Counselling in Armagh

Photo of Maureen Rachel Crawford - Bawn Counselling , Counsellor, MSc, MNCPS Acc.
Bawn Counselling
Counsellor, MSc, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Armagh BT60
Are you experiencing anxiety, panic attacks, depression or unresolved issues from the past or relational difficulties? Are you grieving with the loss of a loved one and finding it difficult? Are you wishing you could finally find happiness and enjoy mental freedom?
Are you experiencing anxiety, panic attacks, depression or unresolved issues from the past or relational difficulties? Are you grieving with the loss of a loved one and finding it difficult? Are you wishing you could finally find happiness and enjoy mental freedom?
07723 469546 View 07723 469546
Phil Joyce
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a Fully Accredited Specialist Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist having completed my Post-Graduate Diploma in Queen’s University Belfast. I have also completed a Specialist C.B.T Masters in the treatment of Trauma/PTSD at Queen’s University. I have over 13 years’ experience providing therapeutic interventions to people experiencing a wide range of mental health difficulties. Furthermore, I have extensive experience in providing Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and E.M.D.R to adults and adolescents to help them overcome a wide array of mental health difficulties.
I am a Fully Accredited Specialist Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapist having completed my Post-Graduate Diploma in Queen’s University Belfast. I have also completed a Specialist C.B.T Masters in the treatment of Trauma/PTSD at Queen’s University. I have over 13 years’ experience providing therapeutic interventions to people experiencing a wide range of mental health difficulties. Furthermore, I have extensive experience in providing Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and E.M.D.R to adults and adolescents to help them overcome a wide array of mental health difficulties.
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Photo of Niamh Campbell, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Niamh Campbell
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Armagh BT60
My name is Niamh, I am a clinical Supervisor. I am also an accredited integrative counsellor, which means I work from a client perspective using several different counselling approaches, incorporating Person centred, CBT and Psychodynamic. I work in the Armagh, Dungannon, Portadown area. I have 10 years' experience working with clients dealing with a variety of issues eg, Durgs/Alcohol misuse, Self-Worth, Trauma / abuse, Bereavement and many more.
My name is Niamh, I am a clinical Supervisor. I am also an accredited integrative counsellor, which means I work from a client perspective using several different counselling approaches, incorporating Person centred, CBT and Psychodynamic. I work in the Armagh, Dungannon, Portadown area. I have 10 years' experience working with clients dealing with a variety of issues eg, Durgs/Alcohol misuse, Self-Worth, Trauma / abuse, Bereavement and many more.
028 9694 3907 View 028 9694 3907
Photo of Stephanie McKernan, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Stephanie McKernan
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Armagh BT60
Hi, My name is Stephanie. I am a clinical supervisor and an accredited integrative counsellor, which means I draw on different psychological approaches depending on your needs and goals. I work collaboratively with you in a client led way to help you explore and understand what is on your mind, within a safe space. I have 12 years experience working with both adults and young people (11-25 years), presenting with a range of issues e.g. childhood issues, family issues, trauma, domestic abuse, stress, substance misuse and general struggles in life.
Hi, My name is Stephanie. I am a clinical supervisor and an accredited integrative counsellor, which means I draw on different psychological approaches depending on your needs and goals. I work collaboratively with you in a client led way to help you explore and understand what is on your mind, within a safe space. I have 12 years experience working with both adults and young people (11-25 years), presenting with a range of issues e.g. childhood issues, family issues, trauma, domestic abuse, stress, substance misuse and general struggles in life.
028 9692 8197 View 028 9692 8197
Photo of Kathryn Kelly, Counsellor, MBACP
Kathryn Kelly
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Armagh BT61
Waitlist for new clients
As a fully qualified integrative counsellor, I offer a confidential and non-judgmental service to support children, young people and adults in their journey towards healing. We all come up against difficulties in our lives which can negatively impact our mental health. By creating a safe space in the therapy room, together we can explore the challenges you’re facing at your pace and work to find clarity and coping strategies that will work best for you.
