Counselling in LL16

Photo of Penni Neale, Counsellor, MA, MBACP Accred
Penni Neale
Counsellor, MA, MBACP Accred
Denbigh LL16
I work as an integrative counsellor and supervisor in the Denbighshire area. I can provide a safe and regular space to work in partnership with you to explore, understand and work through difficulties. My aim is to help you find your own insight into problems, thoughts and feelings you are experiencing in a nonjudgemental and confidential environment. I am an accredited, registered member of the British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy and have 20 years' experience working in Primary Care (GP surgeries) and College counselling settings. I have been a lecturer in counselling since 2000.
I work as an integrative counsellor and supervisor in the Denbighshire area. I can provide a safe and regular space to work in partnership with you to explore, understand and work through difficulties. My aim is to help you find your own insight into problems, thoughts and feelings you are experiencing in a nonjudgemental and confidential environment. I am an accredited, registered member of the British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy and have 20 years' experience working in Primary Care (GP surgeries) and College counselling settings. I have been a lecturer in counselling since 2000.
07480 738304 View 07480 738304
Photo of Carys Lloyd, Counsellor, MUKCP
Carys Lloyd
Counsellor, MUKCP
Denbigh LL16
Hello. I'm Carys, a UKCP accredited psychotherapeutic counsellor, certified NLP coach and clinical supervisor in training. I provide long and short term emotional well being support for people of all ages with a specialism in working with children and young people and their families. Human beings thrive on connection and it is so important for us to feel listened to, seen and appreciated for who we are. As such, building a safe, solid and trusting therapeutic relationship is at the core of our work together. As a clinical supervisor in training, I am also currently offering supervision at reduced rates.
Hello. I'm Carys, a UKCP accredited psychotherapeutic counsellor, certified NLP coach and clinical supervisor in training. I provide long and short term emotional well being support for people of all ages with a specialism in working with children and young people and their families. Human beings thrive on connection and it is so important for us to feel listened to, seen and appreciated for who we are. As such, building a safe, solid and trusting therapeutic relationship is at the core of our work together. As a clinical supervisor in training, I am also currently offering supervision at reduced rates.
01824 731232 View 01824 731232
Photo of Jacqui Roberts, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Jacqui Roberts
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Denbigh LL16
All enquires through my website please. Most people experience anxiety or depression at some point in their lives and need to cope with pain and confusion. You may feel stuck and unmotivated or need to work through a traumatic experience from your past so you can move on with your life. You might also experience work related stress or be dealing with relationship difficulties. Self-development may also be the reason for seeking therapy. Therapy provides an opportunity to explore and make sense of your difficulties in a safe, non-judgmental environment, to develop your self-understanding and improve your relationships.
All enquires through my website please. Most people experience anxiety or depression at some point in their lives and need to cope with pain and confusion. You may feel stuck and unmotivated or need to work through a traumatic experience from your past so you can move on with your life. You might also experience work related stress or be dealing with relationship difficulties. Self-development may also be the reason for seeking therapy. Therapy provides an opportunity to explore and make sense of your difficulties in a safe, non-judgmental environment, to develop your self-understanding and improve your relationships.
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Photo of Sarah Blay - Rainbow Counselling, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Rainbow Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Serves Area
Hello and welcome to Rainbow Counselling. Rainbow Counselling was created to offer clients a safe space to explore and work on their difficulties, whilst being fully supported, and heard, without judgement.
Hello and welcome to Rainbow Counselling. Rainbow Counselling was created to offer clients a safe space to explore and work on their difficulties, whilst being fully supported, and heard, without judgement.
01745 777973 View 01745 777973
Photo of Tracey Boothby, Counsellor, MA, MNCPS Acc.
Tracey Boothby
Counsellor, MA, MNCPS Acc.
Serves Area
If you’re reading this I'm guessing life has thrown you a few curveballs and you're hoping that I may be able to help you. I have 12 years experience working with adults and children who feel confused, disconnected and traumatised. This may present as anxiety, depression or CPTSD. I can help make sense of these feelings through psycho education and strategies to help regulate your system. If you have been part of a narcissistic/ abusive relationship, I can help you understand why it continues to hurt so much, and move into a more fulfilling chapter of your life. I genuinely welcome you to reach out , maybe this is your time now.
