Counselling in KY11

Photo of Dr Fern Copland, Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Fern Copland
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Welcome! Seeking out help for life’s challenges can be daunting, and finding a therapist who is the right fit for you is essential. I am a Counselling Psychologist, also accredited with the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy. I can offer evidence-based therapies to adults, tailored to meet your needs.
Welcome! Seeking out help for life’s challenges can be daunting, and finding a therapist who is the right fit for you is essential. I am a Counselling Psychologist, also accredited with the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy. I can offer evidence-based therapies to adults, tailored to meet your needs.
01383 665756 View 01383 665756
Photo of Lucy Wilson Brogan, Counsellor, MBACP
Lucy Wilson Brogan
Counsellor, MBACP
Online Only
Hi, I’m Lucy. Thanks for taking time to read my profile. I work with teens and adults – both in my current role, where I work with individuals impacted by trauma, and in previous positions within mental health. I have a Pluralistic perspective, offering each client a personalised counselling experience. I listen and then respond to the different needs of each person I work with, many of whom have experienced trauma, and are living with mental health challenges, low self-esteem, self-harm, and issues around identity. My hope is that we work together to create a space where you feel safe and comfortable to explore what brings you here
Hi, I’m Lucy. Thanks for taking time to read my profile. I work with teens and adults – both in my current role, where I work with individuals impacted by trauma, and in previous positions within mental health. I have a Pluralistic perspective, offering each client a personalised counselling experience. I listen and then respond to the different needs of each person I work with, many of whom have experienced trauma, and are living with mental health challenges, low self-esteem, self-harm, and issues around identity. My hope is that we work together to create a space where you feel safe and comfortable to explore what brings you here
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Photo of Asifa Nicoll, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Asifa Nicoll
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Hello, I'm Asifa - a Trauma Informed, Neurodivergent Therapist. If your feeling stuck or seeking a fresh perspective, I invite you into a space where you can explore what's going on beneath the surface with compassion, care & reconnect with your inner strengths. With over 20 years experience supporting individuals & families across the military, mental health services, disability support & addiction recovery. I understand how life's challenges can affect every part of us, I've also worked extensively with young people & families in education settings addressing issues such as trauma, suicide, self harm, loss & bullying.
Hello, I'm Asifa - a Trauma Informed, Neurodivergent Therapist. If your feeling stuck or seeking a fresh perspective, I invite you into a space where you can explore what's going on beneath the surface with compassion, care & reconnect with your inner strengths. With over 20 years experience supporting individuals & families across the military, mental health services, disability support & addiction recovery. I understand how life's challenges can affect every part of us, I've also worked extensively with young people & families in education settings addressing issues such as trauma, suicide, self harm, loss & bullying.
01592 407493 View 01592 407493
Photo of Douglas Sharp, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Douglas Sharp
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
I am an experienced therapist & clinical supervisor. A safe space is needed to process vulnerabilities and challenges so they can be brought into awareness, understood, and mobilised in a healthier way. Living means that we face challenges, and some experiences leave us struggling to cope or to be at our best. I aim to help people clear a path for better flow in life and work. I value a healthy baseline - moving & eating well, sleeping soundly, making contact with nourishing people, and living with awareness. I offer Gestalt and DBR (Deep Brain Reorienting) approaches.
I am an experienced therapist & clinical supervisor. A safe space is needed to process vulnerabilities and challenges so they can be brought into awareness, understood, and mobilised in a healthier way. Living means that we face challenges, and some experiences leave us struggling to cope or to be at our best. I aim to help people clear a path for better flow in life and work. I value a healthy baseline - moving & eating well, sleeping soundly, making contact with nourishing people, and living with awareness. I offer Gestalt and DBR (Deep Brain Reorienting) approaches.
