Mindfulness-Based (MBCT) Counselling in Wakefield

Photo of Marco Y T Lee - Empathy understanding counselling, Counsellor, MBACP
Empathy understanding counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am Marco, a fully qualified counsellor who works in an integrative way with a range of therapeutic theories including Person Centred, EFT and Mindfulness, to find the best approach for you.
My counselling will offer you an opportunity to explore issues and problems in a safe and confidential environment at my centre here in Leeds. You can trust me to listen and respond to you in a non-judgemental way. An initial session can be arranged within a week of getting in touch. Following this, I can plan your sessions accordingly.
I am Marco, a fully qualified counsellor who works in an integrative way with a range of therapeutic theories including Person Centred, EFT and Mindfulness, to find the best approach for you.
My counselling will offer you an opportunity to explore issues and problems in a safe and confidential environment at my centre here in Leeds. You can trust me to listen and respond to you in a non-judgemental way. An initial session can be arranged within a week of getting in touch. Following this, I can plan your sessions accordingly.
0113 733 7415 View 0113 733 7415
Photo of Nicola Emsley Emdr, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Drama Therap.
Nicola Emsley Emdr
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Drama Therap.
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I integrate approaches such as EMDR, mindfulness, sensorimotor or body-based work and psychoeducation to help my clients better understand where their difficulties have come from, how to manage and reduce symptoms and finally to process the trauma they are carrying from the past.
As an integrative practitioner, I can provide you with a space to meet your needs using trauma-focussed approach to help you process historical experiences. The first few sessions will focus on safety and stability, before moving onto work with memories from the past. I work collaboratively with my clients to ensure they get what they need from therapy.
I integrate approaches such as EMDR, mindfulness, sensorimotor or body-based work and psychoeducation to help my clients better understand where their difficulties have come from, how to manage and reduce symptoms and finally to process the trauma they are carrying from the past.
As an integrative practitioner, I can provide you with a space to meet your needs using trauma-focussed approach to help you process historical experiences. The first few sessions will focus on safety and stability, before moving onto work with memories from the past. I work collaboratively with my clients to ensure they get what they need from therapy.
0113 467 9000 View 0113 467 9000
Photo of Jan Freea, Counsellor, PsychD, MBACP
Jan Freea
Counsellor, PsychD, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
advanced stress & anxiety personal coach incorporating mindfulness and bio dynamic psychotherapy into my practice using a cultural sensitive informed model to suit all ethnicities.
Hi my name is Heline, I am a registered BSc Integrative Counsellor MBACP with 26 years experience. A clinical trauma therapist, supervisor, play therapist and cultural sensitive Trauma informed Trainer. I work with people of all ages who have experienced mental health and complex trauma in schools, colleges, education. NHS, Foster and social care system, family services and in the community. I provide a range of interventions that help reduce physical and psychological ailments, depression, anxiety, self harm, loss, PTSD inter generational wounds, identity issues, self image, suicidal ideation, family issues.
advanced stress & anxiety personal coach incorporating mindfulness and bio dynamic psychotherapy into my practice using a cultural sensitive informed model to suit all ethnicities.
Hi my name is Heline, I am a registered BSc Integrative Counsellor MBACP with 26 years experience. A clinical trauma therapist, supervisor, play therapist and cultural sensitive Trauma informed Trainer. I work with people of all ages who have experienced mental health and complex trauma in schools, colleges, education. NHS, Foster and social care system, family services and in the community. I provide a range of interventions that help reduce physical and psychological ailments, depression, anxiety, self harm, loss, PTSD inter generational wounds, identity issues, self image, suicidal ideation, family issues.
0113 519 7247 View 0113 519 7247
Photo of Kevin Westwood, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Kevin Westwood
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi. At times we are challenged in life and we may need help to work through the issues that can affect us. Whatever we are experiencing, it can impact on our whole life greatly. At times admitting we need help can be a long and hard journey and just getting to this point of looking for a therapist means you’ve addressed so much already and that you wish to take the next step. It's finding the right therapist for you, just like any other relationship is how you connect that enables you to feel safe and be open so you can work through your issues. So take your time to find the right one as that relationship can help you so much.
