Counselling in Guildford
Inclusion Psychologists Limited
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Ed. Psych.
Verified Verified
Guildford GU2 (Online Only)
We are Black Psychologists, Diversity & Inclusion Consultants offering assessments, therapy & coaching services. We are a multidisciplinary team offering counselling, neurodiversity counselling & family therapy. We work with clients from backgrounds, from all over the world & those seeking therapy responsive to their ethnic and cultural needs. We are antiracism experts providing training and assessments in EDI using our Six Stages Conceptual Framework on challenging discriminations & Racism. Providing bespoke training in the areas of diversity and inclusion including special educational needs. Expert witness and negligence claims.
We are Black Psychologists, Diversity & Inclusion Consultants offering assessments, therapy & coaching services. We are a multidisciplinary team offering counselling, neurodiversity counselling & family therapy. We work with clients from backgrounds, from all over the world & those seeking therapy responsive to their ethnic and cultural needs. We are antiracism experts providing training and assessments in EDI using our Six Stages Conceptual Framework on challenging discriminations & Racism. Providing bespoke training in the areas of diversity and inclusion including special educational needs. Expert witness and negligence claims.
More Therapists Nearby
Azra Therapy - BACP (Acc), EMDR, MSc MH Psy
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Woking GU24 (Online Only)
I offer a safe and confidential space and a therapeutic relationship to explore what's pushing you down or holding you back in life. I want to help you move forward from difficult experiences, and to gain more freedom, ease, and creativity in your life. As a BACP accredited eclectic therapist (mixed approaches) with a background in mental health and various psychological therapies, I hold a balance between different theories and therapeutic approaches in line with your specific needs. I have worked with lots of British clients including British South Asians / Pakistani's and India's because I share the same cultural background.
I offer a safe and confidential space and a therapeutic relationship to explore what's pushing you down or holding you back in life. I want to help you move forward from difficult experiences, and to gain more freedom, ease, and creativity in your life. As a BACP accredited eclectic therapist (mixed approaches) with a background in mental health and various psychological therapies, I hold a balance between different theories and therapeutic approaches in line with your specific needs. I have worked with lots of British clients including British South Asians / Pakistani's and India's because I share the same cultural background.
Lee Martin
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
Leatherhead KT24 (Online Only)
Hello and Welcome, Life has indeed become complex. Many of us are now struggling with our mental health in ways that are no longer manageable. Our past and present hurts, our unprocessed feelings have risen to the surface. We find ourselves thinking, feeling and acting in ways that do not reflect who we want to be. Some of us have Grief, Trauma or Addiction that we just can’t seem to work through. As a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist with a Master Degree and EMDR Accredited, I've seen thousands come through my door, with various presenting issues, undergo genuine transformation, healing and leave with hope for the future.
Hello and Welcome, Life has indeed become complex. Many of us are now struggling with our mental health in ways that are no longer manageable. Our past and present hurts, our unprocessed feelings have risen to the surface. We find ourselves thinking, feeling and acting in ways that do not reflect who we want to be. Some of us have Grief, Trauma or Addiction that we just can’t seem to work through. As a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist with a Master Degree and EMDR Accredited, I've seen thousands come through my door, with various presenting issues, undergo genuine transformation, healing and leave with hope for the future.
Lee Martin Mbacp(Sen.accred)Emdr(Accred) Ma Ba(Hons) Pg-Dip
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
East Horsley KT24 (Online Only)
Hello and Welcome, Life has indeed become complex. Many of us are now struggling with our mental health in ways that are no longer manageable. Our past and present hurts, our unprocessed feelings have risen to the surface. We find ourselves thinking, feeling and acting in ways that do not reflect who we want to be. Some of us have Grief, Trauma or Addiction that we just can’t seem to work through. As a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist with a Master Degree and EMDR Accredited, I've seen thousands come through my door, with various presenting issues and undergo genuine transformation, healing and leave with hope for the future.