If you’re reading this I'm guessing life has thrown you a few curveballs and you're hoping that I may be able to help you. I have 12 years experience working with adults and children who feel confused, disconnected and traumatised. This may present as anxiety, depression or CPTSD. I can help make sense of these feelings through psycho education and strategies to help regulate your system. If you have been part of a narcissistic/ abusive relationship, I can help you understand why it continues to hurt so much, and move into a more fulfilling chapter of your life. I genuinely welcome you to reach out , maybe this is your time now.
01492 554482 View 01492 554482
Photo of Sophie Horton, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Sophie Horton
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Serves Area
You may be feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, self-doubt, or the lingering effects of painful experiences. Perhaps you’re constantly on edge, struggling to switch off, or carrying memories that still affect how you feel day to day. You might look fine on the outside but feel exhausted from holding everything together. Deep down, you just want to feel calmer, more in control and more like yourself again. I realise how difficult it is to make the first step into getting help for your mental wellbeing and to be truly listened to. I have 20 years NHS experience as a nurse and therapist in the field of mental health.
You may be feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, self-doubt, or the lingering effects of painful experiences. Perhaps you’re constantly on edge, struggling to switch off, or carrying memories that still affect how you feel day to day. You might look fine on the outside but feel exhausted from holding everything together. Deep down, you just want to feel calmer, more in control and more like yourself again. I realise how difficult it is to make the first step into getting help for your mental wellbeing and to be truly listened to. I have 20 years NHS experience as a nurse and therapist in the field of mental health.
01745 771007 View 01745 771007
Photo of Lena Zagel, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Lena Zagel
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Serves Area
Do you find yourself wanting to belong and are not sure how to fit in? Do you feel stuck and are unsure of how to move forwards? Have you found your tribe or community yet? Do you feel like an outsider or disconnected from others? These might just scratch the surface of the questions that may come up, and they are all important in gaining awareness of what might be lying underneath. We all want to feel a sense of belonging and being part of something other than ourselves, which is engrained in the way we interact with the world around us.
Do you find yourself wanting to belong and are not sure how to fit in? Do you feel stuck and are unsure of how to move forwards? Have you found your tribe or community yet? Do you feel like an outsider or disconnected from others? These might just scratch the surface of the questions that may come up, and they are all important in gaining awareness of what might be lying underneath. We all want to feel a sense of belonging and being part of something other than ourselves, which is engrained in the way we interact with the world around us.
01492 550787 View 01492 550787
Photo of Liz Cobb - Liz Cobb Therapy, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Liz Cobb Therapy
Psychotherapist, MBACP
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am a Relate trained and qualified Relational Psychotherapist with over 20 years experience of working with individuals, couples and families. I work in an integrative way, which means I can use my knowledge of many different theories and techniques to work with you in the most suitable way for you and your specific needs. We all seek connection with others and when there are problems or difficulties in our relationships we will suffer pain, hurt, anxiety and fear. You can work on your ability to relate to others or on any relationships you might be experiencing difficulty with, alone, or with your partner or family members.
I am a Relate trained and qualified Relational Psychotherapist with over 20 years experience of working with individuals, couples and families. I work in an integrative way, which means I can use my knowledge of many different theories and techniques to work with you in the most suitable way for you and your specific needs. We all seek connection with others and when there are problems or difficulties in our relationships we will suffer pain, hurt, anxiety and fear. You can work on your ability to relate to others or on any relationships you might be experiencing difficulty with, alone, or with your partner or family members.
