Photo of Seán Gallagher, MBACP, Counsellor
Seán Gallagher
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Belfast BT15
My name is Seán, and I am qualified counsellor currently registered with BACP. As I currently work in the charity sector, I have extensive experience working with a very broad spectrum of clients, of various ethnic and cultural backgrounds, sexualities, and gender expressions. As a result of this, I have sought additional training on many topics, such as domestic violence, trauma, and the LGBTQ+ experience in Northern Ireland. Additionally, in my recent education at Ulster University, I undertook some research into social anxiety, giving me a more specialist knowledge of that topic.
My name is Seán, and I am qualified counsellor currently registered with BACP. As I currently work in the charity sector, I have extensive experience working with a very broad spectrum of clients, of various ethnic and cultural backgrounds, sexualities, and gender expressions. As a result of this, I have sought additional training on many topics, such as domestic violence, trauma, and the LGBTQ+ experience in Northern Ireland. Additionally, in my recent education at Ulster University, I undertook some research into social anxiety, giving me a more specialist knowledge of that topic.
028 9694 3400 View 028 9694 3400
Photo of Lisa McKeown, MBACP, Counsellor
Lisa McKeown
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Belfast BT11  (Online Only)
Do you feel overwhelmed, weighed down by feelings of low mood and anxiety? Come talk to me, and together we will work on strategies and tools that will allow you to address the root causes of the difficulties you are experiencing. My favorite thing about counselling is having the privilege to go along with a client on their journey and see them grow and develop as the weeks go on, witness them making the changes they need in order to improve what initially brought them to counselling.
Do you feel overwhelmed, weighed down by feelings of low mood and anxiety? Come talk to me, and together we will work on strategies and tools that will allow you to address the root causes of the difficulties you are experiencing. My favorite thing about counselling is having the privilege to go along with a client on their journey and see them grow and develop as the weeks go on, witness them making the changes they need in order to improve what initially brought them to counselling.
028 9694 3273 View 028 9694 3273
Photo of Sarah Ross, MBACP, Counsellor
Sarah Ross
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Belfast BT7
I am a fully qualified integrative counsellor with experience of delivering counselling within a GP setting and also within the voluntary and community sector (including NewLife Counselling and Relate). I have experience of working with a diverse range of areas including anxiety, stress, depression and low mood, bereavement (including suicide), caring responsibilities, confidence issues, relationship issues, unresolved trauma, bullying, abuse, obsessional compulsive behaviours and perfectionism. I also work in the field of addiction, including the provision of therapeutic support to Dunlewey Addiction Services clients.
I am a fully qualified integrative counsellor with experience of delivering counselling within a GP setting and also within the voluntary and community sector (including NewLife Counselling and Relate). I have experience of working with a diverse range of areas including anxiety, stress, depression and low mood, bereavement (including suicide), caring responsibilities, confidence issues, relationship issues, unresolved trauma, bullying, abuse, obsessional compulsive behaviours and perfectionism. I also work in the field of addiction, including the provision of therapeutic support to Dunlewey Addiction Services clients.
028 9507 2416 View 028 9507 2416
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Anxiety Counsellors

What are the most common treatments for anxiety?

Talk therapy, particularly cognitive behavioural therapy, is the most common treatment for anxiety. Studies have shown it is equally effective as medication. Other forms of therapy are popular, depending on a patient’s experience. Exposure therapy, for instance, can be useful for people dealing with fears and phobias, or who have experienced traumatic events. Dialectical Behavioural Therapy may be useful for patients who need help with emotion regulation. Anxiolytic medications, like benzodiazepines, can also help with calming a person enough to focus on the skills they’ve learned, and physical exercise has been shown to help symptoms of anxiety across the board.

How long does therapy for anxiety take to work?

The amount of time needed to alleviate symptoms depends on the severity of a person’s condition. Some therapies may take 5-20 weekly sessions to show results. Anti-depressant medications typically take two to four weeks before a benefit is felt. Anti-anxiety medications are felt typically within 20-30 minutes. Medications are best used to offer a patient a better headspace in which to work on techniques learned in therapy. Exercise, improved sleep habits, and meditation are effective, but takes weeks or months to show results.

When should I seek treatment for anxiety?

Everyone feels anxious at times, but when anxiety causes disruption to your daily life, it may be time to seek help. Such disruption can be mental, physical, or both: having fear dominate your thoughts, avoiding situations or objects that bring on feelings of anxiety, or experiencing shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness, or panic attacks. When these symptoms are recurrent and distressing, it may be time to talk to someone.

How effective is treatment for anxiety?

Treatment for anxiety has been shown to be moderately to highly effective, according to a large body of psychology studies and analyses. For some people, treatment using CBT or exposure therapy alone is effective. Others respond best to a combination of medication and therapy.