Hello and Welcome, Life has indeed become complex. Many of us are now struggling with our mental health in ways that are no longer manageable. Our past and present hurts, our unprocessed feelings have risen to the surface. We find ourselves thinking, feeling and acting in ways that do not reflect who we want to be. Some of us have Grief, Trauma or Addiction that we just can’t seem to work through. As a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist with a Master Degree and EMDR Accredited, I've seen thousands come through my door, with various presenting issues and undergo genuine transformation, healing and leave with hope for the future.
Online Therapists
Still I Rise Therapy (SIRT)
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Basildon SS13
I draw on creative and evidence based treatments such as Narrative Exposure Therapy with Children (KIDNET), Trauma Focus – Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (TF-CBT) and Children Accelerated Trauma Treatment (CATT).
I am a passionate, integrative Children and Adolescents Therapist (4-18yrs) MBACP (Accred). I have worked with Children and Adolescents, and their families for 25 years in both the voluntary and statutory sector, as well as the education sector. I have extensive experience working with children and adolescents who are survivors of sexual abuse and domestic violence. My training in Child Counselling and Traumatology and PTSD has enabled me to have a strong foundation in understanding the emotional, social, and psychology, of child’s mental health. I provide a warm, Friendly, Honest, transparent and non-judgemental space.
I draw on creative and evidence based treatments such as Narrative Exposure Therapy with Children (KIDNET), Trauma Focus – Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (TF-CBT) and Children Accelerated Trauma Treatment (CATT).
I am a passionate, integrative Children and Adolescents Therapist (4-18yrs) MBACP (Accred). I have worked with Children and Adolescents, and their families for 25 years in both the voluntary and statutory sector, as well as the education sector. I have extensive experience working with children and adolescents who are survivors of sexual abuse and domestic violence. My training in Child Counselling and Traumatology and PTSD has enabled me to have a strong foundation in understanding the emotional, social, and psychology, of child’s mental health. I provide a warm, Friendly, Honest, transparent and non-judgemental space.
The Psych Practice Limited
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London SW11 (Online Only)
We offer a range of psychotherapeutic approaches which includes short-term CBT, EMDR, psychodynamic, compassionate focused, narrative and systemic therapy.
We work with a wide range of conditions, from common psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, to more complex health conditions such as brain injury. We see individuals, couples and families. We offer: Couple therapy, Family therapy; Neuropsychology assessment & treatment including cognitive rehabilitation; EMDR, Expert witness work; consultation (with staff teams working with challenging behaviour); ADHD assessments, Neurodevelopmental disorder and Mental capacity assessments
We offer a range of psychotherapeutic approaches which includes short-term CBT, EMDR, psychodynamic, compassionate focused, narrative and systemic therapy.
We work with a wide range of conditions, from common psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, to more complex health conditions such as brain injury. We see individuals, couples and families. We offer: Couple therapy, Family therapy; Neuropsychology assessment & treatment including cognitive rehabilitation; EMDR, Expert witness work; consultation (with staff teams working with challenging behaviour); ADHD assessments, Neurodevelopmental disorder and Mental capacity assessments
Ruth Parchment
Psychotherapist, MA, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Cambridge CB1 (Online Only)
I incorporate third wave approaches such as Compassion Focused Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Mindfulness, Distress tolerance and Narrative Therapy into my work at Cambridge CBT.
As a BABCP accredited CBT Therapist I have worked in various NHS and private settings: Anxiety, Depression, Panic, OCD, PTSD, Trauma, Perfectionism, Worry and Low Self Esteem are difficulties I regularly work with. Cultural sensitivity and diversity is important, including: Physical Health, LGBTQIA+, Ethnicity, Religion & other differences. I work with adults, young people and facilitate CBT groups (recently for social anxiety and also substance misuse). I'm open-minded, friendly, warm and approachable. I will help you learn useful strategies, tools and techniques; alongside providing space to process & understand yourself better
I incorporate third wave approaches such as Compassion Focused Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Mindfulness, Distress tolerance and Narrative Therapy into my work at Cambridge CBT.
