Counselling in Edinburgh

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Photo of Fiona Farrell Psychology and Psychotherapy, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Fiona Farrell Psychology and Psychotherapy
Psychologist, MSc, AFBPSsS
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
We live in a immediate gratification era, one in which the recognition of the importance of holding true to what still remain agents of change in Psychotherapy become even more important. Much of what has been damaging in our lives happens via relationships and research continues to show that the major determinant of positive outcomes in Psychotherapy is the strength of the therapeutic relationship, alongside in depth relevant training, knowledge and experience. While some change can be immediate, worthwhile dynamic change is more gradual, and I've learned to work in a way that holds all these possibilities.
We live in a immediate gratification era, one in which the recognition of the importance of holding true to what still remain agents of change in Psychotherapy become even more important. Much of what has been damaging in our lives happens via relationships and research continues to show that the major determinant of positive outcomes in Psychotherapy is the strength of the therapeutic relationship, alongside in depth relevant training, knowledge and experience. While some change can be immediate, worthwhile dynamic change is more gradual, and I've learned to work in a way that holds all these possibilities.
0131 378 6545 View 0131 378 6545
Photo of Dr Emma Williams (EmPsych Ltd), Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Dr Emma Williams (EmPsych Ltd)
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm Dr Emma Williams, Clinical Psychologist and Director of EmPsych limited. People come to me for therapy for help to manage a range of emotional and physical difficulties. I specialise in trauma therapy, adjustment to physical health difficulties, adjustment to and rehabilitation from neurological conditions including Functional Neurological Disorder (FND).
Hi! I'm Dr Emma Williams, Clinical Psychologist and Director of EmPsych limited. People come to me for therapy for help to manage a range of emotional and physical difficulties. I specialise in trauma therapy, adjustment to physical health difficulties, adjustment to and rehabilitation from neurological conditions including Functional Neurological Disorder (FND).
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Photo of Adrian Tupper, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Adrian Tupper
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH9
Not feeling fulfilled? Stress and anxiety getting in the way? Shame around past events or the present perhaps? Maybe these affect your relationships, family, work or generally your self esteem. Importantly, neither searching the internet nor self help books have been enough, and you need a human relationship. Someone who will listen to you without judgement, and who will attend to you and help you process your sometimes overwhelming feelings. Equally, you may be looking for a psychotherapist to work with by way of self development.
Not feeling fulfilled? Stress and anxiety getting in the way? Shame around past events or the present perhaps? Maybe these affect your relationships, family, work or generally your self esteem. Importantly, neither searching the internet nor self help books have been enough, and you need a human relationship. Someone who will listen to you without judgement, and who will attend to you and help you process your sometimes overwhelming feelings. Equally, you may be looking for a psychotherapist to work with by way of self development.
0131 510 5579 View 0131 510 5579
Photo of Adam Macalpine, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Adam Macalpine
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
I offer a safe and facilitative space for you to think about what you need in order to feel better. An important part of that process is the relationship we develop and I will be with you each step of the way. I will listen, empathise, wonder with you, as well as laugh, cry, and get angry. Life is incredibly difficult at times. We could most likely all benefit from a space where we can share ourselves, our thoughts and feelings, and be shown acceptance. More than that, be shown care and understanding of what we are going through. If you feel that you would benefit from that kind of space, then please get in touch.
I offer a safe and facilitative space for you to think about what you need in order to feel better. An important part of that process is the relationship we develop and I will be with you each step of the way. I will listen, empathise, wonder with you, as well as laugh, cry, and get angry. Life is incredibly difficult at times. We could most likely all benefit from a space where we can share ourselves, our thoughts and feelings, and be shown acceptance. More than that, be shown care and understanding of what we are going through. If you feel that you would benefit from that kind of space, then please get in touch.
0131 510 5475 View 0131 510 5475
Photo of Dr Fiona Rugg-Gunn, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Dr Fiona Rugg-Gunn
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH5  (Online Only)
My aim is to tailor therapy specifically to you, applying evidence-based approaches to help you achieve your goals in the shortest possible time, whilst exploring the origins of your difficulties to enable long-term change. I have experience working alongside people who may be struggling from a range of psychological difficulties including anxiety, depression, stress, PTSD and trauma across the NHS, third sector and private organisations.
My aim is to tailor therapy specifically to you, applying evidence-based approaches to help you achieve your goals in the shortest possible time, whilst exploring the origins of your difficulties to enable long-term change. I have experience working alongside people who may be struggling from a range of psychological difficulties including anxiety, depression, stress, PTSD and trauma across the NHS, third sector and private organisations.