Hi. At times we are challenged in life and we may need help to work through the issues that can affect us. Whatever we are experiencing, it can impact on our whole life greatly. At times admitting we need help can be a long and hard journey and just getting to this point of looking for a therapist means you’ve addressed so much already and that you wish to take the next step. It's finding the right therapist for you, just like any other relationship is how you connect that enables you to feel safe and be open so you can work through your issues. So take your time to find the right one as that relationship can help you so much.
01977 802180 View 01977 802180
Photo of Becky Barley, Counsellor, MBACP
Becky Barley
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
We all experience different challenges at different times throughout our lives. This can be overwhelming and sometimes hard to process alone. Counselling is a safe place to explore life events and the emotions, thoughts and behaviour they bring with them, in a non-judgmental and confidential environment. Together we can unearth the way you want to think, feel or act; your future goal, and as a team we can work towards achieving autonomy. Through the supportive and empathic working space I provide, on a one to one basis, we can address issues past and present and uncover useful coping mechanisms to embrace challenges old and new.
We all experience different challenges at different times throughout our lives. This can be overwhelming and sometimes hard to process alone. Counselling is a safe place to explore life events and the emotions, thoughts and behaviour they bring with them, in a non-judgmental and confidential environment. Together we can unearth the way you want to think, feel or act; your future goal, and as a team we can work towards achieving autonomy. Through the supportive and empathic working space I provide, on a one to one basis, we can address issues past and present and uncover useful coping mechanisms to embrace challenges old and new.
01902 943746 View 01902 943746
Photo of Magdalena Szczurek, Counsellor, MBACP
Magdalena Szczurek
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
I offer a safe and supportive therapy in confidential settings for Adults, Teenagers and Couples where we can explore any difficulties, distress which you may be experiencing or even dissatisfaction with life. I provide emotional support to those who suffer with all types of mental and domestic health distress (depression, anxiety and stress), relationship issues, trauma, suicide, self-harm as a result have lost their self-confidence and self-worth.I also offer support and guidance for couples who struggle with everyday stress in their lives which could have negative impacts on their relationship, lack of communication and intimacy.
I offer a safe and supportive therapy in confidential settings for Adults, Teenagers and Couples where we can explore any difficulties, distress which you may be experiencing or even dissatisfaction with life. I provide emotional support to those who suffer with all types of mental and domestic health distress (depression, anxiety and stress), relationship issues, trauma, suicide, self-harm as a result have lost their self-confidence and self-worth.I also offer support and guidance for couples who struggle with everyday stress in their lives which could have negative impacts on their relationship, lack of communication and intimacy.
01924 950195 View 01924 950195
Photo of Dr Rachel Crane, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Rachel Crane
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
I offer a compassionate and supportive space to work towards goals of effectively handling difficult thoughts, feelings and experiences. I support clients to gain a deeper insight into what is most important and meaningful to them, which helps to make significant changes, fostering personal growth and well-being, creating a rich and values-focused life. I am committed to creating a therapeutic space that is collaborative and non-judgmental and draws on a number of evidence-based models to best suit the needs of each client allowing them to make sense of their difficulties and adopt new ways to cope.
I offer a compassionate and supportive space to work towards goals of effectively handling difficult thoughts, feelings and experiences. I support clients to gain a deeper insight into what is most important and meaningful to them, which helps to make significant changes, fostering personal growth and well-being, creating a rich and values-focused life. I am committed to creating a therapeutic space that is collaborative and non-judgmental and draws on a number of evidence-based models to best suit the needs of each client allowing them to make sense of their difficulties and adopt new ways to cope.