01383 669119 View 01383 669119
Photo of Susan Ballingall, Counsellor, COSRT General
Susan Ballingall
Counsellor, COSRT General
Sometimes we can feel sad, overwhelmed and stuck. We might not always know the reasons why, but we do know that we don’t want to stay feeling like this. Friends and family are not always available or the best people to speak with to get unbiased support. It may be a past trauma, a difficult childhood, an unhappy relationship, stress / anxiety / depression or bereavement & loss. You may have an ok or good relationship that you would like to make better, to understand your partner or be understood. You may be considering leaving your relationship but are not sure how to.
Sometimes we can feel sad, overwhelmed and stuck. We might not always know the reasons why, but we do know that we don’t want to stay feeling like this. Friends and family are not always available or the best people to speak with to get unbiased support. It may be a past trauma, a difficult childhood, an unhappy relationship, stress / anxiety / depression or bereavement & loss. You may have an ok or good relationship that you would like to make better, to understand your partner or be understood. You may be considering leaving your relationship but are not sure how to.
01383 665791 View 01383 665791
Photo of Alan Freeburn, Psychotherapist, MSc, GMBPsS
Alan Freeburn
Psychotherapist, MSc, GMBPsS
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hi, I'm Alan and I have over 20 years of experience as a hypnotherapist and an applied psychologist working in adult mental health in the NHS. Much of my work focuses on helping people deal with anxiety whether that is a general anxiety, phobias or more difficult anxieties such as trauma or OCD.  My approach is a combination of the best parts of the NHS recommended treatments for various conditions along with the use of hypnosis and cognitive hypnotherapy to enhance the effects of these.
Hi, I'm Alan and I have over 20 years of experience as a hypnotherapist and an applied psychologist working in adult mental health in the NHS. Much of my work focuses on helping people deal with anxiety whether that is a general anxiety, phobias or more difficult anxieties such as trauma or OCD.  My approach is a combination of the best parts of the NHS recommended treatments for various conditions along with the use of hypnosis and cognitive hypnotherapy to enhance the effects of these.
01383 661355 View 01383 661355
Photo of Scott Davidson, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Scott Davidson
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Online Only
It can be difficult making the decision to come to counselling. Acknowledging that you need some help, because something feels wrong within you, or that life just feels too much right now, isn't easy, but it can be a first step toward healing, a better understanding, a new way of seeing things, or the beginning of a change. Counselling can help when you've exhausted your own resources to work things out or cope, or when you feel that what is troubling you is too much for people who might normally support you. If you feel like just don't know what to do next, or that you just can't move to where you want to be, perhaps I can help.
It can be difficult making the decision to come to counselling. Acknowledging that you need some help, because something feels wrong within you, or that life just feels too much right now, isn't easy, but it can be a first step toward healing, a better understanding, a new way of seeing things, or the beginning of a change. Counselling can help when you've exhausted your own resources to work things out or cope, or when you feel that what is troubling you is too much for people who might normally support you. If you feel like just don't know what to do next, or that you just can't move to where you want to be, perhaps I can help.
01383 663385 View 01383 663385
Photo of Angela Peterson, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Angela Peterson
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
I specialise in supporting adults who are feeling overwhelmed. Stress can happen with a sudden change such as bereavement, job loss or relationship ending. It can also build with an increase in responsibilities. There can be times when life is quiet, giving you time to remember difficult past events. These memories can be troubling and make everyday life difficult. Overwhelm can show up as anxiety, low mood, avoiding things you used to enjoy. Perhaps work is too much now, or you find you are drinking/eating more than usual. Your sleep pattern may have changed. Effective help is here now.
I specialise in supporting adults who are feeling overwhelmed. Stress can happen with a sudden change such as bereavement, job loss or relationship ending. It can also build with an increase in responsibilities. There can be times when life is quiet, giving you time to remember difficult past events. These memories can be troubling and make everyday life difficult. Overwhelm can show up as anxiety, low mood, avoiding things you used to enjoy. Perhaps work is too much now, or you find you are drinking/eating more than usual. Your sleep pattern may have changed. Effective help is here now.