As a BABCP accredited CBT Therapist I have worked in various NHS and private settings: Anxiety, Depression, Panic, OCD, PTSD, Trauma, Perfectionism, Worry and Low Self Esteem are difficulties I regularly work with. Cultural sensitivity and diversity is important, including: Physical Health, LGBTQIA+, Ethnicity, Religion & other differences. I work with adults, young people and facilitate CBT groups (recently for social anxiety and also substance misuse). I'm open-minded, friendly, warm and approachable. I will help you learn useful strategies, tools and techniques; alongside providing space to process & understand yourself better
Dr Jayne Corson
Psychologist, HCPC - Forensic Psych.
Verified Verified
Chislehurst BR7 (Online Only)
I offer a range of evidence based psychological approaches to treatment such as Eye Movement Desentitisation Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR), Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT), Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Mentalisation Based Therapy (MBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Narrative Therapy (NT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), & systemic therapy.
Dr Corson holds a limited therapeutic caseload. She adopts a trauma-informed approach to treatment and recognises that there are a number of factors associated with improving recovery, such as recognising individual differences, ethnicity, values, cultural and life experiences. She works with individuals presenting with a range of psychological difficulties such as PTSD, anxiety, depression, OCD, personality disorder, attachment difficulties, identity, addiction/substance misuse, self-harming behaviours, relationship difficulties, and anger management/emotional dysregulation, bereavement, stress and other concerns.
I offer a range of evidence based psychological approaches to treatment such as Eye Movement Desentitisation Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR), Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT), Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Mentalisation Based Therapy (MBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Narrative Therapy (NT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), & systemic therapy.
Dr Corson holds a limited therapeutic caseload. She adopts a trauma-informed approach to treatment and recognises that there are a number of factors associated with improving recovery, such as recognising individual differences, ethnicity, values, cultural and life experiences. She works with individuals presenting with a range of psychological difficulties such as PTSD, anxiety, depression, OCD, personality disorder, attachment difficulties, identity, addiction/substance misuse, self-harming behaviours, relationship difficulties, and anger management/emotional dysregulation, bereavement, stress and other concerns.
Dr Kayode Akinsulire
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
London SE1
Welcome! My Name is Kay and I am a Counselling Psychologist registered with the HCPC. I base my practice in an integrative approach using Narrative, CBT, psychodynamic and person-centred interventions where appropriate. The healing power of the therapeutic relationship is crucial to my practice. I aim for this relationship to be restorative, in support of safety, learning and creativity. I have accrued experience of therapeutic work in different settings within the NHS and community-based charities. I provide therapy to everyone including clients of Asian and Black African/African-Caribbean heritage.
Welcome! My Name is Kay and I am a Counselling Psychologist registered with the HCPC. I base my practice in an integrative approach using Narrative, CBT, psychodynamic and person-centred interventions where appropriate. The healing power of the therapeutic relationship is crucial to my practice. I aim for this relationship to be restorative, in support of safety, learning and creativity. I have accrued experience of therapeutic work in different settings within the NHS and community-based charities. I provide therapy to everyone including clients of Asian and Black African/African-Caribbean heritage.
Dr Zara Hosany
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Bromley BR1 (Online Only)
I use a variety of approaches in my work, which includes Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Systemic Family and Couple work, Narrative Therapy, Dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT), IPT-A, Solution-focussed, Psychodynamic, Play and Attachment based therapies.
Do you feel fed up and struggling to achieve your goals? Are you looking for movement and change? Would you like a therapist or supervisor who is understanding and able to help you progress forwards in the direction you would like to move in? I am Dr Zara Hosany, a Principal Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years experience working in mental health. I offer a range of interventions: individual work with adults, young people, parents, couples, family therapy; supervision for qualified professionals and trainees; coaching and mentoring, consultation work with organisations, and reflective spaces for groups.
