Counselling in Toronto

Photo of Joshua Erlick, MA, Psychologist
Joshua Erlick
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
Toronto DL14  (Online Only)
My practice is for those who want to deepen their relationship with themselves and honour their soul's wisdom. Many struggle with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and intrusive thoughts, feeling trapped and unable to move forward with a life of meaning and purpose. I understand these struggles, having faced them myself. With no guidance available, I embarked on a personal journey of self-discovery to change this. Over 10 years of study, retreats, and consistent effort, I learned that healing isn’t just about moving from 'A' - 'B.' It’s about becoming aware of and accepting your reality, then using it as a catalyst for change.
My practice is for those who want to deepen their relationship with themselves and honour their soul's wisdom. Many struggle with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and intrusive thoughts, feeling trapped and unable to move forward with a life of meaning and purpose. I understand these struggles, having faced them myself. With no guidance available, I embarked on a personal journey of self-discovery to change this. Over 10 years of study, retreats, and consistent effort, I learned that healing isn’t just about moving from 'A' - 'B.' It’s about becoming aware of and accepting your reality, then using it as a catalyst for change.
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Photo of Jacqueline Burns - The Echelon Scene Ltd, MSc
The Echelon Scene Ltd
MSc
Verified Verified
Toronto DL14
Our Clients at The Echelon Scene are gay men who are seeking a long-term relationship. They come to us because they simply do not have the time to online date or sit in a crowded bar in Soho. They would rather outsource and have us do the filtering so they are only going out on dates they are excited about. Our Clients are typically busy individuals who are passionate about what they do and excel at work, they range in ages from 30-mid 60s and are based all over the world. The common factors are they are all genuinely seeking a monogamous long-term relationship and are in a positive state of mind for dating.
Our Clients at The Echelon Scene are gay men who are seeking a long-term relationship. They come to us because they simply do not have the time to online date or sit in a crowded bar in Soho. They would rather outsource and have us do the filtering so they are only going out on dates they are excited about. Our Clients are typically busy individuals who are passionate about what they do and excel at work, they range in ages from 30-mid 60s and are based all over the world. The common factors are they are all genuinely seeking a monogamous long-term relationship and are in a positive state of mind for dating.
01748 901494 View 01748 901494

