Counselling in N4

Photo of Kalyani Siraj, Counsellor, MBACP
Kalyani Siraj
Counsellor, MBACP
London N4
I understand how life traumas, issues and experiences can affect individuals, their family members and friends. I've recognised how these psychological and emotional issues relate to each other.
I understand how life traumas, issues and experiences can affect individuals, their family members and friends. I've recognised how these psychological and emotional issues relate to each other.
01748 902581 View 01748 902581
Photo of Susannah Willcox, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Susannah Willcox
Psychotherapist, MBACP
London N4
I am passionate about recognising and valuing diverse experiences of all kinds, and I'm committed to an ongoing examination of my own assumptions and biases so that these do not get in the way of our work together. I welcome people of every gender, sexuality, relationship orientation, ethnicity, age, class, neurodivergence, and disability, and I offer a confidential space where we can get to know each other, uninterrupted.
I am passionate about recognising and valuing diverse experiences of all kinds, and I'm committed to an ongoing examination of my own assumptions and biases so that these do not get in the way of our work together. I welcome people of every gender, sexuality, relationship orientation, ethnicity, age, class, neurodivergence, and disability, and I offer a confidential space where we can get to know each other, uninterrupted.
020 7362 9728 View 020 7362 9728
Photo of Matt Ffytche, Psychotherapist, PhD, UKCP Trainee
Matt Ffytche
Psychotherapist, PhD, UKCP Trainee
London N4
People come to therapy for all sorts of reasons, not all of which may be clear at the start. It might be a difficult or distressing life event, or you might just feel you have struggled with your mental health (anxiety or depression or an older trauma) for some time and want to explore the possibility of feeling differently. You might want to understand the repetition of destructive patterns in your relationships, or in your relation to yourself. You may simply want to discover more about your desires, your identity or sexuality, and seek a new means of self-realisation. Your reasons will be your own, as is your therapy.
People come to therapy for all sorts of reasons, not all of which may be clear at the start. It might be a difficult or distressing life event, or you might just feel you have struggled with your mental health (anxiety or depression or an older trauma) for some time and want to explore the possibility of feeling differently. You might want to understand the repetition of destructive patterns in your relationships, or in your relation to yourself. You may simply want to discover more about your desires, your identity or sexuality, and seek a new means of self-realisation. Your reasons will be your own, as is your therapy.
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Photo of Rose Matadi, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Rose Matadi
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
2 Endorsed
London N4
I am a qualified and accredited integrative counsellor, a Cognitive Behaviour Therapist (CBT), and an Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapist. Our initial session will be an opportunity for us to get to know each other. We will discuss your concerns, experiences, expectations, and how we will work to meet your therapy goals. I aim to work together to support you and offer a safe, confidential, understanding, and non-judgmental space where you will feel comfortable exploring your conception.
I am a qualified and accredited integrative counsellor, a Cognitive Behaviour Therapist (CBT), and an Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapist. Our initial session will be an opportunity for us to get to know each other. We will discuss your concerns, experiences, expectations, and how we will work to meet your therapy goals. I aim to work together to support you and offer a safe, confidential, understanding, and non-judgmental space where you will feel comfortable exploring your conception.