01383 663228 View 01383 663228
Photo of Elaine Jordan - Balance and Growth, Counsellor, MBACP
Balance and Growth
Counsellor, MBACP
If you’re feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure of yourself, you’re not alone—and you don’t have to face it on your own. You might be struggling in a relationship, feeling disconnected, or repeating painful patterns. You might be managing stress, anxiety or depression, dealing with loss, or navigating change. Even if you’re not sure what you need, it’s okay to start with that. You’re welcome to bring any part of your life that feels difficult or important to explore. Counselling offers a space to breathe, reflect, and begin to understand what’s been holding you back—so you can move forward with more clarity and self-compassion.
If you’re feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure of yourself, you’re not alone—and you don’t have to face it on your own. You might be struggling in a relationship, feeling disconnected, or repeating painful patterns. You might be managing stress, anxiety or depression, dealing with loss, or navigating change. Even if you’re not sure what you need, it’s okay to start with that. You’re welcome to bring any part of your life that feels difficult or important to explore. Counselling offers a space to breathe, reflect, and begin to understand what’s been holding you back—so you can move forward with more clarity and self-compassion.
01383 666051 View 01383 666051
Photo of Helen Peters - Helen Peters: EMDR and CBT, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Helen Peters: EMDR and CBT
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
1 Endorsed
I offer EMDR (including Attachment Informed EMDR) and CBT for adults online. I am also a qualified supervisor and provide supervision remotely. You may have tried talking therapies and understand why you respond in certain ways but struggle to actually change how you feel and what you do. EMDR can really help us change our responses. If you would like to find out how online EMDR or CBT could work for you please do get in touch via the link and I can provide more information via email or have a chat on the phone or Zoom.
I offer EMDR (including Attachment Informed EMDR) and CBT for adults online. I am also a qualified supervisor and provide supervision remotely. You may have tried talking therapies and understand why you respond in certain ways but struggle to actually change how you feel and what you do. EMDR can really help us change our responses. If you would like to find out how online EMDR or CBT could work for you please do get in touch via the link and I can provide more information via email or have a chat on the phone or Zoom.
01383 665698 View 01383 665698
Photo of Catriona Glen, Counsellor, MBACP
Catriona Glen
Counsellor, MBACP
I'm experienced working with children, teens and adults regularly working within the primary and secondary education system throughout Fife and in an agency environment. I understand the unique developmental needs and challenges faced by a younger age group regularly exploring issues around self-esteem, social anxiety, general anxiety, anger, loss, attachment issues, self- harm, suicidal ideation, sexual abuse and neuro-divergence. My work with adults includes dealing with the effects of trauma, childhood sexual abuse and relational difficulties inc emotional, domestic and narcissistic abuse and childhood emotional neglect.
I'm experienced working with children, teens and adults regularly working within the primary and secondary education system throughout Fife and in an agency environment. I understand the unique developmental needs and challenges faced by a younger age group regularly exploring issues around self-esteem, social anxiety, general anxiety, anger, loss, attachment issues, self- harm, suicidal ideation, sexual abuse and neuro-divergence. My work with adults includes dealing with the effects of trauma, childhood sexual abuse and relational difficulties inc emotional, domestic and narcissistic abuse and childhood emotional neglect.
01383 661320 View 01383 661320
Photo of Jenna Robertson, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Jenna Robertson
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Whether you are struggling with anxiety, ADHD, depression, stress, life adjustments, relational issues, or other struggles with mental health, you deserve to be heard and supported. The isolation and confusion can feel overwhelming, but as long as you are dedicated to moving forward there is so much hope and so many possibilities for healing.
Whether you are struggling with anxiety, ADHD, depression, stress, life adjustments, relational issues, or other struggles with mental health, you deserve to be heard and supported. The isolation and confusion can feel overwhelming, but as long as you are dedicated to moving forward there is so much hope and so many possibilities for healing.
01383 663412 View 01383 663412
Photo of Richard W. Miller, Counsellor, MBACP
Richard W. Miller
Counsellor, MBACP
Thanks for visiting my profile, I hope that you find what you are seeking. If your are looking for a service that is friendly and effective then you are in the right place. Counselling can be a tough process, it takes courage and trust and it is important that you work with someone who will meet you where you are. I'm interested in knowing what you really need and want from counselling and prefer working towards outcomes that help people live a full and happy life.