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Bridget Chapman - Brigitte's Counselling Room , MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Brigitte's Counselling Room
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Darlington DL3
Welcome to my profile! I am a dedicated therapist with a passion for helping individuals and couples navigate life's challenges. With a focus on Anxiety and Depression and it's impact on mental health. With years of experience, I have helped numerous clients find relief from Anxiety, build stronger relationships and achieve personal growth. I am committed to creating a therapeutic alliance that fosters growth, self-acceptance and resilience. My approach is grounded in empathy, confidentiality and respect. I provide a safe and non-judgmental space for clients and specialise in working with members of the LGBT + community.
Welcome to my profile! I am a dedicated therapist with a passion for helping individuals and couples navigate life's challenges. With a focus on Anxiety and Depression and it's impact on mental health. With years of experience, I have helped numerous clients find relief from Anxiety, build stronger relationships and achieve personal growth. I am committed to creating a therapeutic alliance that fosters growth, self-acceptance and resilience. My approach is grounded in empathy, confidentiality and respect. I provide a safe and non-judgmental space for clients and specialise in working with members of the LGBT + community.
01325 522347 View 01325 522347
Photo of Becky Simpson-Ryan - Bishop Auckland Counselling and Psychotherapy , MBACP, Psychotherapist
Bishop Auckland Counselling and Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bishop Auckland DL14
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Humanistic Integrative therapist, which means my "eclectic" style of therapy is adaptable to the individual. The integrative approach views the client as a whole and considers many different therapy styles and approaches to find what works for the individual, and appeals most to their personality and attachment style. I view my clients as people, not jargon, and an advocate for personal autonomy. I use many techniques but specialise in Transactional Analysis.
I am a Humanistic Integrative therapist, which means my "eclectic" style of therapy is adaptable to the individual. The integrative approach views the client as a whole and considers many different therapy styles and approaches to find what works for the individual, and appeals most to their personality and attachment style. I view my clients as people, not jargon, and an advocate for personal autonomy. I use many techniques but specialise in Transactional Analysis.
01388 311273 View 01388 311273
Photo of Dr Kellie Jacques, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Kellie Jacques
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Newton Aycliffe DL5
I am a Highly Specialist Clinical Psychologist and CBT practitioner with extensive experience working across the lifespan. I have specialist knowledge of assessment and intervention for children, young people, and adults for a wide variety of difficulties including anxiety, low mood, and the impact of trauma. I am also experienced in working with neurodivergent individuals and adapting therapy to make it accessible. I work collaboratively to develop a shared understanding of your difficulties and an intervention plan that is meaningful to you. I love to learn about your strengths and interests and use these to personalise therapy.
I am a Highly Specialist Clinical Psychologist and CBT practitioner with extensive experience working across the lifespan. I have specialist knowledge of assessment and intervention for children, young people, and adults for a wide variety of difficulties including anxiety, low mood, and the impact of trauma. I am also experienced in working with neurodivergent individuals and adapting therapy to make it accessible. I work collaboratively to develop a shared understanding of your difficulties and an intervention plan that is meaningful to you. I love to learn about your strengths and interests and use these to personalise therapy.
0191 743 6448 View 0191 743 6448
Photo of Soraya Hind - Soraya Hind Counselling, MBACP, Counsellor
Soraya Hind Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Darlington DL1  (Online Only)
Life has a way of challenging us beyond belief sometimes, especially currently. Counselling can provide a safe space to process some of these challenges. I have experience of supporting people with issues ranging from Hate Crime to Domestic Abuse. As a disabled mixed-race mother, I have been through a lot in life, even had to access counselling myself occasionally. I have an interest in counselling disabled people coming to terms with factors such as culture and race; as I do believe counselling should be made accessible for all. So, I aim to provide a non-judgemental and culturally sensitive space at all times.
Life has a way of challenging us beyond belief sometimes, especially currently. Counselling can provide a safe space to process some of these challenges. I have experience of supporting people with issues ranging from Hate Crime to Domestic Abuse. As a disabled mixed-race mother, I have been through a lot in life, even had to access counselling myself occasionally. I have an interest in counselling disabled people coming to terms with factors such as culture and race; as I do believe counselling should be made accessible for all. So, I aim to provide a non-judgemental and culturally sensitive space at all times.
01325 808669 View 01325 808669
Photo of Sue Smith, MSc, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Sue Smith
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Newton Aycliffe DL5