0113 487 2889 View 0113 487 2889

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Cat Williams, Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Cat Williams
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Holt LL13
Imagine breaking free from the hidden barriers and self-doubt that keeps you from feeling truly confident and at peace within yourself and your relationships. I’m here to help you make that breakthrough. As a transformational hypnotherapist, author, and key note speaker on the subconscious mind, I am the Director of Building Your Confidence Ltd and I work with people who know deep down that there is more to life than struggling with low self-esteem, anxiety, or feeling “stuck.” My mission is to unlock your innate confidence and rediscover your natural, happiest and most energised self. If this is what you want, I can help.
Imagine breaking free from the hidden barriers and self-doubt that keeps you from feeling truly confident and at peace within yourself and your relationships. I’m here to help you make that breakthrough. As a transformational hypnotherapist, author, and key note speaker on the subconscious mind, I am the Director of Building Your Confidence Ltd and I work with people who know deep down that there is more to life than struggling with low self-esteem, anxiety, or feeling “stuck.” My mission is to unlock your innate confidence and rediscover your natural, happiest and most energised self. If this is what you want, I can help.
07799 641347 View 07799 641347
Photo of Rachel Curtis, Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Rachel Curtis
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
I work with a range of clients and issues. Work can be long term, short term or somewhere in between. My focus is on assisting my client to identify the issue and anything that then needs to happen. The work is at my client's pace and I am a warm and encouraging therapist, mindful of difference and diversity. Over the past 18 years I have worked with clients from age 5 to 78, each client is unique, no therapy session is the same.
I work with a range of clients and issues. Work can be long term, short term or somewhere in between. My focus is on assisting my client to identify the issue and anything that then needs to happen. The work is at my client's pace and I am a warm and encouraging therapist, mindful of difference and diversity. Over the past 18 years I have worked with clients from age 5 to 78, each client is unique, no therapy session is the same.
01492 555622 View 01492 555622
Photo of Donna Thomas - Counselling with Care, Counsellor, MBACP
Counselling with Care
Counsellor, MBACP
People come to counselling for many different reasons and sometimes help is needed to navigate life's challenges. The way we feel and see ourselves can determine the outcomes we achieve. Counselling provides an opportunity for you to explore, off-load, be heard and supported while you work through difficulties. Life can be difficult at times and often we become overwhelmed and that's natural. Whether you are experiencing anxiety, grief & loss, relationship difficulties or challenges related to life in general, counselling can help you gain insight, clarity and confidence to move forward.
People come to counselling for many different reasons and sometimes help is needed to navigate life's challenges. The way we feel and see ourselves can determine the outcomes we achieve. Counselling provides an opportunity for you to explore, off-load, be heard and supported while you work through difficulties. Life can be difficult at times and often we become overwhelmed and that's natural. Whether you are experiencing anxiety, grief & loss, relationship difficulties or challenges related to life in general, counselling can help you gain insight, clarity and confidence to move forward.
01492 552182 View 01492 552182
Photo of Deborah Jane Gibbins - Jane Gibbins, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Jane Gibbins
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
1 Endorsed
Rhyl LL18
Are you seeking support to manage a traumatic event, bereavement or loss or struggling with your personal or professional relationships? Is a situation, past or present, causing you emotional distress? Whether you’re going through a difficult time in your life, struggling with past trauma or complex grief or wanting to explore any areas in life where you feel stuck, finding the right support when you need it can make a huge difference. Please get in touch, I can help and would be happy to discuss working together.
Are you seeking support to manage a traumatic event, bereavement or loss or struggling with your personal or professional relationships? Is a situation, past or present, causing you emotional distress? Whether you’re going through a difficult time in your life, struggling with past trauma or complex grief or wanting to explore any areas in life where you feel stuck, finding the right support when you need it can make a huge difference. Please get in touch, I can help and would be happy to discuss working together.
01745 770903 View 01745 770903
Photo of Sarah Jones, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Sarah Jones
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Mold CH7
There are moments in life that can affect us deeply, whether they happened recently or are rooted in the past. These can have a powerful impact on how we feel and function. You might be feeling overwhelmed, confused, or stuck in patterns that are hard to understand or manage. These experiences can shape how we think, feel, and behave, often without us realising. You might want things to change, or feel ready to change something within yourself. This is where counselling can support you. I recognise and value the unique qualities you already bring, and I offer a compassionate, non judgemental space.