07884 778541 View 07884 778541
Photo of Bogumila Janina Malinowska - London Counselling Centre, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
London Counselling Centre
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
London N4
My name is Bogumila. I am a BACP- and NCPS-accredited counsellor/psychotherapist and authorised zen teacher.I work with individuals and couples. I use humanistic skills, neuro-linguistic programming (NLP),Gestalt Integrative (GI) for couple therapy , modified Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR), relational processes, and differentiation. You might struggle with negative thinking, expressing feelings, making decisions, low self-esteem, not feeling good enough,grief,addiction,bereavement,ADHD. I can help you build motivation,enhance mind clarity ,improve daily routines, deal with your addiction or relationship issues,
My name is Bogumila. I am a BACP- and NCPS-accredited counsellor/psychotherapist and authorised zen teacher.I work with individuals and couples. I use humanistic skills, neuro-linguistic programming (NLP),Gestalt Integrative (GI) for couple therapy , modified Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR), relational processes, and differentiation. You might struggle with negative thinking, expressing feelings, making decisions, low self-esteem, not feeling good enough,grief,addiction,bereavement,ADHD. I can help you build motivation,enhance mind clarity ,improve daily routines, deal with your addiction or relationship issues,
020 3319 5265 View 020 3319 5265
Photo of Joshua Moritz, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Joshua Moritz
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
London N4
I see individuals who feel stuck for a whole variety of reasons. Whatever brings you to therapy, my specialty is a deep exploration of all the factors that are holding you back. To do this, I develop long-term supportive relationships with my clients and work in an open-ended way, rather than just “fixing” the immediate problem. I use my expertise in psychotherapeutic theory, alongside a caring approach, to help people address their challenges at a level they can’t reach on their own.
I see individuals who feel stuck for a whole variety of reasons. Whatever brings you to therapy, my specialty is a deep exploration of all the factors that are holding you back. To do this, I develop long-term supportive relationships with my clients and work in an open-ended way, rather than just “fixing” the immediate problem. I use my expertise in psychotherapeutic theory, alongside a caring approach, to help people address their challenges at a level they can’t reach on their own.
020 4634 3061 View 020 4634 3061
Photo of Dr Jessica Cronin, Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Jessica Cronin
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
London N4
I am a counselling psychologist and have worked with a diverse range of clients in NHS, charity, and educational settings. You may be seeking support for a specific issue such as anxiety, depression, low mood, relationship or interpersonal difficulties, low self-esteem, trauma, or loss. Or perhaps you're seeking a space to think more generally about your experiences, explore the impact they have on your life, and gain a better understanding of yourself. My aim is to provide a safe, empathic, and non-judgemental space where you can speak about your life in a way that feels most comfortable for you.
I am a counselling psychologist and have worked with a diverse range of clients in NHS, charity, and educational settings. You may be seeking support for a specific issue such as anxiety, depression, low mood, relationship or interpersonal difficulties, low self-esteem, trauma, or loss. Or perhaps you're seeking a space to think more generally about your experiences, explore the impact they have on your life, and gain a better understanding of yourself. My aim is to provide a safe, empathic, and non-judgemental space where you can speak about your life in a way that feels most comfortable for you.
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Photo of Susannah Cardy, Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Susannah Cardy
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
London N4
We all face times when life feels overwhelming and we can't seem to find a way forward. You may be feeling anxious or depressed, you may be experiencing relationship difficulties or feel stuck in unhelpful patterns from the past. As an integrative psychotherapist, I offer a warm and safe space where you can speak freely about whatever is troubling you. Developing a supportive relationship with my clients is at the heart of my work. I believe it's the relationships we forge in life that allow us to grow. I also believe that, however great the challenges we face, we all have it within us to change our experience.
We all face times when life feels overwhelming and we can't seem to find a way forward. You may be feeling anxious or depressed, you may be experiencing relationship difficulties or feel stuck in unhelpful patterns from the past. As an integrative psychotherapist, I offer a warm and safe space where you can speak freely about whatever is troubling you. Developing a supportive relationship with my clients is at the heart of my work. I believe it's the relationships we forge in life that allow us to grow. I also believe that, however great the challenges we face, we all have it within us to change our experience.
020 8016 2311 View 020 8016 2311
Photo of Bulgun Suchinova, Psychotherapist, SNCPS Acc.
Bulgun Suchinova
Psychotherapist, SNCPS Acc.
London N4
NCPS-accredited Gestalt therapist and EMDR therapist with ten years of experience. I specialise in relationship issues, Emotional Dependency and Codepencency, anxiety and depression, low self-esteem and social anxiety, life crises, trauma and PTSD, abuse, adverse life experiences, immigration and adaptation. I work with adult individuals from diverse ethnocultural and social backgrounds, sexuality, gender and age. Extensive experience helping immigrants to adapt and integrate in the UK. Many of my clients are survivors of adverse childhood experiences and/or physical, sexual and emotional abuse during their adult life.