0113 519 1167 View 0113 519 1167
Photo of David Camm, MSc
David Camm
MSc
Verified Verified
Do you ever feel a little frazzled? Find it difficult to make a change? Struggle to find meaning and purpose? Want to address an imbalance in your life? Can't seem to find your way? You may be at a turning point in your life or want to work on your personal development. We all face these challenges and at times, the support of a coach can help you to make progress. I use established coaching techniques to help you explore your current situation, deepen your self awareness and move towards an improved way of being.
Do you ever feel a little frazzled? Find it difficult to make a change? Struggle to find meaning and purpose? Want to address an imbalance in your life? Can't seem to find your way? You may be at a turning point in your life or want to work on your personal development. We all face these challenges and at times, the support of a coach can help you to make progress. I use established coaching techniques to help you explore your current situation, deepen your self awareness and move towards an improved way of being.
01924 667225 View 01924 667225
Photo of Denise Gibson - Wakefield & Ossett Counselling & Psychotherapy, Counsellor, MBACP
Wakefield & Ossett Counselling & Psychotherapy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Are you facing lifes challenges like grief and loss including babies and children, anxiety, depression, phobias, relationship/couples issues , stress, work related issues, health problems etc. then I am here for you to listen and help you explore how to move forward in your life.
Are you facing lifes challenges like grief and loss including babies and children, anxiety, depression, phobias, relationship/couples issues , stress, work related issues, health problems etc. then I am here for you to listen and help you explore how to move forward in your life.
01924 927126 View 01924 927126
Photo of Shabana Shafiq - New Dawn Psychological Therapies, Psychologist, PhD, GMBPsS
New Dawn Psychological Therapies
Psychologist, PhD, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
Online Only
Thank you for visiting New Dawn Psychological Therapies profile. Are you feeling overwhelmed? Struggling to manage stress, anxiety, depression or cope with past trauma? You're not alone. If you feel like you're barely keeping your head above water, I'm here to help. As a psychologist and counsellor therapist, I recognise that life is not linear. We are all on a journey towards realising our full potential however, this journey can often be hindered by negative life experiences outside of our control. But please know, you are a unique individual of worth, and it is possible to heal, energise, and become aware of your inner strengths.
Thank you for visiting New Dawn Psychological Therapies profile. Are you feeling overwhelmed? Struggling to manage stress, anxiety, depression or cope with past trauma? You're not alone. If you feel like you're barely keeping your head above water, I'm here to help. As a psychologist and counsellor therapist, I recognise that life is not linear. We are all on a journey towards realising our full potential however, this journey can often be hindered by negative life experiences outside of our control. But please know, you are a unique individual of worth, and it is possible to heal, energise, and become aware of your inner strengths.
0113 519 1877 View 0113 519 1877
Photo of Sarah Naylor, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Sarah Naylor
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you feeling, unsettled, overwhelmed or facing things that are difficult to think about on our own? This may be something in your past or something that is very current. Together we can explore these difficulties and gain insight and understanding to bring clarity and a greater sense of peace. You are assured of a warm, compassionate and non-judgemental space where we can explore whatever your difficulty, leading to personal growth through a deeper understanding, acceptance, and change. Talking to people close to us may feel difficult and often working with a therapist can help you to see a clearer path to your future.
Are you feeling, unsettled, overwhelmed or facing things that are difficult to think about on our own? This may be something in your past or something that is very current. Together we can explore these difficulties and gain insight and understanding to bring clarity and a greater sense of peace. You are assured of a warm, compassionate and non-judgemental space where we can explore whatever your difficulty, leading to personal growth through a deeper understanding, acceptance, and change. Talking to people close to us may feel difficult and often working with a therapist can help you to see a clearer path to your future.