Thanks for visiting my profile, I hope that you find what you are seeking. If your are looking for a service that is friendly and effective then you are in the right place. Counselling can be a tough process, it takes courage and trust and it is important that you work with someone who will meet you where you are. I'm interested in knowing what you really need and want from counselling and prefer working towards outcomes that help people live a full and happy life.
01383 665759 View 01383 665759
Photo of Dr Mari Bruce, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Mari Bruce
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Hello, I’m an experienced Counselling Psychologist & CBT Therapist, just outside Dunfermline, with over 15 years of psychology experience both within the NHS and private sector. I aim to come alongside you to help make sense of distress and find the best way to move forward to improve wellbeing. Part of therapy is about noticing unhelpful life patterns that keep us stuck. This involves developing more awareness of our emotions, thoughts and actions. Difficult emotions can be challenging and In times of distress we often push our thoughts and feelings away.
Hello, I’m an experienced Counselling Psychologist & CBT Therapist, just outside Dunfermline, with over 15 years of psychology experience both within the NHS and private sector. I aim to come alongside you to help make sense of distress and find the best way to move forward to improve wellbeing. Part of therapy is about noticing unhelpful life patterns that keep us stuck. This involves developing more awareness of our emotions, thoughts and actions. Difficult emotions can be challenging and In times of distress we often push our thoughts and feelings away.
01383 663862 View 01383 663862
Photo of Mairi McAllister, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Mairi McAllister
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
I work with anyone who struggles with life as a result of Trauma, you may have experienced abuse as a child or adult, or you may have had what appears to be a 'happy' or 'normal' childhood but were not seen, heard or valued. As a result you might struggle with confidence, self esteem, relationships, work or being a parent. You may be depressed, anxious, live with fear or with issues around addiction, eating or self harm. You may have physical issues, our minds and body's are both affected by Trauma and its common to have issues like fibromyalgia or ME, some struggle with ADD traits and feel overwhelmed or dissociated, your not alone
I work with anyone who struggles with life as a result of Trauma, you may have experienced abuse as a child or adult, or you may have had what appears to be a 'happy' or 'normal' childhood but were not seen, heard or valued. As a result you might struggle with confidence, self esteem, relationships, work or being a parent. You may be depressed, anxious, live with fear or with issues around addiction, eating or self harm. You may have physical issues, our minds and body's are both affected by Trauma and its common to have issues like fibromyalgia or ME, some struggle with ADD traits and feel overwhelmed or dissociated, your not alone
01592 323042 View 01592 323042
Photo of Kelly Buick, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Kelly Buick
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Online Only
I know life can throw unexpected ups and downs at you. In our sessions, we will explore how you can build resilience and turn a page on what no longer feels helpful or fulfilling for you. Whatever you would like to work on, we will work together to identify what you need from therapy, tailoring your counselling sessions to you. I believe you are the expert in your life and with my knowledge of Counselling and Psychotherapy I can support you in achieving your goals. I know reaching out for help can feel difficult or overwhelming. I aim to offer a safe, confidential space to explore yourself, free of judgement.
I know life can throw unexpected ups and downs at you. In our sessions, we will explore how you can build resilience and turn a page on what no longer feels helpful or fulfilling for you. Whatever you would like to work on, we will work together to identify what you need from therapy, tailoring your counselling sessions to you. I believe you are the expert in your life and with my knowledge of Counselling and Psychotherapy I can support you in achieving your goals. I know reaching out for help can feel difficult or overwhelming. I aim to offer a safe, confidential space to explore yourself, free of judgement.
