Counselling in London

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Photo of Silva Neves, Psychotherapist in London, England
Silva Neves
Psychotherapist, COSRT Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London W1S
I am a fully qualified, experienced and accredited psychotherapist, specialist in psychosexual & relationship therapy, couples therapy, and the treatment of compulsive sexual behaviours. I am a clinical traumatologist specialist in providing therapy for survivors of sexual abuse. I offer clinical supervision to psychotherapists, psychologists, counsellors and other mental health professionals. I hold a full professional insurance.
I am a fully qualified, experienced and accredited psychotherapist, specialist in psychosexual & relationship therapy, couples therapy, and the treatment of compulsive sexual behaviours. I am a clinical traumatologist specialist in providing therapy for survivors of sexual abuse. I offer clinical supervision to psychotherapists, psychologists, counsellors and other mental health professionals. I hold a full professional insurance.
020 3974 1463 View 020 3974 1463
Photo of A Way to Be Therapy, Psychologist in London, England
A Way to Be Therapy
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Forensic Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London W13
I am Dr Samantha Richards and I am a Chartered Psychologist registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) based in Ealing, West London. I am a trained IFS therapist and an accredited EMDR therapist and a member of the EMDR Association of UK and Ireland. I have over 10 years’ experience and have worked in various settings including NHS Mental Health Services. In my private practice I aim to provide a safe, confidential, non-judgemental space for you to explore any challenges, difficult thoughts and emotions you may be experiencing currently or which may have links to the past.
I am Dr Samantha Richards and I am a Chartered Psychologist registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) based in Ealing, West London. I am a trained IFS therapist and an accredited EMDR therapist and a member of the EMDR Association of UK and Ireland. I have over 10 years’ experience and have worked in various settings including NHS Mental Health Services. In my private practice I aim to provide a safe, confidential, non-judgemental space for you to explore any challenges, difficult thoughts and emotions you may be experiencing currently or which may have links to the past.
01895 547509 View 01895 547509
Photo of Máire Stedman, Psychotherapist in London, England
Máire Stedman
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London SW1W
I am a qualified and experienced Individual, Couple, Family and Systemic Psychotherapist with over 25 years experience of working in the NHS; not for profit sector and the social care sectors, as well as working in private practice. I have experience in working cross-culturally with individuals, couples and families, including working with interpreters. I have worked extensively with trauma, anxiety and depression, as well as post migration issues.I have also worked with families and children experiencing separation and divorce.
I am a qualified and experienced Individual, Couple, Family and Systemic Psychotherapist with over 25 years experience of working in the NHS; not for profit sector and the social care sectors, as well as working in private practice. I have experience in working cross-culturally with individuals, couples and families, including working with interpreters. I have worked extensively with trauma, anxiety and depression, as well as post migration issues.I have also worked with families and children experiencing separation and divorce.
020 3871 8422 View 020 3871 8422
Photo of Manuela Sannino, Psychologist in London, England
Manuela Sannino
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SE10  (Online Only)
I am committed to empowering individuals to overcome mental health difficulties, mood challenges, achieve personal growth, and lead fulfilling lives. With 10 years of experience in the field, I specialize in providing evidence-based therapy to individuals across the lifespan, in particular adults .My therapeutic approach is deeply rooted in person-centered and compassionate principles. I believe in honoring each individual's unique experiences, values, and strengths. By fostering a collaborative and empathetic therapeutic relationship, I strive to create a safe and supportive space for my clients.
I am committed to empowering individuals to overcome mental health difficulties, mood challenges, achieve personal growth, and lead fulfilling lives. With 10 years of experience in the field, I specialize in providing evidence-based therapy to individuals across the lifespan, in particular adults .My therapeutic approach is deeply rooted in person-centered and compassionate principles. I believe in honoring each individual's unique experiences, values, and strengths. By fostering a collaborative and empathetic therapeutic relationship, I strive to create a safe and supportive space for my clients.