Not accepting new clients
Thank you for checking out my profile. I work mainly with adults and have lengthy experience across a range of issues. Many clients believe that there is something wrong with them or that they are somehow to blame for their circumstances. Most people have more than one issue to work on as often many issues have built up before help is accessed. When clients first engage in counselling they may not be sure what their needs are or what goals they may have, they simply want to feel better. The first step on this journey is to identify the issues that impact negatively and work on them in order to enable further steps forward.
Thank you for checking out my profile. I work mainly with adults and have lengthy experience across a range of issues. Many clients believe that there is something wrong with them or that they are somehow to blame for their circumstances. Most people have more than one issue to work on as often many issues have built up before help is accessed. When clients first engage in counselling they may not be sure what their needs are or what goals they may have, they simply want to feel better. The first step on this journey is to identify the issues that impact negatively and work on them in order to enable further steps forward.
01388 436761 View 01388 436761
Photo of Janet Garcha, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Janet Garcha
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Darlington DL3
I believe the therapeutic relationship is central to any work we do together. I will not judge you and will offer you the respect you deserve while we explore the reasons you are seeking therapy at this time. I work in a private, calm, relaxed and confidential space in the centre of Darlington. I am a qualified experienced Integrative Psychotherapist and Psychotherapeutic Counsellor offering both long and short term therapy, dependent upon what you want at this time. Having someone to talk to in confidence can in itself be a healing experience. I am able to work using many different theories and methods depending on your needs.
I believe the therapeutic relationship is central to any work we do together. I will not judge you and will offer you the respect you deserve while we explore the reasons you are seeking therapy at this time. I work in a private, calm, relaxed and confidential space in the centre of Darlington. I am a qualified experienced Integrative Psychotherapist and Psychotherapeutic Counsellor offering both long and short term therapy, dependent upon what you want at this time. Having someone to talk to in confidence can in itself be a healing experience. I am able to work using many different theories and methods depending on your needs.
01325 525723 View 01325 525723
Photo of Lisa Tabanivesikula - Let's Resolve It Therapy, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Let's Resolve It Therapy
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shildon DL4  (Online Only)
What would it be like if you put yourself at the top of your list each day? Is today the day you've decided to make a change to your current life and would like someone by your side while you explore it? Has something happened that makes you think "I want something different for my future but I'm not sure where to start?" I have a special interest in supporting people with sleep problems.
What would it be like if you put yourself at the top of your list each day? Is today the day you've decided to make a change to your current life and would like someone by your side while you explore it? Has something happened that makes you think "I want something different for my future but I'm not sure where to start?" I have a special interest in supporting people with sleep problems.
01536 907337 View 01536 907337
Photo of Helen Graham, MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Helen Graham
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Durham DH7
IN-PERSON sessions in DURHAM. I’m a highly qualified and experienced psychotherapist who works with a diverse range of people and the whole of their issues. I understand that everyone can go through difficult times and can benefit from support in handling these challenges. I can help by offering you a relaxed, safe and confidential therapeutic space to explore issues troubling you in a caring, accepting and non-judgemental way. People I have worked with tell me their therapeutic experience with me has increased their confidence, self-awareness, personal growth and they have gained a deeper sense of meaning, purpose and contentment.
IN-PERSON sessions in DURHAM. I’m a highly qualified and experienced psychotherapist who works with a diverse range of people and the whole of their issues. I understand that everyone can go through difficult times and can benefit from support in handling these challenges. I can help by offering you a relaxed, safe and confidential therapeutic space to explore issues troubling you in a caring, accepting and non-judgemental way. People I have worked with tell me their therapeutic experience with me has increased their confidence, self-awareness, personal growth and they have gained a deeper sense of meaning, purpose and contentment.
07933 709399 View 07933 709399
Photo of Nicola Hymers, BACP, Counsellor
Nicola Hymers
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Shildon DL4  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm Nicola, an integrative counsellor, providing online and telephone counselling. I offer a safe, confidential space for you to explore your thoughts and feelings without judgment. I have experience of working with anxiety, low self-esteem, depression, trauma and abuse, as well as grief, loss and bereavement. My approach is adaptable and shaped to fit your individual needs and situation, allowing us to collaboratively find a way forward that works for you.