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Photo of Dr Stephen Smith, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Dr Stephen Smith
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2
Therapy is about understanding, developing and changing. I am a clinical psychologist with many years experience of working with adults. I assist people to identify what the core issues are, understand how these have arisen, and then develop skills and tools to make the changes they want to make. I work with people with anxiety and anxiety disorders, low mood, low self-esteem, low confidence and those living with the effects of traumatic experiences. I also offer comprehensive assessments for those who have yet to fully understand what is happening for them, to help move them on in their lives.
Therapy is about understanding, developing and changing. I am a clinical psychologist with many years experience of working with adults. I assist people to identify what the core issues are, understand how these have arisen, and then develop skills and tools to make the changes they want to make. I work with people with anxiety and anxiety disorders, low mood, low self-esteem, low confidence and those living with the effects of traumatic experiences. I also offer comprehensive assessments for those who have yet to fully understand what is happening for them, to help move them on in their lives.
0131 381 4342 View 0131 381 4342
Photo of Jude Thomson, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Jude Thomson
Counsellor, MA, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH4
You may know exactly what you want from counselling or it may just be a feeling that something isn't right. It might be issues arising from the past or events that are affecting you right now - whatever it is, I believe talking about it can make a real difference. Counselling can feel quite daunting at times and I will be there to listen with warmth and empathy; to be alongside you when there are tough times and to laugh with you when life feels a little lighter. Working together, we can explore what's bothering you and perhaps look at other ways of coping with life so you can move forward with confidence and optimism.
You may know exactly what you want from counselling or it may just be a feeling that something isn't right. It might be issues arising from the past or events that are affecting you right now - whatever it is, I believe talking about it can make a real difference. Counselling can feel quite daunting at times and I will be there to listen with warmth and empathy; to be alongside you when there are tough times and to laugh with you when life feels a little lighter. Working together, we can explore what's bothering you and perhaps look at other ways of coping with life so you can move forward with confidence and optimism.
0131 370 3132 View 0131 370 3132
Photo of Federico Ferrarese - CPsychol and CBT Therapist, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Federico Ferrarese - CPsychol and CBT Therapist
Psychologist, MSc, CPsychol
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH16  (Online Only)
I am passionate about my role as a cognitive behavioural therapist, helping clients to make steps toward recovery and positive, lasting changes in their lives. This includes planning to maintain good, long-term mental health and identifying and reducing the risks of relapse or the recurrence of challenges.
I am passionate about my role as a cognitive behavioural therapist, helping clients to make steps toward recovery and positive, lasting changes in their lives. This includes planning to maintain good, long-term mental health and identifying and reducing the risks of relapse or the recurrence of challenges.
0131 381 2690 View 0131 381 2690
Irene M C Soldavini
Counsellor, PhD, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH3  (Online Only)
I am Irene, a registered BACP counsellor. My academic and life experiences have allowed me to understand intrapersonal and interpersonal complexities individuals face. I believe each client is unique, and my practice focuses on creating a tailored counselling experience for each individual by creating an inclusive, non-judgmental space for them to explore, and become aware of their experiences and feelings. I offer counselling sessions in English and Italian.
I am Irene, a registered BACP counsellor. My academic and life experiences have allowed me to understand intrapersonal and interpersonal complexities individuals face. I believe each client is unique, and my practice focuses on creating a tailored counselling experience for each individual by creating an inclusive, non-judgmental space for them to explore, and become aware of their experiences and feelings. I offer counselling sessions in English and Italian.
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Photo of Sarah Worth, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Sarah Worth
Counsellor, MSc, ACC Reg
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH9
I don’t know if you have ever had the opportunity to share your story where someone really listens. I mean really listens, wanting to know you, your story, your ups and downs. Where nothing is off limits. Space to speak what maybe you’ve never spoken before. Sitting in the counsellee seat is not always easy and opening up to someone you do not know can be daunting. I know that taking that first step requires courage and I would love to walk with you on your journey.
I don’t know if you have ever had the opportunity to share your story where someone really listens. I mean really listens, wanting to know you, your story, your ups and downs. Where nothing is off limits. Space to speak what maybe you’ve never spoken before. Sitting in the counsellee seat is not always easy and opening up to someone you do not know can be daunting. I know that taking that first step requires courage and I would love to walk with you on your journey.
0131 381 0082 View 0131 381 0082
Photo of Fiona Reid, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Fiona Reid
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH5  (Online Only)
Have you ever thought, "why do I act like this? Why do I think this way? I wish I didn't!" You are not alone, but it is not always easy to discuss these things with friends or family. Exploring how past and present intersect can help you understand why you respond the way you do. I help my clients to discover who they are and how that is linked to their past. In counselling jargon, this is called psychodynamic work. You can gain insight into patterns of behaviour or thoughts, which is the first step towards changing them. This is not about managing symptoms but addressing the underlying cause.
