Counselling in Swanland

Photo of Bertie Smith - Inspirit Art Therapy, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Inspirit Art Therapy
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Serves Area
Accepting new clients for April 2026 - People come to therapy for many different reasons, and Art Psychotherapy can be a truly life-changing experience. By engaging with it, you can explore emotional issues in a unique way—expressing yourself creatively or using symbols and metaphors to uncover deeper insights. Art Psychotherapy blends the core elements of traditional talking therapy with the added dimension of creative expression. This might involve painting, drawing, sculpture, or any other medium that feels right for you. You don’t need to be an artist or have any previous experience with art to benefit.
Accepting new clients for April 2026 - People come to therapy for many different reasons, and Art Psychotherapy can be a truly life-changing experience. By engaging with it, you can explore emotional issues in a unique way—expressing yourself creatively or using symbols and metaphors to uncover deeper insights. Art Psychotherapy blends the core elements of traditional talking therapy with the added dimension of creative expression. This might involve painting, drawing, sculpture, or any other medium that feels right for you. You don’t need to be an artist or have any previous experience with art to benefit.
View
Photo of Nicola Karen Ince - Ortaya Counselling Service, Counsellor, MBACP
Ortaya Counselling Service
Counsellor, MBACP
Serves Area
Hello. I am a professionally qualified, Person Centred Counsellor based in Hessle, East Yorkshire. This form of therapy promotes a non-directive, empathetic, non-judgemental approach which can empower and motivate, assisting you to make informed choices. We can work together at a pace tailored to you, to explore and find clarity in the difficulties you may be experiencing. I run my practice from an office based in Anlaby, providing a safe space to explore the difficulties, both past and present . I can provide an environment where you feel listened to and truly heard which in itself can be a healing experience.
Hello. I am a professionally qualified, Person Centred Counsellor based in Hessle, East Yorkshire. This form of therapy promotes a non-directive, empathetic, non-judgemental approach which can empower and motivate, assisting you to make informed choices. We can work together at a pace tailored to you, to explore and find clarity in the difficulties you may be experiencing. I run my practice from an office based in Anlaby, providing a safe space to explore the difficulties, both past and present . I can provide an environment where you feel listened to and truly heard which in itself can be a healing experience.
07480 589113 View 07480 589113
Photo of Dr Jemma Jackson, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Jemma Jackson
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Serves Area
I am a highly experienced and specialist Clinical Psychologist with 22 years of NHS experience, working predominantly with adults and adolescents suffering a variety of mental health difficulties. I offer individual, couples and some family therapies employing a range of person-centred and evidence based therapies. I have a particular interest in working with childhood and complex trauma, PTSD, dissociative disorders, personality disorder, mood disorders, eating disorders and attachment/relationship difficulties. I practice MBT, DBT, trauma processing therapies, CAT and CFT to tailor individualised intervention packages of care.
I am a highly experienced and specialist Clinical Psychologist with 22 years of NHS experience, working predominantly with adults and adolescents suffering a variety of mental health difficulties. I offer individual, couples and some family therapies employing a range of person-centred and evidence based therapies. I have a particular interest in working with childhood and complex trauma, PTSD, dissociative disorders, personality disorder, mood disorders, eating disorders and attachment/relationship difficulties. I practice MBT, DBT, trauma processing therapies, CAT and CFT to tailor individualised intervention packages of care.
017683 47700 View 017683 47700
Photo of Tracey Rees, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Tracey Rees
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Serves Area
We all feel challenged and overwhelmed at times. Whatever the greatest challenge is in your life right now, I aim to give you simple, straightforward strategies that could help you to live a happier life starting straight away. The thought of talking to a stranger might be daunting for some people, and that's perfectly normal. I can promise you a safe, non-judgemental and totally confidential environment where your thoughts and concerns are the most important thing and where you can talk openly about whatever is bothering you. You will be treated with the upmost respect - your happiness and wellbeing is important to me.