Hi, I'm Nicola, an integrative counsellor, providing online and telephone counselling. I offer a safe, confidential space for you to explore your thoughts and feelings without judgment. I have experience of working with anxiety, low self-esteem, depression, trauma and abuse, as well as grief, loss and bereavement. My approach is adaptable and shaped to fit your individual needs and situation, allowing us to collaboratively find a way forward that works for you.
07777 649682 View 07777 649682
Photo of Sharon Temple, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Sharon Temple
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Darlington DL3
Waitlist for new clients
Hi im Sharon. I offer a warm non-judgemental space where you can explore and express what's troubling you. Sometimes you might become stuck and not really know why or how to change your situation. At other times you might be looking for someone to provide support because of something specific.
Hi im Sharon. I offer a warm non-judgemental space where you can explore and express what's troubling you. Sometimes you might become stuck and not really know why or how to change your situation. At other times you might be looking for someone to provide support because of something specific.
07722 938114 View 07722 938114
Photo of Debbie Robinson, MA, BACP, Counsellor
Debbie Robinson
Counsellor, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
Stockton-on-Tees TS21
Hi I'm Debbie and I specialise in anxiety, low mood and depression. Are you struggling with big changes in your life? Have you been ambushed by a sudden inability to deal with with stress? Are you wrestling with fears, unrelenting self judgement, endless worries or feeling like you don't know where to turn? Do you have no energy and enthusiasm that used to be part of who you are and are living on autopilot? Does it feel like you have lost your purpose/way in the world? Do you have thoughts that go around in your head and keep you up at night?
Hi I'm Debbie and I specialise in anxiety, low mood and depression. Are you struggling with big changes in your life? Have you been ambushed by a sudden inability to deal with with stress? Are you wrestling with fears, unrelenting self judgement, endless worries or feeling like you don't know where to turn? Do you have no energy and enthusiasm that used to be part of who you are and are living on autopilot? Does it feel like you have lost your purpose/way in the world? Do you have thoughts that go around in your head and keep you up at night?
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Photo of Deborah Cowell, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Deborah Cowell
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Durham DH7
Weekend Clinic Available Now! Are you experiencing life changes that are causing you stress, low moods and anxiety? Are you struggling with your mental health? Are you struggling with past trauma? Perhaps your using substances or alcohol to cope with life’s pressures that are spiralling out of control? Do you feel ready to talk, explore and work through your issues in a safe and confidential space? I can help you address your concerns without any judgement and at your own pace while building a trusting authentic therapeutic relationship.
Weekend Clinic Available Now! Are you experiencing life changes that are causing you stress, low moods and anxiety? Are you struggling with your mental health? Are you struggling with past trauma? Perhaps your using substances or alcohol to cope with life’s pressures that are spiralling out of control? Do you feel ready to talk, explore and work through your issues in a safe and confidential space? I can help you address your concerns without any judgement and at your own pace while building a trusting authentic therapeutic relationship.
0191 743 6562 View 0191 743 6562
Photo of Faye Victoria Wood - Faye Wood - FVW Psychology, HCPC - Forensic Psych., Psychologist
Faye Wood - FVW Psychology
Psychologist, HCPC - Forensic Psych.
Verified Verified
Durham DH7
I am an HCPC registered Practitioner Psychologist and EMDR therapist offering one to one integrated EMDR therapy to adults. My belief is that the relationship between client and therapist is the most important part of therapy and I strive to build a connection based on trust, warmth, acceptance, and integrity. I have a naturally warm and empathic style which allows clients to feel comfortable and safe. My passion is helping people overcome the bad things that have happened to them in a compassionate, non-judgemental way.
I am an HCPC registered Practitioner Psychologist and EMDR therapist offering one to one integrated EMDR therapy to adults. My belief is that the relationship between client and therapist is the most important part of therapy and I strive to build a connection based on trust, warmth, acceptance, and integrity. I have a naturally warm and empathic style which allows clients to feel comfortable and safe. My passion is helping people overcome the bad things that have happened to them in a compassionate, non-judgemental way.
0191 743 2386 View 0191 743 2386
Photo of Deborah Williamson - At One Relationship Therapy  , MBACP, Counsellor
At One Relationship Therapy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Newton Aycliffe DL5
Having problems with relationships? Either the relationship you have with yourself, your partner or your relationship as a parent? If you're struggling in any of these areas and finding that your mind is pre-occupied with troubling thoughts and it's getting in the way of normal enjoyment then I can assure you that it doesn't have to be this way.
