Counselling in London

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Photo of Domenica Stilwell, Psychotherapist in London, England
Domenica Stilwell
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
London N2  (Online Only)
We all encounter difficulties in life. It may be that you feel stuck and unable to move forward, to change things in your life and bring in more joy, peace and authenticity. I am here to help you with that. My approach to psychotherapy is relational and client focused. It provides a safe, confidential and non-judgmental space where we can think together about the difficulties in your life and what is causing them. Often, our past relationships and emotional development inform our present life to a much greater extent than we imagine. Together we can work towards creating a happier, more peaceful and more fulfilled life for you.
We all encounter difficulties in life. It may be that you feel stuck and unable to move forward, to change things in your life and bring in more joy, peace and authenticity. I am here to help you with that. My approach to psychotherapy is relational and client focused. It provides a safe, confidential and non-judgmental space where we can think together about the difficulties in your life and what is causing them. Often, our past relationships and emotional development inform our present life to a much greater extent than we imagine. Together we can work towards creating a happier, more peaceful and more fulfilled life for you.
01202 125640 View 01202 125640
Photo of Michael Eko, Psychologist in London, England
Michael Eko
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, CPsychol
Verified Verified
London SW15
At different times in our lives, we all feel overwhelmed emotionally, physically and mentally. At times like this, seeking the right professional support can help bring a sense of clarity and resolution.
At different times in our lives, we all feel overwhelmed emotionally, physically and mentally. At times like this, seeking the right professional support can help bring a sense of clarity and resolution.
020 3962 1953 View 020 3962 1953
Photo of Christelle Ntow, Psychotherapist in London, England
Christelle Ntow
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW7  (Online Only)
I am an Integrative therapist trained in working with individuals and couples. I understand what it feels like to feel isolated and alone with your problems, I also understand what it feels like to be weary of seeking external support and the worry that may come with trying to find the ‘right’ therapist. I have a passion for supporting people from all walks of life, and together we can work towards you learning more about yourself and being able to use that knowledge to improve the way you manage difficult situations and emotions.
I am an Integrative therapist trained in working with individuals and couples. I understand what it feels like to feel isolated and alone with your problems, I also understand what it feels like to be weary of seeking external support and the worry that may come with trying to find the ‘right’ therapist. I have a passion for supporting people from all walks of life, and together we can work towards you learning more about yourself and being able to use that knowledge to improve the way you manage difficult situations and emotions.
01708 206816 View 01708 206816
Photo of Claudine Astles, Counsellor in London, England
Claudine Astles
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW1W
The first step towards asking for help can be the hardest. Get in touch and we can take it together. My name is Claudine Astles and I work with clients in the Victoria area of central London, SW1, and also online. I am committed to offering a safe, non-judgemental space in which we can use counselling and therapy to explore your concerns, fears, and anxieties, and work together to help you reconnect with joy. I work with individuals on an open-ended basis or for an agreed time period, with the aim of enabling you to enhance your life and to live it more fully.
The first step towards asking for help can be the hardest. Get in touch and we can take it together. My name is Claudine Astles and I work with clients in the Victoria area of central London, SW1, and also online. I am committed to offering a safe, non-judgemental space in which we can use counselling and therapy to explore your concerns, fears, and anxieties, and work together to help you reconnect with joy. I work with individuals on an open-ended basis or for an agreed time period, with the aim of enabling you to enhance your life and to live it more fully.
020 3974 2441 View 020 3974 2441
Photo of Angie Zambarakji, Counsellor in London, England
Angie Zambarakji
Counsellor, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
London SW6
My training is in Gestalt psychotherapy which is a humanistic, person-centred, and holistic therapeutic approach. I am currently completing my 4th year of Gestalt psychotherapy training at the Metanoia Institute in London. My aim is to help you explore your thoughts, feelings, behaviours, beliefs and values. This gives you the opportunity to identify the choices, patterns of behaviour and obstacles that are preventing you from reaching your full potential. I will engage with you in an honest, respectful and vibrant way. I try to meet you from one human being to another, rather than treat or analyse you in the medical sense.