We all feel challenged and overwhelmed at times. Whatever the greatest challenge is in your life right now, I aim to give you simple, straightforward strategies that could help you to live a happier life starting straight away. The thought of talking to a stranger might be daunting for some people, and that's perfectly normal. I can promise you a safe, non-judgemental and totally confidential environment where your thoughts and concerns are the most important thing and where you can talk openly about whatever is bothering you. You will be treated with the upmost respect - your happiness and wellbeing is important to me.
01430 338974 View 01430 338974
Photo of Rosie Morley, Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
Rosie Morley
Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
Serves Area
The way we experience ourselves, others and the world around us is influenced by what’s happening in our minds. Our minds are amazingly resourceful at developing ways to keep us safe throughout our lives. These resources inform our patterns, how we relate to others, to ourselves, how we cope with stressors. But what if these patterns aren’t so helpful anymore? Maybe the alarm bells of anxiety wont turn off, or you feel detached from experiences you want to be grounded for? I provide a warm, non-judgemental and empathetic space where together, we can become aware of and explore these patterns while developing new internal resources.
The way we experience ourselves, others and the world around us is influenced by what’s happening in our minds. Our minds are amazingly resourceful at developing ways to keep us safe throughout our lives. These resources inform our patterns, how we relate to others, to ourselves, how we cope with stressors. But what if these patterns aren’t so helpful anymore? Maybe the alarm bells of anxiety wont turn off, or you feel detached from experiences you want to be grounded for? I provide a warm, non-judgemental and empathetic space where together, we can become aware of and explore these patterns while developing new internal resources.
View

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Nicole Cutting, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Nicole Cutting
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
1 Endorsed
Doncaster DN10
Hi there! I'm Nicole, a Gen Z therapist passionate about supporting individuals through their journeys of healing and self-discovery. Specialising in trauma, anxiety, and low self-esteem, I create a safe and inclusive space where you can openly explore your feelings and experiences.
Hi there! I'm Nicole, a Gen Z therapist passionate about supporting individuals through their journeys of healing and self-discovery. Specialising in trauma, anxiety, and low self-esteem, I create a safe and inclusive space where you can openly explore your feelings and experiences.
01924 943991 View 01924 943991
Photo of Jamie Lee, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Jamie Lee
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
1 Endorsed
I am an experienced, BABCP accredited CBT and EMDR Psychotherapist based in Doncaster. I work with a range of mental health presentations and complexities and I am very passionate about supporting individuals to understand and reduce the emotional distress that they experience whilst increasing their sense of well-being. All assessment and treatment offered at Psychotherapy Doncaster is supported by NICE guidance.
I am an experienced, BABCP accredited CBT and EMDR Psychotherapist based in Doncaster. I work with a range of mental health presentations and complexities and I am very passionate about supporting individuals to understand and reduce the emotional distress that they experience whilst increasing their sense of well-being. All assessment and treatment offered at Psychotherapy Doncaster is supported by NICE guidance.
01302 430950 View 01302 430950
Photo of Amanda Alice Pipe - Here Comes the Sun Counselling York, Counsellor, MBACP
I know that searching for a therapist can be overwhelming so let me tell you a little about what I can offer. I offer in person sessions in York and Online/telephone sessions throughout the UK. I work with adults, children and young people on a variety of issues such as depression, trauma, family issues, relationship or work issues and I hold a special interest in anxiety, neurodiversity and grief. These special interests come from both personal and proffessional experiences so when I say I understand I really do.
I know that searching for a therapist can be overwhelming so let me tell you a little about what I can offer. I offer in person sessions in York and Online/telephone sessions throughout the UK. I work with adults, children and young people on a variety of issues such as depression, trauma, family issues, relationship or work issues and I hold a special interest in anxiety, neurodiversity and grief. These special interests come from both personal and proffessional experiences so when I say I understand I really do.