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Photo of Isabelle Houart, Counsellor in London, England
Isabelle Houart
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London W12
I offer a safe space and aim to help you make sense of your difficult experiences, work with your thoughts and feelings and support you in getting a better understanding of who you are so that you can make positive changes in your life. Speaking to people you know like family or friends can be useful for many problems. Sometimes though you might want help and support from a professional with whatever difficult thoughts and feelings you are experiencing at the time. My approach is one of empathic listening and acceptance of the person for who they are without any form of judgement.
I offer a safe space and aim to help you make sense of your difficult experiences, work with your thoughts and feelings and support you in getting a better understanding of who you are so that you can make positive changes in your life. Speaking to people you know like family or friends can be useful for many problems. Sometimes though you might want help and support from a professional with whatever difficult thoughts and feelings you are experiencing at the time. My approach is one of empathic listening and acceptance of the person for who they are without any form of judgement.
020 3870 4581 View 020 3870 4581
Photo of Chantal Goodridge, Counsellor in London, England
Chantal Goodridge
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE19
Counselling can be a profoundly self-changing experience but taking that first step may feel daunting. The thought of talking through emotional turmoil or difficult life experiences can be overwhelming, but what would it be like to talk to someone who will listen without judging you or offering you advice? Someone who can be a thinking partner? Doing this in a safe environment, at a pace that suits you can help you gain clarity and a better understanding of yourself.
Counselling can be a profoundly self-changing experience but taking that first step may feel daunting. The thought of talking through emotional turmoil or difficult life experiences can be overwhelming, but what would it be like to talk to someone who will listen without judging you or offering you advice? Someone who can be a thinking partner? Doing this in a safe environment, at a pace that suits you can help you gain clarity and a better understanding of yourself.
07480 485460 View 07480 485460
Photo of Dr Helena Nundy, Psychologist in London, England
Dr Helena Nundy
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
London SE3
We all encounter difficult times in life. The loss of loved ones, relationship breakdown, difficulties at work, and poor physical health, for example, may have a huge impact on our ability to function. During these times we may find it difficult to cope and struggle to know what to do to feel better.
We all encounter difficult times in life. The loss of loved ones, relationship breakdown, difficulties at work, and poor physical health, for example, may have a huge impact on our ability to function. During these times we may find it difficult to cope and struggle to know what to do to feel better.
020 4538 4212 View 020 4538 4212
Photo of Dr Rebecca Conway, Psychologist in London, England
Dr Rebecca Conway
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London E8  (Online Only)
It's normal to need support with our mental health and wellbeing. Sometimes we need help to feel more at ease in a specific area of our lives, or perhaps to explore why we feel the way we do. Whatever your hopes are for therapy, I strive to create a safe and supportive space tailored for you. I am a Clinical Psychologist, which means I am trained to support people with different hopes, needs, and difficulties, by using a wide range of therapies. I work by first understanding more about you and what has brought you to therapy, before agreeing on a therapeutic approach which will best suit your individual needs.
It's normal to need support with our mental health and wellbeing. Sometimes we need help to feel more at ease in a specific area of our lives, or perhaps to explore why we feel the way we do. Whatever your hopes are for therapy, I strive to create a safe and supportive space tailored for you. I am a Clinical Psychologist, which means I am trained to support people with different hopes, needs, and difficulties, by using a wide range of therapies. I work by first understanding more about you and what has brought you to therapy, before agreeing on a therapeutic approach which will best suit your individual needs.
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Photo of Alejandra Lozada Andrade, Psychotherapist in London, England
Alejandra Lozada Andrade
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London W8