My training is in Gestalt psychotherapy which is a humanistic, person-centred, and holistic therapeutic approach. I am currently completing my 4th year of Gestalt psychotherapy training at the Metanoia Institute in London. My aim is to help you explore your thoughts, feelings, behaviours, beliefs and values. This gives you the opportunity to identify the choices, patterns of behaviour and obstacles that are preventing you from reaching your full potential. I will engage with you in an honest, respectful and vibrant way. I try to meet you from one human being to another, rather than treat or analyse you in the medical sense.
020 3816 1611 View 020 3816 1611
Photo of Anna Sinski, Psychotherapist in London, England
Anna Sinski
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
London W1H
I help both individuals, as well as couples, work through relational and sexual difficulties like attachment wounds, communication issues, trauma and unhelpful patterns. I’m a culturally sensitive practitioner and work with clients of many different backgrounds, sexualities and religions.
I help both individuals, as well as couples, work through relational and sexual difficulties like attachment wounds, communication issues, trauma and unhelpful patterns. I’m a culturally sensitive practitioner and work with clients of many different backgrounds, sexualities and religions.
020 3984 9087 View 020 3984 9087
Photo of Tahir Gulkaya, Psychotherapist in London, England
Tahir Gulkaya
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London EC4M
In my practice, I work in a way that gives patients the space to speak freely and to express what they’re thinking, feeling, and experiencing, in a completely confidential setting. The therapeutic alliance encourages the exploration of the self by focusing on the unconscious mind. The therapist-patient relationship is at the core of the therapeutic experience. Sessions are led by the patient’s ‘free association’, which simply means that, whatever you bring to a particular session, is what we work with. You might bring a memory, a feeling or a passing thought, continue our discussion from a previous session, or bring something new.
In my practice, I work in a way that gives patients the space to speak freely and to express what they’re thinking, feeling, and experiencing, in a completely confidential setting. The therapeutic alliance encourages the exploration of the self by focusing on the unconscious mind. The therapist-patient relationship is at the core of the therapeutic experience. Sessions are led by the patient’s ‘free association’, which simply means that, whatever you bring to a particular session, is what we work with. You might bring a memory, a feeling or a passing thought, continue our discussion from a previous session, or bring something new.
020 3893 8879 View 020 3893 8879
Photo of YCounselling, Counsellor in London, England
YCounselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SW16
I am an integrative counsellor with experience in both the private and NHS sectors, working with adults and young people. In my experience, many clients come for counselling for help with depression and anxiety caused by difficulties within relationships, friendships, work-based stress as well as isolation and loneliness. By gently encouraging and challenging them to face up to their fears and concerns, they achieve greater insight and self-knowledge and gain a larger perspective on their situation. Through this they come to realise that there are other options and choices available to them through which they may improve well-being
I am an integrative counsellor with experience in both the private and NHS sectors, working with adults and young people. In my experience, many clients come for counselling for help with depression and anxiety caused by difficulties within relationships, friendships, work-based stress as well as isolation and loneliness. By gently encouraging and challenging them to face up to their fears and concerns, they achieve greater insight and self-knowledge and gain a larger perspective on their situation. Through this they come to realise that there are other options and choices available to them through which they may improve well-being
01798 422044 View 01798 422044
Photo of Hayley Anderson-Walsh, Counsellor in London, England
Hayley Anderson-Walsh
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London NW1  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Hayley. I specialize in Gestalt Therapy, provide supervisory support, and act as a Workplace Mediator. While I may not possess a magic wand, the positive feedback from my clients suggests that my services have been impactful. My goal is simple: to help even just one person make a meaningful advancement in their life, thereby fulfilling my mission.