Have you ever thought, "why do I act like this? Why do I think this way? I wish I didn't!" You are not alone, but it is not always easy to discuss these things with friends or family. Exploring how past and present intersect can help you understand why you respond the way you do. I help my clients to discover who they are and how that is linked to their past. In counselling jargon, this is called psychodynamic work. You can gain insight into patterns of behaviour or thoughts, which is the first step towards changing them. This is not about managing symptoms but addressing the underlying cause.
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Photo of Maria Banaszkiewicz, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Maria Banaszkiewicz
Psychotherapist, MA, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
Searching for the right therapist can be an energy and time-consuming process. I am a Relational Integrative Psychotherapist in training, registered with UKCP. I also completed my master's degree in Psychology and I am a graduate member of BPS. I offer you a unique relationship where you can explore the patterns and scripts which have shaped your way of being with yourself and other people in a safe and sensitive way.
Searching for the right therapist can be an energy and time-consuming process. I am a Relational Integrative Psychotherapist in training, registered with UKCP. I also completed my master's degree in Psychology and I am a graduate member of BPS. I offer you a unique relationship where you can explore the patterns and scripts which have shaped your way of being with yourself and other people in a safe and sensitive way.
0131 381 0054 View 0131 381 0054
Photo of Marian Willoner, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Marian Willoner
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH15
Are you finding it all too much? Stressed out? Not sure which direction to take? Or maybe you are struggling with isolation or lack of confidence in social situations? Maybe you are dealing with being neuro-diverse (ADHD or autism) in a neuro-typical world? Perhaps you want to be more your authentic self or make a transition in your life? Are you trying to cope with a difficult situation such as grief, loss, illness, caring or a break up? In all these situations I can listen to you, support you and help you to find ways forward.
Are you finding it all too much? Stressed out? Not sure which direction to take? Or maybe you are struggling with isolation or lack of confidence in social situations? Maybe you are dealing with being neuro-diverse (ADHD or autism) in a neuro-typical world? Perhaps you want to be more your authentic self or make a transition in your life? Are you trying to cope with a difficult situation such as grief, loss, illness, caring or a break up? In all these situations I can listen to you, support you and help you to find ways forward.
0131 381 8542 View 0131 381 8542
Photo of Dr Corinna Panagou - Trauma Therapist, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Dr Corinna Panagou - Trauma Therapist
Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH8  (Online Only)
Warm welcome, I'm Corinna, an academic and a registered Clinical Psychologist with doctoral-level training in evidence-based therapies, and a profound interest in trauma, and relationship issues. I bring extensive experience from diverse NHS settings, working with various age groups. My integrative approach includes CBT, Compassion-Focused Therapy, Mindfulness, ACT, Schema Therapy, and DBT, enriched by psychodynamic insights. I am also trained in Flash and EMDR for trauma. I combine therapies for a personalized and tailored approach to each client's unique needs.
Warm welcome, I'm Corinna, an academic and a registered Clinical Psychologist with doctoral-level training in evidence-based therapies, and a profound interest in trauma, and relationship issues. I bring extensive experience from diverse NHS settings, working with various age groups. My integrative approach includes CBT, Compassion-Focused Therapy, Mindfulness, ACT, Schema Therapy, and DBT, enriched by psychodynamic insights. I am also trained in Flash and EMDR for trauma. I combine therapies for a personalized and tailored approach to each client's unique needs.
01764 915852 View 01764 915852
Photo of Frances Brown, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Frances Brown
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
I'm Frances, a Clinical Psychologist working part time in private practice. I work primarily with children and young people who are experiencing emotional difficulties and families who feel they are in unhelpful patterns of interactions. I also work with adults who have a range of mental health issues, such as anxiety, low mood, OCD, phobias, and trauma. I work in a collaborative way, supporting you to find alternative ways to manage stressful events and emotions, in order to achieve your goals and improve relationships.
I'm Frances, a Clinical Psychologist working part time in private practice. I work primarily with children and young people who are experiencing emotional difficulties and families who feel they are in unhelpful patterns of interactions. I also work with adults who have a range of mental health issues, such as anxiety, low mood, OCD, phobias, and trauma. I work in a collaborative way, supporting you to find alternative ways to manage stressful events and emotions, in order to achieve your goals and improve relationships.
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Photo of Whitehouse therapies , Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Whitehouse therapies
Counsellor, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6  (Online Only)
As a seasoned psychotherapist accredited by the British Psychological Society (BPS) with eight enriching years of experience, I've dedicated my career to walking alongside individuals grappling with diverse mental health hurdles. My practice isn't merely about sessions; it's about fostering resilience, igniting hope, and sculpting paths toward profound transformation. Every client is a unique narrative waiting to be explored. My practice values diversity and inclusivity, creating a space where every voice is heard, respected, and embraced. I foster an environment that celebrates individuality while fostering a sense of belonging.