01889 223811 View 01889 223811
Photo of Fiona Beckford, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Fiona Beckford
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I enjoy working with individuals, couples and family estrangements, particularly with relationship and communication breakdowns. I also have clients who identify as dual heritage and wish to explore 'who am I?' in their cultural context to address any relationship breakdown. I also support clients who have been traumatised and for those who are happy to engage, set personal development homework, so clients can witness their own progress. And as a Christian therapist, who is guided by the teachings of the Bible, I enjoy working ethiclly and opening, treating all clients with compassion, kindness and care.
I enjoy working with individuals, couples and family estrangements, particularly with relationship and communication breakdowns. I also have clients who identify as dual heritage and wish to explore 'who am I?' in their cultural context to address any relationship breakdown. I also support clients who have been traumatised and for those who are happy to engage, set personal development homework, so clients can witness their own progress. And as a Christian therapist, who is guided by the teachings of the Bible, I enjoy working ethiclly and opening, treating all clients with compassion, kindness and care.
View
Photo of Kirstie Casey, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Kirstie Casey
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I work with couples and individuals who feel stuck, disconnected, or caught in repeating patterns. Many struggle with communication, feeling misunderstood, or navigating differences, especially in neurodiverse relationships. Together, we slow things down, make sense of what’s happening beneath the surface, and explore new ways of relating. This helps create more understanding, emotional safety, and a stronger sense of connection, so you can move forward feeling more aligned and supported.
I work with couples and individuals who feel stuck, disconnected, or caught in repeating patterns. Many struggle with communication, feeling misunderstood, or navigating differences, especially in neurodiverse relationships. Together, we slow things down, make sense of what’s happening beneath the surface, and explore new ways of relating. This helps create more understanding, emotional safety, and a stronger sense of connection, so you can move forward feeling more aligned and supported.
01709 212580 View 01709 212580
Photo of Alastair Michael Smedley, Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Alastair Michael Smedley
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Beverley HU17
I am a Clinical Gestalt Psychotherapist with over 16 years experience of working in both private practice and with EAP organisations and providers of NHS Primary care. I have worked with a broad and diverse range of issues ranging from mild to severe anxiety and depression requiring short and long term interventions, through to in depth Psychotherapy for those with trauma, Shame and related histories and developmental difficulties. I have also completed a Post graduate Diploma in Trauma therapy. I work within Gestalt principles and philosophical ideas, this means working in the here and now and moment to moment with the client.
I am a Clinical Gestalt Psychotherapist with over 16 years experience of working in both private practice and with EAP organisations and providers of NHS Primary care. I have worked with a broad and diverse range of issues ranging from mild to severe anxiety and depression requiring short and long term interventions, through to in depth Psychotherapy for those with trauma, Shame and related histories and developmental difficulties. I have also completed a Post graduate Diploma in Trauma therapy. I work within Gestalt principles and philosophical ideas, this means working in the here and now and moment to moment with the client.
07480 801586 View 07480 801586
Photo of Hayley Newman, Counsellor, MBACP
Hayley Newman
Counsellor, MBACP
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
As well as supporting clients going through common life problems, such as anxiety, depression or relationship issues, I have experience of working with individuals who have lived through narcissistic abuse, and want to work through the impact that has had on them. If you are looking for a professional therapist who will understand, help you make sense of it all as you work to find a new perspective, and provide a safe space for you to explore your feelings, contact me for a free 15 minute video chat.
As well as supporting clients going through common life problems, such as anxiety, depression or relationship issues, I have experience of working with individuals who have lived through narcissistic abuse, and want to work through the impact that has had on them. If you are looking for a professional therapist who will understand, help you make sense of it all as you work to find a new perspective, and provide a safe space for you to explore your feelings, contact me for a free 15 minute video chat.
01872 303616 View 01872 303616
Photo of Sindy Louise Jolly - Lunacounselling , Counsellor, MBACP
Lunacounselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Hi there my name is Sindy and I am a qualified counsellor and registered member of the BACP specialising in womens mental health and well-being. I can help you with your anxiety, depression, grief and relationship issues and I promise to provide a welcome and nurturing environment for you to explore any problems or issues past and present. Are you looking for a safe space to to speak your truth, to feel heard and understood and to help make sense of how you are feeling right now without judgement or criticism? I can help.