I use a variety of approaches in my work, which includes Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Systemic Family and Couple work, Narrative Therapy, Dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT), IPT-A, Solution-focussed, Psychodynamic, Play and Attachment based therapies.
Do you feel fed up and struggling to achieve your goals? Are you looking for movement and change? Would you like a therapist or supervisor who is understanding and able to help you progress forwards in the direction you would like to move in? I am Dr Zara Hosany, a Principal Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years experience working in mental health. I offer a range of interventions: individual work with adults, young people, parents, couples, family therapy; supervision for qualified professionals and trainees; coaching and mentoring, consultation work with organisations, and reflective spaces for groups.
Dr Amirah Iqbal
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
London WC1B (Online Only)
I use a broad range of evidence-based therapy approaches to inform my work with you, and this includes (Trauma focused) cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), EMDR, narrative (exposure) therapy, attachment and psychodynamic, systemic, compassion focussed, and transpersonal therapy approaches.
I am a skilled and experienced Chartered and Counselling Psychologist specialising in treating a variety of problems, with particular specialism and interest in working with you if you have: difficulties with trauma, anger, identity, feeling lost, relationship difficulties, if you are a digital nomad, feeling isolated, anxiety and work related stress. I am compassionate and sensitive to your needs and I am happy to see people individually and/or with partners/family to fit your therapeutic goals. My background as a mixed race Muslim female has influenced my position as an anti-oppressive and intersectional psychologist
I use a broad range of evidence-based therapy approaches to inform my work with you, and this includes (Trauma focused) cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), EMDR, narrative (exposure) therapy, attachment and psychodynamic, systemic, compassion focussed, and transpersonal therapy approaches.
I am a skilled and experienced Chartered and Counselling Psychologist specialising in treating a variety of problems, with particular specialism and interest in working with you if you have: difficulties with trauma, anger, identity, feeling lost, relationship difficulties, if you are a digital nomad, feeling isolated, anxiety and work related stress. I am compassionate and sensitive to your needs and I am happy to see people individually and/or with partners/family to fit your therapeutic goals. My background as a mixed race Muslim female has influenced my position as an anti-oppressive and intersectional psychologist
Empsy Limited
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
Peterborough PE2
Specializing in narrative-fused CBT and personalized coaching psychology for empowerment, I cater to unique needs.
My clients, often navigating the complexities of work and family life, seek therapy to address intricate relationship issues. Balancing numerous demands, they aim to manage relationships, resolve challenges, and cultivate effective coping strategies. Their pursuit of holistic health, financial stability, and work-life balance drives them to seek guidance in optimizing outcomes while minimizing stress and expenses. They aspire to elevate their performance while safeguarding personal well-being, striving for sustained success in all aspects of their lives.
Specializing in narrative-fused CBT and personalized coaching psychology for empowerment, I cater to unique needs.
My clients, often navigating the complexities of work and family life, seek therapy to address intricate relationship issues. Balancing numerous demands, they aim to manage relationships, resolve challenges, and cultivate effective coping strategies. Their pursuit of holistic health, financial stability, and work-life balance drives them to seek guidance in optimizing outcomes while minimizing stress and expenses. They aspire to elevate their performance while safeguarding personal well-being, striving for sustained success in all aspects of their lives.
Sadia Osmany
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Brighton BN1 (Online Only)
I am also trained in Narrative Exposure Therapy.
Hello, my name is Sadia Osmany and I am an accredited CBT Psychotherapist registered with the British Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP). I understand that approaching a therapist for the first time may be a daunting experience, which is why I am to offer a supportive and non-judgmental environment for all of my clients. I am able to work on a wide number of issues including Depression, Anxiety, Low self-esteem, Generalised Anxiety Disorder, PTSD, Social Anxiety, Worry, OCD, Low self-confidence, Insomnia, Body Dysmorphia, Panic Disorder and general stress and adjustment difficulties.