NCPS-accredited Gestalt therapist and EMDR therapist with ten years of experience. I specialise in relationship issues, Emotional Dependency and Codepencency, anxiety and depression, low self-esteem and social anxiety, life crises, trauma and PTSD, abuse, adverse life experiences, immigration and adaptation. I work with adult individuals from diverse ethnocultural and social backgrounds, sexuality, gender and age. Extensive experience helping immigrants to adapt and integrate in the UK. Many of my clients are survivors of adverse childhood experiences and/or physical, sexual and emotional abuse during their adult life.
020 4572 8429 View 020 4572 8429
Photo of Emily Cole, Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Emily Cole
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
1 Endorsed
London N4
As a therapist, I support my clients to meet life's challenges and appreciate its gifts. Would you like to feel more freedom and ease and a clearer sense of direction in your life? Do you feel a pull to get to know your authentic self? Are you struggling with anxiety or difficulties in your relationship? Whatever you're bringing to therapy, everything is welcome and I'll be there alongside you to meet it. Through this enquiry it becomes possible to turn towards what hurts and to reconnect with a sense of wellness within yourself. I offer a dynamic therapeutic relationship where we delve into this process together.
As a therapist, I support my clients to meet life's challenges and appreciate its gifts. Would you like to feel more freedom and ease and a clearer sense of direction in your life? Do you feel a pull to get to know your authentic self? Are you struggling with anxiety or difficulties in your relationship? Whatever you're bringing to therapy, everything is welcome and I'll be there alongside you to meet it. Through this enquiry it becomes possible to turn towards what hurts and to reconnect with a sense of wellness within yourself. I offer a dynamic therapeutic relationship where we delve into this process together.
020 4538 2137 View 020 4538 2137
Photo of Simon Kasprowicz, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Simon Kasprowicz
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
London N4
The challenges and choices we all face in our lives are as unique as we are. We all have our own paths, problems, opportunities and solutions. Whatever brought you here today, therapy can help you find the path that is right for you.
The challenges and choices we all face in our lives are as unique as we are. We all have our own paths, problems, opportunities and solutions. Whatever brought you here today, therapy can help you find the path that is right for you.
020 3962 0871 View 020 3962 0871
Photo of Chantal Naqvi, Counsellor, BACP
Chantal Naqvi
Counsellor, BACP
London N4
I am an integrative therapist and counsellor with an interest in the unique experiences of clients who struggle to "fit in". I work closely with clients who have struggled with self-esteem and identity, relationship issues, family conflict, life transitions, and suspected/ late-diagnosed ADHD. I am particularly interested in the impact of structural power differences, working with clients through issues to do with patriarchy, race, culture and more. I work with creative tools in addition to talking therapy, including meditation, art and nature.
I am an integrative therapist and counsellor with an interest in the unique experiences of clients who struggle to "fit in". I work closely with clients who have struggled with self-esteem and identity, relationship issues, family conflict, life transitions, and suspected/ late-diagnosed ADHD. I am particularly interested in the impact of structural power differences, working with clients through issues to do with patriarchy, race, culture and more. I work with creative tools in addition to talking therapy, including meditation, art and nature.