As a fully qualified integrative counsellor, I offer a confidential and non-judgmental service to support children, young people and adults in their journey towards healing. We all come up against difficulties in our lives which can negatively impact our mental health. By creating a safe space in the therapy room, together we can explore the challenges you’re facing at your pace and work to find clarity and coping strategies that will work best for you.
028 9694 3061 View 028 9694 3061
Photo of Lorraine McNeill - New Horizons Counselling, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
New Horizons Counselling
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Armagh BT61
Life at times can be challenging and we can all feel the need for help and support, whether it be relationship problems, work, bereavement, trauma, emotional/sexual abuse, anxiety, depression, these can all have a massive effect on the quality of our life and if ignored, in some cases can result in various addictions as coping strategies. I believe everyone deserves the right to be treated as unique individuals and I can offer you that safe place to explore your feelings and reflect upon your life in a confidential, genuine and non-judgemental setting.
Life at times can be challenging and we can all feel the need for help and support, whether it be relationship problems, work, bereavement, trauma, emotional/sexual abuse, anxiety, depression, these can all have a massive effect on the quality of our life and if ignored, in some cases can result in various addictions as coping strategies. I believe everyone deserves the right to be treated as unique individuals and I can offer you that safe place to explore your feelings and reflect upon your life in a confidential, genuine and non-judgemental setting.
07588 697545 View 07588 697545
Photo of Claire McGleenan, Counsellor, MBACP
Claire McGleenan
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Armagh BT60
Asking for help is one of the hardest things to do. By reading this, you've already achieved something amazing to start your journey. I'm experienced working with all different age groups, from 8 years old up to adults. No issue is too big or too small to take the time to understand your healing journey in a safe and confidential space. I'm experienced working with with anxiety, depression, self esteem issues, bullying, bereavement/loss to name a few. I offer a relaxed counselling experience, within a warm and comfortable environment, in the most idyllic and peaceful setting
Asking for help is one of the hardest things to do. By reading this, you've already achieved something amazing to start your journey. I'm experienced working with all different age groups, from 8 years old up to adults. No issue is too big or too small to take the time to understand your healing journey in a safe and confidential space. I'm experienced working with with anxiety, depression, self esteem issues, bullying, bereavement/loss to name a few. I offer a relaxed counselling experience, within a warm and comfortable environment, in the most idyllic and peaceful setting
028 9163 8625 View 028 9163 8625
Photo of Dave Stewart, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Dave Stewart
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Do things feel really tough right now for you or your child? When things get too much it's important to reach out for help. You can learn how to navigate the challenges, find a better balance and feel more engaged with life. Maybe you are feeling overwhelmed by the many things you have to balance with family, work and life. Or perhaps you'd like support with anxiety or depression which is stopping you from doing what you enjoy. Do you want to cope better with relationship or workplace issues? Or maybe it's your child you are concerned about. You want to see them thrive and overcome challenges with anxiety, school or friendships.
Do things feel really tough right now for you or your child? When things get too much it's important to reach out for help. You can learn how to navigate the challenges, find a better balance and feel more engaged with life. Maybe you are feeling overwhelmed by the many things you have to balance with family, work and life. Or perhaps you'd like support with anxiety or depression which is stopping you from doing what you enjoy. Do you want to cope better with relationship or workplace issues? Or maybe it's your child you are concerned about. You want to see them thrive and overcome challenges with anxiety, school or friendships.
028 9124 2081 View 028 9124 2081
Photo of Catriona Walsh, Counsellor, MBACP
Catriona Walsh
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am a professional qualified counsellor centred in Portadown, Craigavon and Armagh (ABC) area. My goal is to provide clients with a safe environment. I work with a range of presenting issues including depression, anxiety, stress, social anxiety, trauma, working with anger issues, panic disorder, low self-esteem, low self confidence and suicidal ideation. I also specialise in working with clients with Epilepsy, from my own personal experience of living with epilepsy within the family I can help you find ways to apply coping strategies, develop self awareness and set goals for your future.