As a seasoned psychotherapist accredited by the British Psychological Society (BPS) with eight enriching years of experience, I've dedicated my career to walking alongside individuals grappling with diverse mental health hurdles. My practice isn't merely about sessions; it's about fostering resilience, igniting hope, and sculpting paths toward profound transformation. Every client is a unique narrative waiting to be explored. My practice values diversity and inclusivity, creating a space where every voice is heard, respected, and embraced. I foster an environment that celebrates individuality while fostering a sense of belonging.
01764 915892 View 01764 915892
Photo of Christine Galey, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Christine Galey
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH9
I am a psychodynamic counsellor, also trained in the person centred approach (University of Edinburgh), and ethically focussed. I work with individuals, and have a wide client base but specialise in work with young adults (16-25), parents, and those in life transition. I am a trauma informed practitioner with experience in a wide range of areas including: relationships, loss and bereavement, pregnancy, parenthood, stress, anxiety, depression, self harm, chronic illness, ADD and ADHD, work and life changes. I can offer some concessionary rates to those on low income. I work face to face, and online in short and long term contexts.
I am a psychodynamic counsellor, also trained in the person centred approach (University of Edinburgh), and ethically focussed. I work with individuals, and have a wide client base but specialise in work with young adults (16-25), parents, and those in life transition. I am a trauma informed practitioner with experience in a wide range of areas including: relationships, loss and bereavement, pregnancy, parenthood, stress, anxiety, depression, self harm, chronic illness, ADD and ADHD, work and life changes. I can offer some concessionary rates to those on low income. I work face to face, and online in short and long term contexts.
01764 915847 View 01764 915847
Photo of Tom Lawrence, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Tom Lawrence
Psychotherapist, MHGI
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH3
If you are suffering from anxiety - depression/low mood - stress - anger problems - panic attacks - phobias - low self-esteem - self-harming - eating disorders - post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD, including military) - addiction (all kinds) - obsessions (OCD) - sleep problems - relationship problems, I can help. Difficulties can often be resolved within only a few sessions – sometimes just one – and in this way can provide good value for money.
If you are suffering from anxiety - depression/low mood - stress - anger problems - panic attacks - phobias - low self-esteem - self-harming - eating disorders - post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD, including military) - addiction (all kinds) - obsessions (OCD) - sleep problems - relationship problems, I can help. Difficulties can often be resolved within only a few sessions – sometimes just one – and in this way can provide good value for money.
07887 682291 View 07887 682291
Photo of Sandy Blair, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Sandy Blair
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH15
Sometimes when life is difficult and your troubles seem overwhelming it can feel like there is no-one to talk to, or when you do talk it feels like no-one actually hears what you are saying. I can offer you a warm, non-judgemental and compassionate space where you can talk and really be heard. There are many reasons why you may be thinking of counselling. You may be struggling with grief after a bereavement or loss, or feeling overwhelmed with anxiety. You may have been recently diagnosed (or self-diagnosed) with autism or ADHD and want to make meaning of your past, present and future with the diagnosis.
Sometimes when life is difficult and your troubles seem overwhelming it can feel like there is no-one to talk to, or when you do talk it feels like no-one actually hears what you are saying. I can offer you a warm, non-judgemental and compassionate space where you can talk and really be heard. There are many reasons why you may be thinking of counselling. You may be struggling with grief after a bereavement or loss, or feeling overwhelmed with anxiety. You may have been recently diagnosed (or self-diagnosed) with autism or ADHD and want to make meaning of your past, present and future with the diagnosis.
0131 381 8430 View 0131 381 8430
Photo of Maria Mariettou, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Maria Mariettou
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH10  (Online Only)
I am a qualified, enthusiastic and highly motivated CBT psychotherapist. I hold my private practice in Edinburgh and work therapeutically in English and in Greek. I am passionate about supporting people in their journey of making meaningful and long-lasting changes in order to live a more fulfilling life. I work therapeutically with children, young people, adults, couples and families in an integrative way, combining elements of CBT, Person-centred approach, Systemic Family Therapy and Creative Therapies.
I am a qualified, enthusiastic and highly motivated CBT psychotherapist. I hold my private practice in Edinburgh and work therapeutically in English and in Greek. I am passionate about supporting people in their journey of making meaningful and long-lasting changes in order to live a more fulfilling life. I work therapeutically with children, young people, adults, couples and families in an integrative way, combining elements of CBT, Person-centred approach, Systemic Family Therapy and Creative Therapies.
01934 317511 View 01934 317511

See more therapy options for Edinburgh

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Edinburgh

500+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Edinburgh who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Self Esteem
81% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
76% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD
59% Bereavement

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aviva
59% AXA PPP
48% Vitality

How Counsellors in Edinburgh see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Edinburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.