I am also trained in Narrative Exposure Therapy.
Hello, my name is Sadia Osmany and I am an accredited CBT Psychotherapist registered with the British Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP). I understand that approaching a therapist for the first time may be a daunting experience, which is why I am to offer a supportive and non-judgmental environment for all of my clients. I am able to work on a wide number of issues including Depression, Anxiety, Low self-esteem, Generalised Anxiety Disorder, PTSD, Social Anxiety, Worry, OCD, Low self-confidence, Insomnia, Body Dysmorphia, Panic Disorder and general stress and adjustment difficulties.
Dr Kumar Birch
Psychologist, CPsychol
Verified Verified
Enfield EN1
I work integratively, utilising CBT, ACT and Narrative Therapy to help you get unstuck so that you can make your next steps with clarity and conviction.
I am a Clinical Psychologist specialising in working with men and those struggling in their relationships with men. I provide a safe space where challenges can be voiced honestly and the strategies needed to manage them can be developed.
I work integratively, utilising CBT, ACT and Narrative Therapy to help you get unstuck so that you can make your next steps with clarity and conviction.
I am a Clinical Psychologist specialising in working with men and those struggling in their relationships with men. I provide a safe space where challenges can be voiced honestly and the strategies needed to manage them can be developed.
Dr Denika Campbell-Lee
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London N13 (Online Only)
Do you feel misunderstood, either by others or even yourself? Are you struggling with your mood but don't know why? Do you find yourself tearful, anxious, confused or angry? Do you have days where you are able to function with your struggles and days you find it too hard to function? Hi there! My name is Denika and I would love to help! We'll think about everything that makes you, you! Including cultural and social aspects which are not typically considered in traditional therapeutic models. There are many versions of you, and together we can discover the version you want to be most present.
Do you feel misunderstood, either by others or even yourself? Are you struggling with your mood but don't know why? Do you find yourself tearful, anxious, confused or angry? Do you have days where you are able to function with your struggles and days you find it too hard to function? Hi there! My name is Denika and I would love to help! We'll think about everything that makes you, you! Including cultural and social aspects which are not typically considered in traditional therapeutic models. There are many versions of you, and together we can discover the version you want to be most present.
Dianna- Working Through It Therapy UK
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Croydon CR0 (Online Only)
I offer consultations, 1:1 & group online therapy sessions for young people between 11-25yr. Life is a journey & can have various struggles along the way. It's ok to need support to break through some painful and frustrating day to day barriers. If there's a struggle with anxiety, depression, low self esteem, grief or anger, it's time to take a step forward -so let's work through it together! I explore early/recent experiences which may drive presenting behaviours or feelings & explore unconscious processes contributing towards unhealthy patterns/behaviours.
I offer consultations, 1:1 & group online therapy sessions for young people between 11-25yr. Life is a journey & can have various struggles along the way. It's ok to need support to break through some painful and frustrating day to day barriers. If there's a struggle with anxiety, depression, low self esteem, grief or anger, it's time to take a step forward -so let's work through it together! I explore early/recent experiences which may drive presenting behaviours or feelings & explore unconscious processes contributing towards unhealthy patterns/behaviours.
Whitney Nyarambi
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Bournemouth BH2
Hello my name is Whitney and I am a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. As we work together, I will support you in understanding and overcoming psychological difficulties. I provide therapy that is compassionate and non-judgmental. Our work together will be tailored to your needs and availability. I know that it can be really hard to reach out for support and know where to start. Therefore, I am passionate about making sure people receive the right support. If we meet, and I am not the right person to support for you, I will do my best to advise you on how to access NHS mental health services or other organisations.