0113 519 3584 View 0113 519 3584
Photo of Tracy Simpson, Counsellor, MBACP
Tracy Simpson
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am an experienced, well-established BACP registered and NCPS accredited counsellor and supervisor with 15 years of experience in private practice in Barnsley, South Yorkshire. I accept private clients, including those covered by BUPA and AVIVA, offering face-to-face and online sessions. Whilst my focus is on anxiety and stress management, I have extensive experience in supporting clients through issues related to abuse, addiction, and bereavement. I use Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and other therapeutic modalities to help clients develop practical strategies to regain control of their lives and find peace.
I am an experienced, well-established BACP registered and NCPS accredited counsellor and supervisor with 15 years of experience in private practice in Barnsley, South Yorkshire. I accept private clients, including those covered by BUPA and AVIVA, offering face-to-face and online sessions. Whilst my focus is on anxiety and stress management, I have extensive experience in supporting clients through issues related to abuse, addiction, and bereavement. I use Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and other therapeutic modalities to help clients develop practical strategies to regain control of their lives and find peace.
01226 448214 View 01226 448214
Photo of Odin Waters, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Odin Waters
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Hi there, my name's Odin. The idea of counselling can be pretty unsettling. But you've probably done the hardest part already - you're here and you've accepted the possibility you might need some help with whatever's going on for you. That's already a really big and brave step. If you decide you might like to work with me, then we can safely and confidentially, with respect, compassion, empathy and gentle honesty, have a look at whatever's concerning you. Whatever it is, however hard it feels, I'm here if you want to look at it together.
Hi there, my name's Odin. The idea of counselling can be pretty unsettling. But you've probably done the hardest part already - you're here and you've accepted the possibility you might need some help with whatever's going on for you. That's already a really big and brave step. If you decide you might like to work with me, then we can safely and confidentially, with respect, compassion, empathy and gentle honesty, have a look at whatever's concerning you. Whatever it is, however hard it feels, I'm here if you want to look at it together.
01924 975479 View 01924 975479
Photo of Jeana Hallas - Jeana Hallas at Barnsley Hypnosis & Counselling, Psychotherapist, MSc, MNCPS Acc.
Jeana Hallas at Barnsley Hypnosis & Counselling
Psychotherapist, MSc, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Most clients contact us with surface negative symptoms or challenges. Every client is totally unique, therefore our truly one-off, made-to-measure approach is needed and always provided. Most clients help us to slowly identify the real current trigger(s), creating the negative presenting symptoms or challenges. Finally, our last step in helping you gain a positive, confident and happier future, is to discover your deepest root causes, which created the very first trigger(s). To put it simply, our driving force from day one is to help you quickly ensure you gain much improved: thinking, feeling and behaviour.
Most clients contact us with surface negative symptoms or challenges. Every client is totally unique, therefore our truly one-off, made-to-measure approach is needed and always provided. Most clients help us to slowly identify the real current trigger(s), creating the negative presenting symptoms or challenges. Finally, our last step in helping you gain a positive, confident and happier future, is to discover your deepest root causes, which created the very first trigger(s). To put it simply, our driving force from day one is to help you quickly ensure you gain much improved: thinking, feeling and behaviour.
01226 337420 View 01226 337420
Photo of Jenn Fletcher - Jenn Fletcher Counselling , Counsellor, MBACP
Jenn Fletcher Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi, I am Jenn Fletcher I am a qualified Counsellor with over 12 years experience. Are you at a stage in your life where you are experiencing pain, loss, stress, anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, fertility problems, menopausal symptoms or need addiction recovery support. If you are talking to me can help. I offer confidential, professional sessions to individuals and couples. I work in a client led way using different theories and skills. Offering insights and strategies to help find any solutions.
Hi, I am Jenn Fletcher I am a qualified Counsellor with over 12 years experience. Are you at a stage in your life where you are experiencing pain, loss, stress, anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, fertility problems, menopausal symptoms or need addiction recovery support. If you are talking to me can help. I offer confidential, professional sessions to individuals and couples. I work in a client led way using different theories and skills. Offering insights and strategies to help find any solutions.