There are moments in life that can affect us deeply, whether they happened recently or are rooted in the past. These can have a powerful impact on how we feel and function. You might be feeling overwhelmed, confused, or stuck in patterns that are hard to understand or manage. These experiences can shape how we think, feel, and behave, often without us realising. You might want things to change, or feel ready to change something within yourself. This is where counselling can support you. I recognise and value the unique qualities you already bring, and I offer a compassionate, non judgemental space.
01273 005924 View 01273 005924
Photo of Barry Ray Carruthers Accred - Beautiful Minds Talking Therapy Services, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Beautiful Minds Talking Therapy Services
Psychotherapist, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Beautiful Minds Talking Therapy Service has been providing counselling for many years. I understand that taking the first step can be scary and overwhelming. But if you can find the courage to take that first step, it can be life changing. Let me help you explore, understand, and unpick the things that are causing your difficulties in your life. I will help you to take back control of your life and take action to find solutions and resolutions that will empower you. I will help you gain a better understanding of your difficulties and develop your knowledge and awareness of your internal constructs. let me help you.
Beautiful Minds Talking Therapy Service has been providing counselling for many years. I understand that taking the first step can be scary and overwhelming. But if you can find the courage to take that first step, it can be life changing. Let me help you explore, understand, and unpick the things that are causing your difficulties in your life. I will help you to take back control of your life and take action to find solutions and resolutions that will empower you. I will help you gain a better understanding of your difficulties and develop your knowledge and awareness of your internal constructs. let me help you.
07403 250051 View 07403 250051
Photo of Neal Edwards - Counselling & Psychotherapy in Chester, Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Counselling & Psychotherapy in Chester
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Making sense of life and our relationships can be challenging at times. We might find ourselves contemplating if we are causing ourselves unnecessary unhappiness, or if this is 'just the way things are'? Should I just keep sticking at 'it', or is it time for things to change? Might we be living our lives in 'survival mode' when we could be 'thriving' instead?
Making sense of life and our relationships can be challenging at times. We might find ourselves contemplating if we are causing ourselves unnecessary unhappiness, or if this is 'just the way things are'? Should I just keep sticking at 'it', or is it time for things to change? Might we be living our lives in 'survival mode' when we could be 'thriving' instead?
01244 667419 View 01244 667419
Photo of Anna Marie Bell, Counsellor, MBACP
Anna Marie Bell
Counsellor, MBACP
Deeside CH5
At any stage in our lives, relationships and events can leave us with deep hurt and confusion that needs professional help. Counselling can give hope and help untangle confusing thoughts and emotions to understand our true selves and our relationships better, leading to a happier life. Experiencing a therapeutic relationship where you are genuinely valued, understood and accepted without judgement, can be in itself healing. As a person-centred creative counsellor, I see the client and therapist as equals. I provide you with a safe, confidential space to explore the issues that you bring.These sessions are yours, to use as you wish.
At any stage in our lives, relationships and events can leave us with deep hurt and confusion that needs professional help. Counselling can give hope and help untangle confusing thoughts and emotions to understand our true selves and our relationships better, leading to a happier life. Experiencing a therapeutic relationship where you are genuinely valued, understood and accepted without judgement, can be in itself healing. As a person-centred creative counsellor, I see the client and therapist as equals. I provide you with a safe, confidential space to explore the issues that you bring.These sessions are yours, to use as you wish.
01352 879966 View 01352 879966
Sian Leone Williams
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Mold CH7
I am a BACP accredited psychotherapist with over 15 years experience within private practice and both public and financial sectors at a senior level. Sometimes, people are clear about what they are struggling with: anxiety, panic attacks, depression, PTSD, grief/loss, personal or work related issues/relationships etc. Others may be less clear and feel that what they are experiencing "is not bad enough". Whichever group you fall into, if you have an experience or situation that is impacting your daily life; either something that happened years ago or more recently, working to find a way forward, is your choice.