Having problems with relationships? Either the relationship you have with yourself, your partner or your relationship as a parent? If you're struggling in any of these areas and finding that your mind is pre-occupied with troubling thoughts and it's getting in the way of normal enjoyment then I can assure you that it doesn't have to be this way.
01325 808148 View 01325 808148
Photo of Megan Riley, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Megan Riley
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Newton Aycliffe DL5  (Online Only)
I’m a qualified counsellor with a Master of Science in Counselling Psychology, my main aim as a counsellor is to help people to be empowered to make the changes that they wish to. Through my private practice I work with adults over the age of 18. I help people to cope with difficult life transitions to adapt to the changes that are presented. I help people to make links between experiences in childhood or teenage years and current issues such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem and difficulties in relationships.
I’m a qualified counsellor with a Master of Science in Counselling Psychology, my main aim as a counsellor is to help people to be empowered to make the changes that they wish to. Through my private practice I work with adults over the age of 18. I help people to cope with difficult life transitions to adapt to the changes that are presented. I help people to make links between experiences in childhood or teenage years and current issues such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem and difficulties in relationships.
01325 523010 View 01325 523010
Photo of Hannah Barraclough, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Hannah Barraclough
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham DH1
If you’re a perfectionist who struggles with anxiety and workplace stress, we’ll be a great fit! I help people get unstuck from difficult emotions that hold them back when times are tough. Together, we’ll work on coping skills to manage and tolerate distress while regulating emotions to help you move forward and improve your quality of life. I strive to help my clients achieve deeper personal and emotional growth and create an authentic life. I’ll empower and encourage you to develop tools to manage the stress and anxiety of your day-to-day life. My purpose is to help you help yourself and live whole-heartedly in the life you want.
If you’re a perfectionist who struggles with anxiety and workplace stress, we’ll be a great fit! I help people get unstuck from difficult emotions that hold them back when times are tough. Together, we’ll work on coping skills to manage and tolerate distress while regulating emotions to help you move forward and improve your quality of life. I strive to help my clients achieve deeper personal and emotional growth and create an authentic life. I’ll empower and encourage you to develop tools to manage the stress and anxiety of your day-to-day life. My purpose is to help you help yourself and live whole-heartedly in the life you want.
0191 743 0453 View 0191 743 0453
Photo of Andrew Fleming, BACP, Counsellor
Andrew Fleming
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Spennymoor DL16  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm Andrew, an integrative counsellor offering online and telephone support. I specialise in anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and LGBT+ issues. My approach is empathetic and client-centred, providing a safe, non-judgmental space for healing.
Hi, I'm Andrew, an integrative counsellor offering online and telephone support. I specialise in anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and LGBT+ issues. My approach is empathetic and client-centred, providing a safe, non-judgmental space for healing.
01388 217349 View 01388 217349
Photo of Eileen Moss, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Eileen Moss
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bishop Auckland DL14
Are you feeling stressed? Anxious? Suffering the loss of a loved one? Going through a rough patch? I can offer you a safe, confidential place to explore your problems. You can be assured of being heard with understanding and without judgement. As an integrative counsellor, I have a wide variety of theories and styles to draw on to suit the needs of the individual. I offer counselling to adults, young people and children through Microsoft Teams or the Psychology Today platform. Home visits are available locally. Counselling is an opportunity to understand what is going on for you in your life and to explore a way forward.
Are you feeling stressed? Anxious? Suffering the loss of a loved one? Going through a rough patch? I can offer you a safe, confidential place to explore your problems. You can be assured of being heard with understanding and without judgement. As an integrative counsellor, I have a wide variety of theories and styles to draw on to suit the needs of the individual. I offer counselling to adults, young people and children through Microsoft Teams or the Psychology Today platform. Home visits are available locally. Counselling is an opportunity to understand what is going on for you in your life and to explore a way forward.
01684 217891 View 01684 217891

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Toronto

< 10

Counsellors in Toronto who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Life Coaching
100% Divorce
100% Peer Relationships
50% Depression
50% Anxiety
50% Child

Average years in practice

7 Years

Gender breakdown

50% Female
50% Male

How Counsellors in Toronto see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Toronto?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.