I am an integrative psychotherapist with experience in relational psychoanalysis. My aim is to help individuals understand the root causes of their difficulties to transform their lives in meaningful ways. I work with clients on a wide range of issues, including: dealing with anxiety and/or depression, difficulties with pregnancy, postpartum depression, pregnancy loss, abuse (past and/or present), addiction, bereavement, and trauma, among other concerns. I appreciate how past experiences can impact present relationships and contribute to feelings of low mood, anxiety and disconnection.
I am an integrative psychotherapist with experience in relational psychoanalysis. My aim is to help individuals understand the root causes of their difficulties to transform their lives in meaningful ways. I work with clients on a wide range of issues, including: dealing with anxiety and/or depression, difficulties with pregnancy, postpartum depression, pregnancy loss, abuse (past and/or present), addiction, bereavement, and trauma, among other concerns. I appreciate how past experiences can impact present relationships and contribute to feelings of low mood, anxiety and disconnection.
020 4538 8960 View 020 4538 8960
Photo of Jeremy Gordon, Counsellor in London, England
Jeremy Gordon
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SE27
I know from experience that it can be hard to know where to start, and to take the first step. Especially if feeling uncertain, vulnerable or anxious. I welcome you to contact me for an initial chat. We can figure things out from there.
I know from experience that it can be hard to know where to start, and to take the first step. Especially if feeling uncertain, vulnerable or anxious. I welcome you to contact me for an initial chat. We can figure things out from there.
020 3912 7477 View 020 3912 7477
Photo of Lydia Romaine, Psychotherapist in London, England
Lydia Romaine
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
London W4
Not accepting new clients
I am a qualified integrative psychotherapist and counsellor which means I draw on a range of therapeutic approaches which can support us to find our own unique way of working together. I seek to create opportunities to develop a shared understanding of you within your wider social context and endeavour to support you to explore how this, combined with experiences of the past and present, may be impacting your current ways of being. I have experience in supporting people to navigate a broad range of emotional issues. I have worked in private mental health services, charitable organisations and educational settings.
I am a qualified integrative psychotherapist and counsellor which means I draw on a range of therapeutic approaches which can support us to find our own unique way of working together. I seek to create opportunities to develop a shared understanding of you within your wider social context and endeavour to support you to explore how this, combined with experiences of the past and present, may be impacting your current ways of being. I have experience in supporting people to navigate a broad range of emotional issues. I have worked in private mental health services, charitable organisations and educational settings.
01748 902574 View 01748 902574
Photo of Geraldine Beirne, Counsellor in London, England
Geraldine Beirne
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
London N17
I'm a qualified and experienced Psychosynthesis therapist registered with the BACP, offering short and long term counselling and psychotherapy to adults, as well as plant medicine preparation and integration sessions. This will be in-person at my healing space in north London and on Zoom. Psychosynthesis is psychodynamic in its roots (ie your current problems and behaviour patterns are related to childhood) but takes a humanistic approach ie we look for the potential for self growth in your life challenges and suffering, instead of just trying to fix the problem.
I'm a qualified and experienced Psychosynthesis therapist registered with the BACP, offering short and long term counselling and psychotherapy to adults, as well as plant medicine preparation and integration sessions. This will be in-person at my healing space in north London and on Zoom. Psychosynthesis is psychodynamic in its roots (ie your current problems and behaviour patterns are related to childhood) but takes a humanistic approach ie we look for the potential for self growth in your life challenges and suffering, instead of just trying to fix the problem.
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Photo of Anita Sarin, Psychotherapist in London, England
Anita Sarin
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London W1S
Contacting a therapist might seem daunting at first but therapy can provide a confidential and non-judgemental space to make sense of current concerns. Speaking in confidence can help you less burdened and enable you to work towards living a more fulfilling life.
Contacting a therapist might seem daunting at first but therapy can provide a confidential and non-judgemental space to make sense of current concerns. Speaking in confidence can help you less burdened and enable you to work towards living a more fulfilling life.