Hi there my name is Sindy and I am a qualified counsellor and registered member of the BACP specialising in womens mental health and well-being. I can help you with your anxiety, depression, grief and relationship issues and I promise to provide a welcome and nurturing environment for you to explore any problems or issues past and present. Are you looking for a safe space to to speak your truth, to feel heard and understood and to help make sense of how you are feeling right now without judgement or criticism? I can help.
01472 801299 View 01472 801299
Photo of Akanksha Wagh, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, UKCP Trainee
Akanksha Wagh
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, UKCP Trainee
Online Only
I aim to provide a safe, warm, and non-judgmental space for clients to express and explore any difficulties they might be experiencing. I believe the therapeutic rapport between the therapist and client to be a vehicle for transformation and change. I am very client lead in my work and strive to collaboratively work with clients to tailor my approach to best suit what they require from me. Not one size fits all and no one approach is suited for all clients. I believe this outlook encourages clients fostering their individuality and uniqueness. I hope to help clients to feel empowered, confident, and reconnected with themselves.
I aim to provide a safe, warm, and non-judgmental space for clients to express and explore any difficulties they might be experiencing. I believe the therapeutic rapport between the therapist and client to be a vehicle for transformation and change. I am very client lead in my work and strive to collaboratively work with clients to tailor my approach to best suit what they require from me. Not one size fits all and no one approach is suited for all clients. I believe this outlook encourages clients fostering their individuality and uniqueness. I hope to help clients to feel empowered, confident, and reconnected with themselves.
01482 736088 View 01482 736088
Photo of Dr Kamila Hortynska, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Kamila Hortynska
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Serves Area
My name is Dr Kamila Hortynska. I'm a Clinical Psychologist, CBT Therapist, Mindfulness Expert & Spiritual Life Coach with 23 years of clinical experience, (11 in the NHS). My approach is holistic, integrative & soulful, yet firmly based in health sciences & research. I believe YOU CAN live the life you desire & deserve, and shine so brightly, it will inspire everyone else to do the same! Are you ready to turn stress & exhaustion into vitality and pleasure? Feel radiant and free ...to be yourself? Open up to new possibilities & relationships? I’m an expert in helping people like you spring-clean their lives & introduce new habits.
My name is Dr Kamila Hortynska. I'm a Clinical Psychologist, CBT Therapist, Mindfulness Expert & Spiritual Life Coach with 23 years of clinical experience, (11 in the NHS). My approach is holistic, integrative & soulful, yet firmly based in health sciences & research. I believe YOU CAN live the life you desire & deserve, and shine so brightly, it will inspire everyone else to do the same! Are you ready to turn stress & exhaustion into vitality and pleasure? Feel radiant and free ...to be yourself? Open up to new possibilities & relationships? I’m an expert in helping people like you spring-clean their lives & introduce new habits.
0113 519 0209 View 0113 519 0209
Photo of Claire Birch - Silver Tree Counselling Service, Counsellor, MBACP
Silver Tree Counselling Service
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
No one really prepares you for how hard parenting can be. Hi, I'm Claire, an online counsellor based in Dronfield, Derbyshire. I work with parents who are struggling more than they expected to, whether that's in the early days with a new baby, or years down the line when parenting a teenager is bringing its own set of challenges. Wherever you are in your parenting journey, I can offer you a space that's just for you, to say the things you haven't been able to say to anyone else, make sense of what you're feeling, and start to feel a bit more like yourself again, so you can be the parent you want to be.
No one really prepares you for how hard parenting can be. Hi, I'm Claire, an online counsellor based in Dronfield, Derbyshire. I work with parents who are struggling more than they expected to, whether that's in the early days with a new baby, or years down the line when parenting a teenager is bringing its own set of challenges. Wherever you are in your parenting journey, I can offer you a space that's just for you, to say the things you haven't been able to say to anyone else, make sense of what you're feeling, and start to feel a bit more like yourself again, so you can be the parent you want to be.