01592 809956 View 01592 809956
Photo of Emma Rhodes, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Emma Rhodes
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Serves Area
Are you struggling to know how to support your child? Are you concerned about your teenager's emotional wellbeing? Are you looking for your own support to allow you to be the parent you want to be? It is normal for your child to experience ups and downs as they grow, but sometimes they need some extra help to get them back on track. As a parent, it can sometimes be difficult to know how best to help. You may be seeking some advice or support for your own mental health. I provide a calm, nurturing and compassionate space to allow us together to explore, understand and manage the difficulties you or your child are facing.
Are you struggling to know how to support your child? Are you concerned about your teenager's emotional wellbeing? Are you looking for your own support to allow you to be the parent you want to be? It is normal for your child to experience ups and downs as they grow, but sometimes they need some extra help to get them back on track. As a parent, it can sometimes be difficult to know how best to help. You may be seeking some advice or support for your own mental health. I provide a calm, nurturing and compassionate space to allow us together to explore, understand and manage the difficulties you or your child are facing.
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Photo of Dr Kathryn Quinn, Psychologist, PsychD, CPsychol
Dr Kathryn Quinn
Psychologist, PsychD, CPsychol
Serves Area
I am an experienced Chartered Clinical Psychologist with a proven track record of clinical effectiveness. I run an established and successful private practice, and offer a choice of both online or face-to-face appointments ensuring that my client's needs are at the forefront of all that I do. If you would like to discuss your situation further, or book an initial consultation, I would be delighted to hear from you.
I am an experienced Chartered Clinical Psychologist with a proven track record of clinical effectiveness. I run an established and successful private practice, and offer a choice of both online or face-to-face appointments ensuring that my client's needs are at the forefront of all that I do. If you would like to discuss your situation further, or book an initial consultation, I would be delighted to hear from you.
01383 665671 View 01383 665671
Photo of Dr Catriona Jack, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Catriona Jack
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Online Only
Do you feel a bit lost, frustrated, down or hopeless and unsure of how to make changes? Perhaps you feel like you are repeating the same life patterns. You may feel like you have tried everything and are on your last attempt. Well done for taking this step as I understand how daunting it can be, having done so myself. Lots of people are unsure of what to expect, fear being judged, or have difficulty opening up. I believe we could all benefit from therapy at times. How often do you have someone listen entirely to you in life? Choosing the right therapist can be overwhelming and its important we connect first in a free 15 minute call.
Do you feel a bit lost, frustrated, down or hopeless and unsure of how to make changes? Perhaps you feel like you are repeating the same life patterns. You may feel like you have tried everything and are on your last attempt. Well done for taking this step as I understand how daunting it can be, having done so myself. Lots of people are unsure of what to expect, fear being judged, or have difficulty opening up. I believe we could all benefit from therapy at times. How often do you have someone listen entirely to you in life? Choosing the right therapist can be overwhelming and its important we connect first in a free 15 minute call.
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Photo of Dr Alan Grieve (Consultant Clinical Psychologist), Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Alan Grieve (Consultant Clinical Psychologist)
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Serves Area
I am a Consultant Clinical Psychologist and have a special interest in helping people with different issues including PTSD and complex trauma. I also help people with many other difficulties including anxiety, phobias, anger, depression, low self-esteem and OCD. I am rated in the top three psychologists in Fife on Top3Rated. I qualified in 2010, but have been working in the area of mental health since 2003. I work with adults and children and adolescents of 12 years and over. Please call me and we can discuss if I am the right person to help you with your difficulties.
I am a Consultant Clinical Psychologist and have a special interest in helping people with different issues including PTSD and complex trauma. I also help people with many other difficulties including anxiety, phobias, anger, depression, low self-esteem and OCD. I am rated in the top three psychologists in Fife on Top3Rated. I qualified in 2010, but have been working in the area of mental health since 2003. I work with adults and children and adolescents of 12 years and over. Please call me and we can discuss if I am the right person to help you with your difficulties.
01592 407456 View 01592 407456

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in KY11

30+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in KY11 who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Self Esteem
81% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
72% Stress
69% Trauma and PTSD
59% Bereavement

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aviva
57% AXA PPP
57% Vitality

How Counsellors in KY11 see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
22% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in KY11?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.