020 3974 2529 View 020 3974 2529
Photo of Jenna Vyas-Lee, Psychologist in London, England
Jenna Vyas-Lee
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London SE21
I am a Clinical Psychologist specialising in the psychology of children and their families. Referrals are very much welcomed for those in need of support for any type or combination of psychological issue. I have worked very successfully with child and adolescent sleep difficulties, schooling problems, anxiety, low mood and low self- confidence, behavioural difficulties, fluctuating emotions, reduced concentration, and diagnosable common mental health problems.
I am a Clinical Psychologist specialising in the psychology of children and their families. Referrals are very much welcomed for those in need of support for any type or combination of psychological issue. I have worked very successfully with child and adolescent sleep difficulties, schooling problems, anxiety, low mood and low self- confidence, behavioural difficulties, fluctuating emotions, reduced concentration, and diagnosable common mental health problems.
020 3962 2108 View 020 3962 2108
Photo of Jacqueline Murungi Accred, Psychotherapist in London, England
Jacqueline Murungi Accred
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London SW17
Hello, I'm psychotherapist with over 10 years of extensive training, invaluable skills, knowledge, & experience which has enabled me to work effectively with different ages, races & genders on different concerns. This includes helping you to get to the deep root of what is causing your anxiety, depression, identity issues, guilt, fear, shame, stress, trauma, PTSD, complex PTSD, inter-generational trauma, abuse, low self esteem & understand unhealthy negative beliefs about yourself, others, life and find a way to move beyond the thoughts & feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness to finding meaning, purpose & appropriate solutions.
Hello, I'm psychotherapist with over 10 years of extensive training, invaluable skills, knowledge, & experience which has enabled me to work effectively with different ages, races & genders on different concerns. This includes helping you to get to the deep root of what is causing your anxiety, depression, identity issues, guilt, fear, shame, stress, trauma, PTSD, complex PTSD, inter-generational trauma, abuse, low self esteem & understand unhealthy negative beliefs about yourself, others, life and find a way to move beyond the thoughts & feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness to finding meaning, purpose & appropriate solutions.
020 3002 7268 View 020 3002 7268
Photo of Yulia Herzog, Psychotherapist in London, England
Yulia Herzog
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
London E2  (Online Only)
I am a BACP registered psychodynamic psychotherapist with a passion for helping individuals navigate the complexities of their inner worlds. I have over 10 years of experience working with adults of all ages and with people of all sexual and gender identities. My theoretical background is in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy but I work intuitively with what the client brings into the session. I offer a transpersonal and humanistic perspective and an opportunity to reflect on both past and current experiences in a secure and stable environment.
I am a BACP registered psychodynamic psychotherapist with a passion for helping individuals navigate the complexities of their inner worlds. I have over 10 years of experience working with adults of all ages and with people of all sexual and gender identities. My theoretical background is in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy but I work intuitively with what the client brings into the session. I offer a transpersonal and humanistic perspective and an opportunity to reflect on both past and current experiences in a secure and stable environment.
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Photo of Maneet Relom, Psychotherapist in London, England
Maneet Relom
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
London W13
Starting therapy can be a daunting and a big step in your life therefore, it is important that you choose the right therapist. I offer a free 15-minute phone appointment to talk about what brings you to therapy, your current circumstances and difficulties, and to together think about whether I can help you. Your first therapy session will be an assessment where I will ask you questions to understand your past, your present difficulties and what you would like to get from engaging in the therapeutic process. This session is a two-way process for both you and I to consider if we might be able to work together.
Starting therapy can be a daunting and a big step in your life therefore, it is important that you choose the right therapist. I offer a free 15-minute phone appointment to talk about what brings you to therapy, your current circumstances and difficulties, and to together think about whether I can help you. Your first therapy session will be an assessment where I will ask you questions to understand your past, your present difficulties and what you would like to get from engaging in the therapeutic process. This session is a two-way process for both you and I to consider if we might be able to work together.