0114 697 5444 View 0114 697 5444
Photo of Linda Turner - Turnaroundyourlife , Counsellor, MBACP
Turnaroundyourlife
Counsellor, MBACP
Specialising in Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders I can help you to take back control. Do you feel you are struggling to cope with your day-to-day life? Are you experiencing sadness, low self-esteem, low confidence, panic attacks, social, general or health anxiety? Do the symptoms you are feeling prevent you from working, socialising, sleeping, doing daily tasks and enjoying your life? I work with people of all ages. If you are ready to make changes, I am here to help you. Whatever your end goal we will work together to get you there.
Specialising in Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders I can help you to take back control. Do you feel you are struggling to cope with your day-to-day life? Are you experiencing sadness, low self-esteem, low confidence, panic attacks, social, general or health anxiety? Do the symptoms you are feeling prevent you from working, socialising, sleeping, doing daily tasks and enjoying your life? I work with people of all ages. If you are ready to make changes, I am here to help you. Whatever your end goal we will work together to get you there.
01724 706832 View 01724 706832
Photo of Joseph Renshaw, Counsellor, MBACP
Joseph Renshaw
Counsellor, MBACP
Online Only
Taking the step to begin counselling can feel daunting, and I believe the most important part of the process is finding someone you feel comfortable with. My role is to offer a warm, supportive space where you can explore whatever you’re experiencing at your own pace, without pressure or judgment.
Taking the step to begin counselling can feel daunting, and I believe the most important part of the process is finding someone you feel comfortable with. My role is to offer a warm, supportive space where you can explore whatever you’re experiencing at your own pace, without pressure or judgment.
01302 202789 View 01302 202789
Photo of Lara El Ghaoui, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
Lara El Ghaoui
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
Serves Area
I’ve been a client twice, the first time for over 2 years. So I understand how hard it is to be vulnerable and open up to someone. I also know that therapy can make a big positive difference in our mental health and relationships, by helping us discover who we truly are, work through tough feelings from the past and present, and be ourselves, unapologetically. I’m familiar with feelings like sadness, guilt, shame, anger, and anxiety; these are part of being human. Therapy helps us recognise these feelings, name them, and learn ways to manage them. I offer counselling in English, French, or Arabic.
I’ve been a client twice, the first time for over 2 years. So I understand how hard it is to be vulnerable and open up to someone. I also know that therapy can make a big positive difference in our mental health and relationships, by helping us discover who we truly are, work through tough feelings from the past and present, and be ourselves, unapologetically. I’m familiar with feelings like sadness, guilt, shame, anger, and anxiety; these are part of being human. Therapy helps us recognise these feelings, name them, and learn ways to manage them. I offer counselling in English, French, or Arabic.
01745 777922 View 01745 777922
Photo of Cara Childs, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Cara Childs
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Online Only
You're struggling but you've been good at hiding it. Maybe it's anxiety that won't let up, persistent self-criticism, shame about things you can't seem to shake, or feeling disconnected from yourself and the people around you. Perhaps past experiences still affect you in ways that make everyday life harder than it needs to be. You're tired of just coping. You want to actually understand what's going on and find a way forward that feels real, not performative. You want to thrive and build a life that is meaningful and aligned. I want that for you too.
You're struggling but you've been good at hiding it. Maybe it's anxiety that won't let up, persistent self-criticism, shame about things you can't seem to shake, or feeling disconnected from yourself and the people around you. Perhaps past experiences still affect you in ways that make everyday life harder than it needs to be. You're tired of just coping. You want to actually understand what's going on and find a way forward that feels real, not performative. You want to thrive and build a life that is meaningful and aligned. I want that for you too.
01430 338997 View 01430 338997

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Swanland

< 10

Counsellors in Swanland who prioritize treating:

80% Relationship Issues
80% Depression
80% Trauma and PTSD
80% Self Esteem
80% Stress
60% Anxiety
60% Bereavement

Average years in practice

22 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Counsellors in Swanland see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Swanland?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.