I am a BACP accredited psychotherapist with over 15 years experience within private practice and both public and financial sectors at a senior level. Sometimes, people are clear about what they are struggling with: anxiety, panic attacks, depression, PTSD, grief/loss, personal or work related issues/relationships etc. Others may be less clear and feel that what they are experiencing "is not bad enough". Whichever group you fall into, if you have an experience or situation that is impacting your daily life; either something that happened years ago or more recently, working to find a way forward, is your choice.
0808 501 5817 View 0808 501 5817
Photo of Michael Pendlebury, Counsellor, MSc, MNCPS Acc.
Michael Pendlebury
Counsellor, MSc, MNCPS Acc.
Bangor LL57
My name is Michael Pendlebury. I am a trained Person-Centred, Psychodynamic, and Cognitive-Behavioural Therapist. I want our sessions to be a place for you to feel comfortable to talk and have an open conversation about anything you want. We can go at whatever pace is appropriate for you; I will always respect your decision. I will listen to you and emphasise your life events. I may ask open questions, allowing you to give more details, and I may try to help you see your issues from a new perspective. Reaching out for help is a big step. I will make our first session as comfortable as possible for you.
My name is Michael Pendlebury. I am a trained Person-Centred, Psychodynamic, and Cognitive-Behavioural Therapist. I want our sessions to be a place for you to feel comfortable to talk and have an open conversation about anything you want. We can go at whatever pace is appropriate for you; I will always respect your decision. I will listen to you and emphasise your life events. I may ask open questions, allowing you to give more details, and I may try to help you see your issues from a new perspective. Reaching out for help is a big step. I will make our first session as comfortable as possible for you.
01248 661447 View 01248 661447
Photo of Gillian Powell, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Gillian Powell
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
We live in a fast paced fragmented society in which it’s vital to have space to be really listened to & understood. We all need time & space to voice our deepest fears & anxieties in a safe & confidential environment. I offer integrated therapy with the person centred approach at its core: we all have innate ability to find our way through the maze of life; counselling can really help individuals to appreciate & understand their own personal strengths. As a qualified clinical hypnotherapist, I use hypnotherapy to back up my counselling practice; it is invaluable for a myriad of presenting issues from anxiety & phobias to addictions.
We live in a fast paced fragmented society in which it’s vital to have space to be really listened to & understood. We all need time & space to voice our deepest fears & anxieties in a safe & confidential environment. I offer integrated therapy with the person centred approach at its core: we all have innate ability to find our way through the maze of life; counselling can really help individuals to appreciate & understand their own personal strengths. As a qualified clinical hypnotherapist, I use hypnotherapy to back up my counselling practice; it is invaluable for a myriad of presenting issues from anxiety & phobias to addictions.
07723 435155 View 07723 435155
Photo of Emma Sunerton-Burl - Blue Heron Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Blue Heron Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
You may feel you are not getting the most out of your life and are unsure why this is. Perhaps you feel it's hard to feel good about yourself, or you feel stuck. Relationships may not be as fulfilling as you desire. You may relish the opportunity to make a real commitment to your personal growth. I work online or F2F in North Wales. Often my way of working appeals to those who are interested in the arts and/or the spiritual realm and those who appreciate deeper ways of working, in safe and supportive relationship. Looking for psychoanalytic training patients currently as I deepen my work practice.
You may feel you are not getting the most out of your life and are unsure why this is. Perhaps you feel it's hard to feel good about yourself, or you feel stuck. Relationships may not be as fulfilling as you desire. You may relish the opportunity to make a real commitment to your personal growth. I work online or F2F in North Wales. Often my way of working appeals to those who are interested in the arts and/or the spiritual realm and those who appreciate deeper ways of working, in safe and supportive relationship. Looking for psychoanalytic training patients currently as I deepen my work practice.
01492 555027 View 01492 555027

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in LL16

< 10

Counsellors in LL16 who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Self Esteem
100% Stress
88% Family Conflict
75% Bereavement

Average years in practice

15 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Counsellors in LL16 see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in LL16?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.