Hello my name is Whitney and I am a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. As we work together, I will support you in understanding and overcoming psychological difficulties. I provide therapy that is compassionate and non-judgmental. Our work together will be tailored to your needs and availability. I know that it can be really hard to reach out for support and know where to start. Therefore, I am passionate about making sure people receive the right support. If we meet, and I am not the right person to support for you, I will do my best to advise you on how to access NHS mental health services or other organisations.
Hannah Commodore
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE6 (Online Only)
Life is not easy, and if you are reading this you have probably figured out that you want to talk. Talking and being truly heard will increase your self-awareness and help you to understand what is going on for you. Experiencing trauma can leave you struggling with upsetting emotions, memories, and anxiety that will not go away. It can also leave you feeling numb, disconnected, and unable to trust other people as yourself. So being able to find a way through the trauma can be the reward you achieve when allow yourself to explore and work with me to find true you.
Life is not easy, and if you are reading this you have probably figured out that you want to talk. Talking and being truly heard will increase your self-awareness and help you to understand what is going on for you. Experiencing trauma can leave you struggling with upsetting emotions, memories, and anxiety that will not go away. It can also leave you feeling numb, disconnected, and unable to trust other people as yourself. So being able to find a way through the trauma can be the reward you achieve when allow yourself to explore and work with me to find true you.
Natasha Huggins-Woolcock
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Caterham CR3
I'm a qualified Integrative Therapeutic Counsellor helping clients who wish to reconcile with themselves and heal in a non-judgemental, confidential, and safe way. I work with clients from 18 years old upwards who face common mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, bereavement, relationship/family issues, and trauma. Everyone is unique and I meet each and every one as they come. I strongly believe each person holds their own power and no other person knows more about you than YOU. Together, we work to facilitate and understand the dynamic truths of your world at your pace and in your own time.
I'm a qualified Integrative Therapeutic Counsellor helping clients who wish to reconcile with themselves and heal in a non-judgemental, confidential, and safe way. I work with clients from 18 years old upwards who face common mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, bereavement, relationship/family issues, and trauma. Everyone is unique and I meet each and every one as they come. I strongly believe each person holds their own power and no other person knows more about you than YOU. Together, we work to facilitate and understand the dynamic truths of your world at your pace and in your own time.
Marie-Michele Bernadette Hazzard
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Beckenham BR3 (Online Only)
I'm Marie-Michele and I help people overcome toxic relationship patterns, people-pleasing, caretaking and codependent behaviours to help you have the happy and healthy relationships you want and deserve.
I'm Marie-Michele and I help people overcome toxic relationship patterns, people-pleasing, caretaking and codependent behaviours to help you have the happy and healthy relationships you want and deserve.
See more therapy options for Guildford
Nearby Narrative Counsellors Searches for Guildford
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Is narrative therapy evidence-based?
Narrative therapy is not well-studied, and it may not be as effective in treating mental health conditions when compared with evidence-based treatments such as cognitive behavioural therapy. Some small studies do show that depressed and anxious individuals who were treated with narrative therapy reported improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms.
How long does narrative therapy last?
Narrative therapy is less structured when compared with psychoanalysis, for example. Narrative therapy is more open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a few months, and sometimes a year or longer. Patients see their therapist one to two times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a person’s challenges and progress. Individuals can also practice the principles of narrative therapy after treatment has ended.
Does narrative therapy work?
Narrative therapy can help a person manage or reduce symptoms of conditions like depression or anxiety. This type of therapy encourages a person to reflect on the moments of their life when their particular problem was not at the forefront of their minds — perhaps life celebrations, achievements, and other successes. The individual is encouraged to rewrite their storyline as if their particular problem was not part of their life. This therapy may offer benefits that are hard to measure.
What are the possible limitations of narrative therapy?
Narrative therapy is person-centered or client-centered, and the health professional pays more attention to the subjective narratives that are constructed by the client, as opposed to other objective measures. The therapist privileges the individual’s perspective over all others. This open form may feel frustrating for individuals seeking a more structured approach; certainly, no one therapy type will work for every individual.