I am a professional qualified counsellor centred in Portadown, Craigavon and Armagh (ABC) area. My goal is to provide clients with a safe environment. I work with a range of presenting issues including depression, anxiety, stress, social anxiety, trauma, working with anger issues, panic disorder, low self-esteem, low self confidence and suicidal ideation. I also specialise in working with clients with Epilepsy, from my own personal experience of living with epilepsy within the family I can help you find ways to apply coping strategies, develop self awareness and set goals for your future.
07723 447703 View 07723 447703
Photo of Deirdre Timoney, Counsellor
Deirdre Timoney
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Life is a journey with enjoyable experiences, but also with challenges, setbacks, pressures and ill-health. It is important that during difficult times you are able to speak to someone who listens, is non-judgemental, caring, confidential, competent and supportive in helping you to move forward. I aim to be that person. As a member of the National Council of Integrative Psychotherapists, I work in accordance with their Code of Ethics for good practice, to ensure the safety and well-being of my clients. Counselling takes place in a private, safe and tranquil rural location, one mile from Omagh.
Life is a journey with enjoyable experiences, but also with challenges, setbacks, pressures and ill-health. It is important that during difficult times you are able to speak to someone who listens, is non-judgemental, caring, confidential, competent and supportive in helping you to move forward. I aim to be that person. As a member of the National Council of Integrative Psychotherapists, I work in accordance with their Code of Ethics for good practice, to ensure the safety and well-being of my clients. Counselling takes place in a private, safe and tranquil rural location, one mile from Omagh.
028 9124 6819 View 028 9124 6819
Photo of Heal To Wellness, Counsellor, MBACP
Heal To Wellness
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Hi, my name is Kathy. I have experience working with a wide range of issues, particularly anxiety, depression, trauma, low self-esteem, addiction and grief. I have a profound passion for working with young people aged 11 to 18 years old, as I'm also a Senior Youth Worker.
Hi, my name is Kathy. I have experience working with a wide range of issues, particularly anxiety, depression, trauma, low self-esteem, addiction and grief. I have a profound passion for working with young people aged 11 to 18 years old, as I'm also a Senior Youth Worker.
028 9694 3198 View 028 9694 3198
Photo of Maria Jukes - Mind Journey UK , Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Mind Journey UK
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
We offer a client focused non-judgemental confidential counselling service with caring, experienced, CBT/ EMDR fully qualified therapists. We work with both adults and children. If you struggle with anxiety, depression, phobia, worry, OCD, addiction or trauma related problems then we can help. Maria J is a psychotherapist and a nurse with 35 years NHS/private counselling experience with adults and young people experiencing a wide range of mental health difficulties. Mind Journey also provides corporate counselling, occupational stress control/training for businesses and court reports for solicitors. We offer face to face and online.
We offer a client focused non-judgemental confidential counselling service with caring, experienced, CBT/ EMDR fully qualified therapists. We work with both adults and children. If you struggle with anxiety, depression, phobia, worry, OCD, addiction or trauma related problems then we can help. Maria J is a psychotherapist and a nurse with 35 years NHS/private counselling experience with adults and young people experiencing a wide range of mental health difficulties. Mind Journey also provides corporate counselling, occupational stress control/training for businesses and court reports for solicitors. We offer face to face and online.
028 9694 3866 View 028 9694 3866
Photo of Christine Mc Nally Coyle, Psychotherapist, BACP
Christine Mc Nally Coyle
Psychotherapist, BACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I really enjoy working with adults of all ages and have experience working with clients presenting with issues such as self-esteem, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, trauma, self-harm and suicidal ideation. I particularly enjoy working with women suffering from low self-worth. I realise how daunting coming to counsellimg may be, and so I offer a warm, safe, non-judgenental and confidential environment where we can work together to improve your lifestyle and mental health.
I really enjoy working with adults of all ages and have experience working with clients presenting with issues such as self-esteem, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, trauma, self-harm and suicidal ideation. I particularly enjoy working with women suffering from low self-worth. I realise how daunting coming to counsellimg may be, and so I offer a warm, safe, non-judgenental and confidential environment where we can work together to improve your lifestyle and mental health.