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Photo of Amy Catherine Walshe, Counsellor, BACP
Amy Catherine Walshe
Counsellor, BACP
London N4
Hi, I'm Amy. Coming to counselling and opening up to a complete stranger about things you may have never discussed before can be hugely daunting! I aim to make the process as easy, comfortable (and occasionally even fun) as possible while getting you to where you want to be. I work with people with a range of issues including anxiety, depression, ADHD, eating disorders, self harm, early life trauma, sexual trauma and for some a wish to talk about a feeling but without necessarily knowing what it is but something simply doesn't quite feel right. The idea of opening up to a complete stranger about things you may have kept inside
Hi, I'm Amy. Coming to counselling and opening up to a complete stranger about things you may have never discussed before can be hugely daunting! I aim to make the process as easy, comfortable (and occasionally even fun) as possible while getting you to where you want to be. I work with people with a range of issues including anxiety, depression, ADHD, eating disorders, self harm, early life trauma, sexual trauma and for some a wish to talk about a feeling but without necessarily knowing what it is but something simply doesn't quite feel right. The idea of opening up to a complete stranger about things you may have kept inside
020 3871 7988 View 020 3871 7988
Photo of Daniela Fanelli, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Daniela Fanelli
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
London N4
As a Clinical Psychologist and Psychotherapist, my passion lies in helping individuals who have experienced trauma or intense stress to process their experiences, develop new coping skills and regain control over their lives. In recent years, I have also specialized in working with individuals with ADHD, tailoring strategies to meet each person's unique needs. I also work with individuals who have PTSD resulting from road accidents, helping them process and heal from their experiences. Additionally, I provide mental health reports to support various legal or medical needs.
As a Clinical Psychologist and Psychotherapist, my passion lies in helping individuals who have experienced trauma or intense stress to process their experiences, develop new coping skills and regain control over their lives. In recent years, I have also specialized in working with individuals with ADHD, tailoring strategies to meet each person's unique needs. I also work with individuals who have PTSD resulting from road accidents, helping them process and heal from their experiences. Additionally, I provide mental health reports to support various legal or medical needs.
023 8214 8708 View 023 8214 8708
Photo of Lisa Winfield, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Lisa Winfield
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
London N4
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, loss, the end of a relationship, a new life chapter, or simply feeling overwhelmed and stuck? I am an integrative psychotherapist offering a calm, supportive space to explore life’s challenges, whether rooted in past experiences, present struggles, or uncertainty about the future. My approach is warm and reflective, helping you make sense of what’s happening at your own pace, without judgment or expectation.
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, loss, the end of a relationship, a new life chapter, or simply feeling overwhelmed and stuck? I am an integrative psychotherapist offering a calm, supportive space to explore life’s challenges, whether rooted in past experiences, present struggles, or uncertainty about the future. My approach is warm and reflective, helping you make sense of what’s happening at your own pace, without judgment or expectation.
020 4634 6002 View 020 4634 6002
Photo of Alexander Szendrei, Counsellor, MBACP
Alexander Szendrei
Counsellor, MBACP
London N4
Hello and welcome, I believe that it's vital to get the right support when life isn't going so well. I also believe that all of us carry pain within and occasionally find ourselves in dark woods. Therefore, we shouldn’t feel any shame or judgment in discussing our life experiences. My journey to becoming a therapist began as a direct result of my personal therapy and how beneficial and life-changing it was for me. I am convinced that the most important factor in therapy is the trusting therapeutic relationship. Therefore I offer compassion and a non-judgemental attitude as a starting point to meet each other.
Hello and welcome, I believe that it's vital to get the right support when life isn't going so well. I also believe that all of us carry pain within and occasionally find ourselves in dark woods. Therefore, we shouldn’t feel any shame or judgment in discussing our life experiences. My journey to becoming a therapist began as a direct result of my personal therapy and how beneficial and life-changing it was for me. I am convinced that the most important factor in therapy is the trusting therapeutic relationship. Therefore I offer compassion and a non-judgemental attitude as a starting point to meet each other.
020 3962 1676 View 020 3962 1676
Photo of Jackie Albert - Jackie - Therapist in North London, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Jackie - Therapist in North London
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
London N4
Welcome. I am an experienced NHS Psychotherapist, Mindfulness teacher and Body Psychotherapist offering blended CBT, Mindfulness, Body and Somatic therapy in North London for a wide range of difficulties and issues . Imagine feeling more empowered, centred and at peace. If you're struggling with difficult emotions like low mood, anxiety or stress, or if you're feeling stuck in patterns you want to change, you're not alone. Whether you're seeking practical solutions or deeper self-understanding, we'll tailor our sessions to your individual needs and preferences.