Hello! My name is Hayley. I specialize in Gestalt Therapy, provide supervisory support, and act as a Workplace Mediator. While I may not possess a magic wand, the positive feedback from my clients suggests that my services have been impactful. My goal is simple: to help even just one person make a meaningful advancement in their life, thereby fulfilling my mission.
020 3984 7973 View 020 3984 7973
Photo of Clare Davies, Counsellor in London, England
Clare Davies
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London W1W
Hi I'm Clare, I have a strong belief in the power of counselling to foster personal growth and transformation. You are at the heart of this process, and I understand that your experiences are unique and personal to you. By genuinely understanding your perspective, I aim to work together with you to help you progress towards the future you desire. I, therefore, offer an initial, free, exploratory online meeting prior to choosing to start sessions. I offer a professional yet empathetic & non-judgemental space, and come with both lived and professional experience.
Hi I'm Clare, I have a strong belief in the power of counselling to foster personal growth and transformation. You are at the heart of this process, and I understand that your experiences are unique and personal to you. By genuinely understanding your perspective, I aim to work together with you to help you progress towards the future you desire. I, therefore, offer an initial, free, exploratory online meeting prior to choosing to start sessions. I offer a professional yet empathetic & non-judgemental space, and come with both lived and professional experience.
0333 034 3033 View 0333 034 3033
Photo of Trauma Focused Psychotherapist, Counsellor in London, England
Trauma Focused Psychotherapist
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London EC1V  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Jocelyn. I'm a specialist Trauma Therapist and Psychotherapeutic Counsellor. My 20 years of experience includes working with Complex Trauma, PTSD, Childhood and Adulthood Abuse, Depression, Anxiety Disorders, Relationship Issues, Low Self-Esteem, Fears, Phobias, Addiction and Life Transitions. I offer a compassionate and non-judgemental safe space where you will feel listened to and valued. I can support you with immediate day to day stabilisation, whilst also working on a deeper level to help you to heal past traumas and underlying issues.
Hello, my name is Jocelyn. I'm a specialist Trauma Therapist and Psychotherapeutic Counsellor. My 20 years of experience includes working with Complex Trauma, PTSD, Childhood and Adulthood Abuse, Depression, Anxiety Disorders, Relationship Issues, Low Self-Esteem, Fears, Phobias, Addiction and Life Transitions. I offer a compassionate and non-judgemental safe space where you will feel listened to and valued. I can support you with immediate day to day stabilisation, whilst also working on a deeper level to help you to heal past traumas and underlying issues.
01992 927916 View 01992 927916
Photo of Nike Siffre, Counsellor in London, England
Nike Siffre
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
London N2
Therapy is a space for you: to feel understood and listened to. Perhaps for the first time. And it is through this fundamental encounter that you can feel more able and alive. Our work together can support you in making a change, reflecting on painful experience, bearing a loss, finding a purpose. It can support you in these - and more - through creating new awareness, making helpful connections and finding a way forward. Therapy provides a way for you to understand, confront, resolve, heal and grow. I provide a safe, welcoming space for you to explore whatever it is that you need and want. In confidence and without judgement.
Therapy is a space for you: to feel understood and listened to. Perhaps for the first time. And it is through this fundamental encounter that you can feel more able and alive. Our work together can support you in making a change, reflecting on painful experience, bearing a loss, finding a purpose. It can support you in these - and more - through creating new awareness, making helpful connections and finding a way forward. Therapy provides a way for you to understand, confront, resolve, heal and grow. I provide a safe, welcoming space for you to explore whatever it is that you need and want. In confidence and without judgement.
020 4538 4241 View 020 4538 4241
Photo of Spini Watts (Mbacp) Relationship Issues Family Conflict (Individual), Counsellor in London, England
Spini Watts (Mbacp) Relationship Issues Family Conflict (Individual)
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London E3  (Online Only)
I can help you work through past and current relationships to better understand how they affect you. We can explore the beliefs you have about yourself, how you believe other people perceive you, your abilities, how you interpret the past. I work by engaging in the here-and-now therapeutic relationship between us as an opportunity to understand how you relate to yourself and others in your life, and we can explore how your past might be affecting your present life.