07401 285672 View 07401 285672
Photo of Margaret O'Hare - Margaret O'Hare Counselling, MA, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Margaret O'Hare Counselling, MA
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I offer counselling services for couples and individuals including marriage counselling, and relationship issues in families. I also offer individual counselling for depression & anxiety, bereavement & anger management, stress at work, low self esteem, loss of purpose in life and living with illness. I work with my clients to find the best solution to suit their individual needs. As a professional member of The British Association for Counselling Professions (BACP) andThe National Counselling Society (NCS), I work within their ethical framework.
I offer counselling services for couples and individuals including marriage counselling, and relationship issues in families. I also offer individual counselling for depression & anxiety, bereavement & anger management, stress at work, low self esteem, loss of purpose in life and living with illness. I work with my clients to find the best solution to suit their individual needs. As a professional member of The British Association for Counselling Professions (BACP) andThe National Counselling Society (NCS), I work within their ethical framework.
07723 435375 View 07723 435375
Photo of Hilary Phillips - H Phillips Counselling, Psychotherapist, MBACP
H Phillips Counselling
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
My name is Hilary Phillips. I am a integrative Psychotherapist Reg. (MBACP) also Accredited (MNCPS) and (MFHT) member. I offer a professional one-to-one service in a safe space. either face-to-face, telephone or online counselling. Using an integrative approach means I am able to explore the needs of my client by combining different counselling techniques. I can then tailor my approach to each individual empowering them to find a healthy balance and a better understanding of themselves. I work ethically within the BACP framework. Finding a therapist you are truly comfortable with ensures a successful therapeutic relationship.
My name is Hilary Phillips. I am a integrative Psychotherapist Reg. (MBACP) also Accredited (MNCPS) and (MFHT) member. I offer a professional one-to-one service in a safe space. either face-to-face, telephone or online counselling. Using an integrative approach means I am able to explore the needs of my client by combining different counselling techniques. I can then tailor my approach to each individual empowering them to find a healthy balance and a better understanding of themselves. I work ethically within the BACP framework. Finding a therapist you are truly comfortable with ensures a successful therapeutic relationship.
028 9163 8612 View 028 9163 8612
Photo of Daniel Whitelaw, Counsellor, MBACP
Daniel Whitelaw
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Hello, thanks for taking a look at my page I am a dedicated Therapist with many years of experience in providing support to individuals navigating life’s challenges. I am a registered member of BACP. I endeavour to improve mental wellness within a vast range of mental illness. Currently I work mainly through an integrative approach as it is my belief that the more tools a therapist has in their arsenal, the larger the potential for positive outcomes. The therapeutic alliance is of paramount importance to me with each client I work with as I believe this is the most effective way to inspire change.
Hello, thanks for taking a look at my page I am a dedicated Therapist with many years of experience in providing support to individuals navigating life’s challenges. I am a registered member of BACP. I endeavour to improve mental wellness within a vast range of mental illness. Currently I work mainly through an integrative approach as it is my belief that the more tools a therapist has in their arsenal, the larger the potential for positive outcomes. The therapeutic alliance is of paramount importance to me with each client I work with as I believe this is the most effective way to inspire change.
028 9124 4280 View 028 9124 4280
Photo of Karen Moore, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Karen Moore
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Let's face it, life can be a struggle. As we do our best to navigate our way through there are times when we come to the end of our own resources. It's ok to ask for help and that might be very thing that gives you a different perspective on your situation. Your circumstances may not change but how you think about them can. You don't have to be in a crisis to benefit from counselling. You may feel that your life is not as you expected it to be. Counselling can give you the space to visualise your dreams and understand the parts that have been holding you back from living your best life.