Welcome. I am an experienced NHS Psychotherapist, Mindfulness teacher and Body Psychotherapist offering blended CBT, Mindfulness, Body and Somatic therapy in North London for a wide range of difficulties and issues . Imagine feeling more empowered, centred and at peace. If you're struggling with difficult emotions like low mood, anxiety or stress, or if you're feeling stuck in patterns you want to change, you're not alone. Whether you're seeking practical solutions or deeper self-understanding, we'll tailor our sessions to your individual needs and preferences.
020 7870 5994 View 020 7870 5994
Photo of Amelia Turner, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Amelia Turner
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
London N4
Hi, I'm a Clinical Psychologist specialised in helping people heal from experiences of trauma, difficult life events, and harmful relationships. These experiences can affect the way we think and feel, our self-esteem, our patterns of behaviour, and how we relate to ourselves and others. Therapy can help to make sense of and cope with the wide ranging impact on our lives. I am trained in several different therapies which I tend to integrate depending on your individual needs and hopes for the sessions. I have over ten years of experience working in mental health and currently work in a specialist NHS trauma service.
Hi, I'm a Clinical Psychologist specialised in helping people heal from experiences of trauma, difficult life events, and harmful relationships. These experiences can affect the way we think and feel, our self-esteem, our patterns of behaviour, and how we relate to ourselves and others. Therapy can help to make sense of and cope with the wide ranging impact on our lives. I am trained in several different therapies which I tend to integrate depending on your individual needs and hopes for the sessions. I have over ten years of experience working in mental health and currently work in a specialist NHS trauma service.
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Photo of Elaise Ellis-Carr - Emancipate, Counsellor, MBACP
Emancipate
Counsellor, MBACP
London N4
Firstly, I would like to say hello and welcome. For some of you, I know even browsing can be a huge step and it has taken a lot to get here. Having taken that step and as you have chosen to browse my page, let me give you some idea of what you can expect if you choose to take up sessions with me. This 50 minute space, once a week will provide the opportunity for you to be with you without the distractions of your daily life. How often do you actually take time out for you? I would like to hold the space for you to be present in your experience, maybe you have become an observer or bystander in your own life? Choose you!
Firstly, I would like to say hello and welcome. For some of you, I know even browsing can be a huge step and it has taken a lot to get here. Having taken that step and as you have chosen to browse my page, let me give you some idea of what you can expect if you choose to take up sessions with me. This 50 minute space, once a week will provide the opportunity for you to be with you without the distractions of your daily life. How often do you actually take time out for you? I would like to hold the space for you to be present in your experience, maybe you have become an observer or bystander in your own life? Choose you!
020 3960 5296 View 020 3960 5296
Photo of Jana Bystrianska, Counsellor, BACP
Jana Bystrianska
Counsellor, BACP
London N4
I am a BACP registered integrative counsellor, experienced in working with a variety of clients and issues. I offer a non-judgmental and confidential space where you can explore whatever might be troubling you. My approach is to bring warmth and compassion to my understanding of a range of different psychotherapeutic traditions. Living and practicing in London means that I work in a culturally informed way, taking into account all the diverse influences which form each of us as human beings. I have experience in working with relationship challenges and family struggles, childhood traumas, stress, anxiety, and depression, loss
I am a BACP registered integrative counsellor, experienced in working with a variety of clients and issues. I offer a non-judgmental and confidential space where you can explore whatever might be troubling you. My approach is to bring warmth and compassion to my understanding of a range of different psychotherapeutic traditions. Living and practicing in London means that I work in a culturally informed way, taking into account all the diverse influences which form each of us as human beings. I have experience in working with relationship challenges and family struggles, childhood traumas, stress, anxiety, and depression, loss
020 3835 5426 View 020 3835 5426

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in N4

100+

Average cost per session

£78

Counsellors in N4 who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
91% Relationship Issues
90% Depression
83% Self Esteem
83% Stress
73% Bereavement
69% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aviva
76% Vitality
73% AXA PPP

How Counsellors in N4 see their clients

83% In Person and Online
17% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
20% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in N4?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.