I can help you work through past and current relationships to better understand how they affect you. We can explore the beliefs you have about yourself, how you believe other people perceive you, your abilities, how you interpret the past. I work by engaging in the here-and-now therapeutic relationship between us as an opportunity to understand how you relate to yourself and others in your life, and we can explore how your past might be affecting your present life.
020 3763 9392 View 020 3763 9392
Photo of Nadine Hughes, Psychotherapist in London, England
Nadine Hughes
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW9
I am an Intercultural Integrative Psychotherapist with a holistic approach, embracing of culture and spirituality. I support in various challenges such as Abandonment, Addiction, Anger management, Anxiety, Bereavement & loss, Depression, Dissociation, Low self esteem, Identity, PTSD, Relationship problems, Stress, Suicidal ideation, Self harm and much more. I am adept at building genuine, empathic and productive therapeutic working relationships, with clients wishing to gain a deeper sense and understanding of themselves & to build on their inner resources. Counselling Foundation Tutor and Certified EFT practitioner.
I am an Intercultural Integrative Psychotherapist with a holistic approach, embracing of culture and spirituality. I support in various challenges such as Abandonment, Addiction, Anger management, Anxiety, Bereavement & loss, Depression, Dissociation, Low self esteem, Identity, PTSD, Relationship problems, Stress, Suicidal ideation, Self harm and much more. I am adept at building genuine, empathic and productive therapeutic working relationships, with clients wishing to gain a deeper sense and understanding of themselves & to build on their inner resources. Counselling Foundation Tutor and Certified EFT practitioner.
020 3879 4776 View 020 3879 4776
Photo of Mina Minozzi, Psychologist in London, England
Mina Minozzi
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
London W11  (Online Only)
Understanding your child's feelings and how to respond to them can be challenging, especially if you were not parented that way. Your child might be experiencing bullying, a lack of confidence, exam stress or social anxiety. As an empathetic, experienced child emotion specialist and author, I provide online emotion coaching and teach effective coping strategies. I help build your child's resilience, learn important social skills, and boost their self-esteem. Through my sessions, your child will gain valuable emotional intelligence knowledge and emotion management techniques that have a positive, lasting impact on their future.
Understanding your child's feelings and how to respond to them can be challenging, especially if you were not parented that way. Your child might be experiencing bullying, a lack of confidence, exam stress or social anxiety. As an empathetic, experienced child emotion specialist and author, I provide online emotion coaching and teach effective coping strategies. I help build your child's resilience, learn important social skills, and boost their self-esteem. Through my sessions, your child will gain valuable emotional intelligence knowledge and emotion management techniques that have a positive, lasting impact on their future.
020 3675 0456 View 020 3675 0456
Photo of Nina Stefanie Lochle, Psychotherapist in London, England
Nina Stefanie Lochle
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London SW2
All of us can encounter moments in our lives where our habitual ways of doing things don’t seem to work any longer and we get stuck. Counselling can help working through these difficulties, by becoming aware of what we do and how we do it and whether our ways of thinking or doing things are helpful or not. This awareness is the foundation for change and together we can find new perspectives and kinder ways of engaging with yourself, that enable you to experiment with a wider variety of choices and support you leading a happier and more satisfying life.
All of us can encounter moments in our lives where our habitual ways of doing things don’t seem to work any longer and we get stuck. Counselling can help working through these difficulties, by becoming aware of what we do and how we do it and whether our ways of thinking or doing things are helpful or not. This awareness is the foundation for change and together we can find new perspectives and kinder ways of engaging with yourself, that enable you to experiment with a wider variety of choices and support you leading a happier and more satisfying life.
07949 804042 View 07949 804042
Photo of Valdete Kapedani, Psychotherapist in London, England
Valdete Kapedani
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London NW3  (Online Only)
I work with individuals and couples who present with: Narcissistic Personality, Borderline Personality, Trauma, PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, Infidelity, Loss, Addiction, Anger, Sexual & Domestic Abuse, Identity Issues, Attachment Patterns & OCD. I am MBACP registered and fully qualified Psychotherapist in Psychodynamic & CBT Therapy. Therapy enables us to have a deeper understanding of our unconscious motivations. It also enables us to reflect on our emotions before and after we react and become more aware of our repetitive behaviour and relationship patterns. I offer 30 minutes free consultations.