020 8106 5681 View 020 8106 5681
Photo of Berna Bulut, Psychologist in London, England
Berna Bulut
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
London N1C  (Online Only)
Merhaba! Ben Uzman Psikolog Berna Bulut. Maya Counselling Ltd.’nin kurucu psikoloğuyum ve Londra’da yaşamaktayım. Çocuk, ergen ve yetişkin bireylere Türkçe danışmanlık hizmeti sağlamaktayım. İngiliz Psikoloji Derneği’ne (BPS) akredite psikoloğum ve etik ilkelere sadık kalarak çalışmaktayım. Her birey biricik ve tektir. Bu yüzden yaşadığımız sorunlar da bizlere özgüdür. Bu sorunlar, kimimize çok basit gelebilirken kimimize de kompleks ve baş edilemeyecek kadar güç gelebilir. Bu noktada danışmanlık desteği alabilirsiniz.
Merhaba! Ben Uzman Psikolog Berna Bulut. Maya Counselling Ltd.’nin kurucu psikoloğuyum ve Londra’da yaşamaktayım. Çocuk, ergen ve yetişkin bireylere Türkçe danışmanlık hizmeti sağlamaktayım. İngiliz Psikoloji Derneği’ne (BPS) akredite psikoloğum ve etik ilkelere sadık kalarak çalışmaktayım. Her birey biricik ve tektir. Bu yüzden yaşadığımız sorunlar da bizlere özgüdür. Bu sorunlar, kimimize çok basit gelebilirken kimimize de kompleks ve baş edilemeyecek kadar güç gelebilir. Bu noktada danışmanlık desteği alabilirsiniz.
020 3866 6793 View 020 3866 6793
Photo of Tessi Tricks, Psychotherapist in London, England
Tessi Tricks
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London E15
I am a qualified, integrative therapist offering short and long term therapy online and in-person. I offer a safe, non-judgemental and reflective space for you to explore your experiences, process difficult feelings and manage any challenges you may be facing in regards to your mental health and wellbeing, relationships or in navigating the wider world around you. Together we will take a look at your experience from different angles, working to shift old patterns and create more space and choice in how you live your life, finding what feels meaningful and enriching for you.
I am a qualified, integrative therapist offering short and long term therapy online and in-person. I offer a safe, non-judgemental and reflective space for you to explore your experiences, process difficult feelings and manage any challenges you may be facing in regards to your mental health and wellbeing, relationships or in navigating the wider world around you. Together we will take a look at your experience from different angles, working to shift old patterns and create more space and choice in how you live your life, finding what feels meaningful and enriching for you.
020 3667 9681 View 020 3667 9681
Photo of Lee Martin Mbacp(Sen Accred) Emdr(Accred) Ma Ba(Hons) Pg-Dip, Psychotherapist in London, England
Lee Martin Mbacp(Sen Accred) Emdr(Accred) Ma Ba(Hons) Pg-Dip
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
London SE24
Hello and Welcome, Life has indeed become complex. Many of us are now struggling with our mental health in ways that are no longer manageable. Our past and present hurts, our unprocessed feelings have risen to the surface. We find ourselves thinking, feeling and acting in ways that do not reflect who we want to be. Some of us have Grief, Trauma or Addiction that we just can’t seem to work through. As a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist with a Master Degree and EMDR Accredited, I've seen thousands come through my door, with various presenting issues and undergo genuine transformation, healing and leave with hope for the future.
Hello and Welcome, Life has indeed become complex. Many of us are now struggling with our mental health in ways that are no longer manageable. Our past and present hurts, our unprocessed feelings have risen to the surface. We find ourselves thinking, feeling and acting in ways that do not reflect who we want to be. Some of us have Grief, Trauma or Addiction that we just can’t seem to work through. As a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist with a Master Degree and EMDR Accredited, I've seen thousands come through my door, with various presenting issues and undergo genuine transformation, healing and leave with hope for the future.
020 4538 6246 View 020 4538 6246

See more therapy options for London

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in London

3,000+

Average cost per session

£75

Counsellors in London who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
84% Self Esteem
81% Relationship Issues
79% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Bereavement

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aviva
65% AXA PPP
58% Vitality

How Counsellors in London see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
24% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in London?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.