01977 802451 View 01977 802451
Photo of Nea Clark, Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Nea Clark
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I provide compassionate support to individuals and couples navigating life and relationship challenges, including those affected by ADHD. My goal is to help you build self-confidence, enhance self-esteem, and manage relationships impacted by change. If you're feeling lost, lonely, or overwhelmed, struggling to cope with the present, or experiencing heightened anxiety and uncertainty about the future, we can work together to bring clarity, strengthen resilience, and unlock your inner confidence. Through personalised strategies, we’ll develop practical coping skills to effectively manage your emotions and behaviours.
I provide compassionate support to individuals and couples navigating life and relationship challenges, including those affected by ADHD. My goal is to help you build self-confidence, enhance self-esteem, and manage relationships impacted by change. If you're feeling lost, lonely, or overwhelmed, struggling to cope with the present, or experiencing heightened anxiety and uncertainty about the future, we can work together to bring clarity, strengthen resilience, and unlock your inner confidence. Through personalised strategies, we’ll develop practical coping skills to effectively manage your emotions and behaviours.
0113 467 9038 View 0113 467 9038
Photo of Victoria Northern, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Victoria Northern
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I work with adults and young people with various presenting difficulties such as anxiety, OCD, phobias, stress, trauma, depression, anger, loss, low self esteem, self harm, relationship problems and abuse. Counselling is a process people seek when they want changes in their life. It can help us to understand and have better clarity of our thoughts, emotions and behaviours. Let me ask you…Are you feeling stuck? Do you want to feel happier? Are you feeling overwhelmed? Are you feeling lost or hopeless? Are you battling with your inner critic? Do you want to heal from your past? If so let’s start your journey to discovering a new you.
I work with adults and young people with various presenting difficulties such as anxiety, OCD, phobias, stress, trauma, depression, anger, loss, low self esteem, self harm, relationship problems and abuse. Counselling is a process people seek when they want changes in their life. It can help us to understand and have better clarity of our thoughts, emotions and behaviours. Let me ask you…Are you feeling stuck? Do you want to feel happier? Are you feeling overwhelmed? Are you feeling lost or hopeless? Are you battling with your inner critic? Do you want to heal from your past? If so let’s start your journey to discovering a new you.
01484 627413 View 01484 627413

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Dr Fiona Bentley, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Fiona Bentley
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Ilkley LS29
I am trained to offer Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy (CBT) , Trauma-focussed CBT, Eye Movement De-Sensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR), Compassion-based therapy, Mindfulness, Acceptance and Commitement therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behviour Therapy (DBT).
I am a Chartered Clinical Psychologist with over 25 years post-qualification experience of working with adults in the NHS. I am registered with the Health & Care Professions Council (HCPC) and the British Psychological Society. I am an accredited practitioner in EMDR. I help people with a range of emotional difficulties, including low mood, anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder), obsessive-compulsive problems, eating issues, PTSD and dealing with the effects of trauma or abuse, low self esteem, relationship difficulties, loss, and adjustment difficulties following stressful life events.
I am trained to offer Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy (CBT) , Trauma-focussed CBT, Eye Movement De-Sensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR), Compassion-based therapy, Mindfulness, Acceptance and Commitement therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behviour Therapy (DBT).
I am a Chartered Clinical Psychologist with over 25 years post-qualification experience of working with adults in the NHS. I am registered with the Health & Care Professions Council (HCPC) and the British Psychological Society. I am an accredited practitioner in EMDR. I help people with a range of emotional difficulties, including low mood, anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder), obsessive-compulsive problems, eating issues, PTSD and dealing with the effects of trauma or abuse, low self esteem, relationship difficulties, loss, and adjustment difficulties following stressful life events.
01729 811207 View 01729 811207
Photo of Sally Wambold, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP Accred
Sally Wambold
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Online Only
I use a combination of Counselling and Psychotherapy skills & techniques drawn from my training in Transactional Analysis, Mindfulness, EMDR, and Brainspotting.