I work with individuals and couples who present with: Narcissistic Personality, Borderline Personality, Trauma, PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, Infidelity, Loss, Addiction, Anger, Sexual & Domestic Abuse, Identity Issues, Attachment Patterns & OCD. I am MBACP registered and fully qualified Psychotherapist in Psychodynamic & CBT Therapy. Therapy enables us to have a deeper understanding of our unconscious motivations. It also enables us to reflect on our emotions before and after we react and become more aware of our repetitive behaviour and relationship patterns. I offer 30 minutes free consultations.
020 3856 4178 View 020 3856 4178
Photo of Nadja Julia Rolli, Psychotherapist in London, England
Nadja Julia Rolli
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
London W14
I am a qualified and experienced Integrative Child and Adolescent Psychotherapist. Previous to the MA in Child Psychotherapy, I have been trained in Switzerland as Psychomotor Therapist, with a focus on Play Therapy and Body Work for Children and young adults. I have many years of experience working with my clients through play therapy and talking therapy but integrate EMDR, body awareness and symbolism, art materials, clay and sand into my work to facilitate unconscious emotional processes.
I am a qualified and experienced Integrative Child and Adolescent Psychotherapist. Previous to the MA in Child Psychotherapy, I have been trained in Switzerland as Psychomotor Therapist, with a focus on Play Therapy and Body Work for Children and young adults. I have many years of experience working with my clients through play therapy and talking therapy but integrate EMDR, body awareness and symbolism, art materials, clay and sand into my work to facilitate unconscious emotional processes.
020 8103 6087 View 020 8103 6087
Photo of Nishah Dennison, Psychotherapist in London, England
Nishah Dennison
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London SW19  (Online Only)
Using therapeutic methods that have a proven track record of effectiveness, my clients often experience change and movement from the first session or two. Therapy is based on Best Practice and Clinical Evidence, utilising 25yrs of clinical experience. I previously worked as NHS Adult Psychotherapist, Adult Psychotherapist with Psychiatric Out-Patients, Professional Debriefing and Training of Addiction Counsellors, NHS Public Health Advisor and Director of Psychotherapy at Regents University. Feel free to email me your main concerns to get started with a treatment plan of action. Sessions start from 8am/available during lunch hours.
Using therapeutic methods that have a proven track record of effectiveness, my clients often experience change and movement from the first session or two. Therapy is based on Best Practice and Clinical Evidence, utilising 25yrs of clinical experience. I previously worked as NHS Adult Psychotherapist, Adult Psychotherapist with Psychiatric Out-Patients, Professional Debriefing and Training of Addiction Counsellors, NHS Public Health Advisor and Director of Psychotherapy at Regents University. Feel free to email me your main concerns to get started with a treatment plan of action. Sessions start from 8am/available during lunch hours.
01929 500563 View 01929 500563
Photo of Joseph Rogers, Psychotherapist in London, England
Joseph Rogers
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London W5
Are problems impacting on you and your family/ relationships? I am passionate about helping you be the best version of yourself and I truly believe you are worthy of respect, dignity, and the opportunity to improve your life. We all exist in relationships, and at times, these become complicated, harmful for us and create problems that we want to resolve. As a psychotherapist and qualified social worker with 10+ years of experience, I have seen how individuals, couples and families blame each other and themselves for the challenges that exist within these relationships.
Are problems impacting on you and your family/ relationships? I am passionate about helping you be the best version of yourself and I truly believe you are worthy of respect, dignity, and the opportunity to improve your life. We all exist in relationships, and at times, these become complicated, harmful for us and create problems that we want to resolve. As a psychotherapist and qualified social worker with 10+ years of experience, I have seen how individuals, couples and families blame each other and themselves for the challenges that exist within these relationships.
020 3871 8507 View 020 3871 8507

See more therapy options for London

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in London

3,000+

Average cost per session

£75

Counsellors in London who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
84% Self Esteem
81% Relationship Issues
79% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Bereavement

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aviva
65% AXA PPP
58% Vitality

How Counsellors in London see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
24% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in London?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.