Let's face it, life can be a struggle. As we do our best to navigate our way through there are times when we come to the end of our own resources. It's ok to ask for help and that might be very thing that gives you a different perspective on your situation. Your circumstances may not change but how you think about them can. You don't have to be in a crisis to benefit from counselling. You may feel that your life is not as you expected it to be. Counselling can give you the space to visualise your dreams and understand the parts that have been holding you back from living your best life.
07445 863035 View 07445 863035
Photo of Raymond Murphy, Counsellor, MBACP
Raymond Murphy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I specialize in supporting adults (18+) through challenges like self-esteem issues, anxiety, depression, and addiction. Over the years, I’ve worked with a diverse range of clients, helping them navigate difficult life transitions, process past experiences, and build healthier coping strategies. I’m particularly passionate about creating a space where you can feel heard, understood, and empowered to make meaningful changes in your life.I understand that taking the first step into counselling can feel overwhelming. It’s not easy to open up to someone new, especially about deeply personal struggles.
I specialize in supporting adults (18+) through challenges like self-esteem issues, anxiety, depression, and addiction. Over the years, I’ve worked with a diverse range of clients, helping them navigate difficult life transitions, process past experiences, and build healthier coping strategies. I’m particularly passionate about creating a space where you can feel heard, understood, and empowered to make meaningful changes in your life.I understand that taking the first step into counselling can feel overwhelming. It’s not easy to open up to someone new, especially about deeply personal struggles.
07442 160097 View 07442 160097
Photo of Michael O'Neill, Counsellor, MBACP
Michael O'Neill
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I have experience working with clients with various issues, I particularly enjoy working with clients experiencing difficulties with self-esteem, anxiety, addiction, trauma and relationship issues. I have found great satisfaction working with men's issues and sexuality I have lots of experience working with men and women in their late teens to early 40s. Clients are normally nervous coming to counselling and I endeavour to create a non-judmental and relaxed environment for you to explore your issues and find solutions that suit you and your lifestyle best.
I have experience working with clients with various issues, I particularly enjoy working with clients experiencing difficulties with self-esteem, anxiety, addiction, trauma and relationship issues. I have found great satisfaction working with men's issues and sexuality I have lots of experience working with men and women in their late teens to early 40s. Clients are normally nervous coming to counselling and I endeavour to create a non-judmental and relaxed environment for you to explore your issues and find solutions that suit you and your lifestyle best.
07401 714792 View 07401 714792
Photo of Kim McFarland, Counsellor, MBACP
Kim McFarland
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Coming to counselling can offer you the space and time to explore difficulties in your life. I believe that all of us have the ability to change and that we all have the answers within us. Talking through what is troubling you can help you to find your own solutions. When you start to feel heard, you can start to hear yo provide a tailored approach to each individuals needs, helping you to set the pace for whatever you would like to work on together. I offer a safe, non-judgmental environment in which to build a therapeutic relationship with you through mutual respect and compassion maximizing the effectiveness of our time together.
Coming to counselling can offer you the space and time to explore difficulties in your life. I believe that all of us have the ability to change and that we all have the answers within us. Talking through what is troubling you can help you to find your own solutions. When you start to feel heard, you can start to hear yo provide a tailored approach to each individuals needs, helping you to set the pace for whatever you would like to work on together. I offer a safe, non-judgmental environment in which to build a therapeutic relationship with you through mutual respect and compassion maximizing the effectiveness of our time together.
028 9694 3824 View 028 9694 3824
1

See more therapy options for Armagh

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Armagh

30+

Average cost per session

£47

Counsellors in Armagh who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
95% Stress
92% Self Esteem
89% Depression
76% Bereavement
76% Trauma and PTSD
74% Suicidal Ideation

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

56% AXA PPP
44% Aviva
44% Bupa

How Counsellors in Armagh see their clients

98% In Person and Online
2% Online Only

Gender breakdown

68% Female
32% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Armagh?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.