I offer an online confidential, caring counselling service for individuals to help you work through emotional issues such as bereavement, relationship issues, low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, stress and past experiences that are impacting you in the present. You may be feeling unhappy, stuck or struggling to cope with everyday life. I have a special interest in counselling & coaching for neurodiverse individuals and provide additional insight & empathy through my own lived experience of neurodiversity. I also have considerable experience of working with both cancer patients & their supporters to manage their trauma & stress.
I use a combination of Counselling and Psychotherapy skills & techniques drawn from my training in Transactional Analysis, Mindfulness, EMDR, and Brainspotting.
I offer an online confidential, caring counselling service for individuals to help you work through emotional issues such as bereavement, relationship issues, low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, stress and past experiences that are impacting you in the present. You may be feeling unhappy, stuck or struggling to cope with everyday life. I have a special interest in counselling & coaching for neurodiverse individuals and provide additional insight & empathy through my own lived experience of neurodiversity. I also have considerable experience of working with both cancer patients & their supporters to manage their trauma & stress.
01943 262039 View 01943 262039
Photo of Roger Harrison, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Roger Harrison
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Alongside traditional talking therapy, I offer mindfulness, Emotional Freedom Technique, Acceptance Commitment Therapy amongst others.
Are you a man looking for life-changing psychotherapy and counselling? That’s where my expertise and experience comes in. I'm Roger Harrison, an accredited mental health professional, helping men like you build healthy minds and inner peace. Are you battling with problems like: Constant anxiety or depression interfering with life? Abuse or trauma impacting life today? Trapped by addictions like alcohol addiction, drug addiction, or compulsive behaviours relating to sex, pornography, chemsex, and gambling? Questioning your sexuality, or relationship problems? and just finding life a struggle?
Alongside traditional talking therapy, I offer mindfulness, Emotional Freedom Technique, Acceptance Commitment Therapy amongst others.
Are you a man looking for life-changing psychotherapy and counselling? That’s where my expertise and experience comes in. I'm Roger Harrison, an accredited mental health professional, helping men like you build healthy minds and inner peace. Are you battling with problems like: Constant anxiety or depression interfering with life? Abuse or trauma impacting life today? Trapped by addictions like alcohol addiction, drug addiction, or compulsive behaviours relating to sex, pornography, chemsex, and gambling? Questioning your sexuality, or relationship problems? and just finding life a struggle?
0161 524 7711 View 0161 524 7711
Mindfulness-Based (MBCT) Counsellors

How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work?

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy originated in the work of John Kabat-Zinn of the University of Massachusetts Medical School. He developed mindfulness-based stress reduction, which is a technique found in yoga and meditation. MBCT is a combination of this type of stress reduction and cognitive behavioral therapy; it essentially quiets emotional distress through mindfulness, utilizing proper breathing and meditation. These techniques aim to bring the individual into the present moment when in a state of distress.

When do I know if I need treatment with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?

If an individual’s mind is filled with emotional distress and general negativity, the person may feel trapped. A mindfulness-based cognitive therapist can help a person change their thinking patterns as well as their behaviour through calm acceptance and compassion. This therapy can provide an individual with the coping skills needed for a healthier and more constructive life.

What should I expect from mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?

This therapy often takes place in group sessions. A therapist will work with the group as well as with each individual. Meditation and breathing exercises are core practices that aim to invite inquiry and discovery into a person’s troubled mental state. The objective is to identify and lessen negative thoughts and behaviours and move toward optimal health and productivity. The individual will see life in a more realistic way. This therapy is supportive, accepting, and warm.

Is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy effective?

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is evidence-based and effective. One study found that people with major depressive disorder have benefitted from this type of therapy; the person accepts their distressed thoughts and also moves into healthier patterns of thinking. This therapy also aims to move an individual away from automatic negative responses. This type of therapy can bring a person lifelong change, with higher levels of satisfaction, less stress, as well as positive emotional and behavioural habits.