Depression Counselling in Solihull
Making contact can be one of the hardest things you ever do but working with someone who listens and understands where you are in your life in a non judgemental empathic way could be the best thing you ever do.
We all struggle with many things from all kinds of abuse in our lives, be that Anxiety, Depression, various trauma, from major or minor incidents, along with equality issues, organisational issues, bereavement, self harm, family issues, post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), personality disorders, and many other issues. No matter how low or out of control these issues make us feel, with the right support and relationship we can get through these difficult times in our lives. You do not have to go through this on your own. I can listen and support without any judgement. I can offer advice and my experience.
Making contact can be one of the hardest things you ever do but working with someone who listens and understands where you are in your life in a non judgemental empathic way could be the best thing you ever do.
We all struggle with many things from all kinds of abuse in our lives, be that Anxiety, Depression, various trauma, from major or minor incidents, along with equality issues, organisational issues, bereavement, self harm, family issues, post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), personality disorders, and many other issues. No matter how low or out of control these issues make us feel, with the right support and relationship we can get through these difficult times in our lives. You do not have to go through this on your own. I can listen and support without any judgement. I can offer advice and my experience.
GLA Counselling & Therapy Services
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Solihull B92
I am a naturally empathic individual and have had opportunities to have therapy myself and really gets to know what makes me tick, because of this you can expect a genuine interaction.
I am an Integrative Counsellor and have the skills to work either with a non-directive approach or I can be solution focused and offer insight. I am also a qualified addiction therapist and recovery coach and I am able to work with broad range of people who may have experienced abuse, trauma self-esteem issues, domestic abuse and all levels of anxiety or depression. I believe wholeheartedly that we all have within us the tools we need to move forward in life given the right environment, support and relationship. I believe that together and with a tailored approach to suit you we can work through what it is you need to work through.
I am a naturally empathic individual and have had opportunities to have therapy myself and really gets to know what makes me tick, because of this you can expect a genuine interaction.
I am an Integrative Counsellor and have the skills to work either with a non-directive approach or I can be solution focused and offer insight. I am also a qualified addiction therapist and recovery coach and I am able to work with broad range of people who may have experienced abuse, trauma self-esteem issues, domestic abuse and all levels of anxiety or depression. I believe wholeheartedly that we all have within us the tools we need to move forward in life given the right environment, support and relationship. I believe that together and with a tailored approach to suit you we can work through what it is you need to work through.
It would be a privilege to work with you and explore your thoughts, feelings and emotions that make you unique.
You may be feeling out of sorts but unsure why. You may have a specific issue such as bereavement, anger, life transition, anxiety, low mood, etc. Maybe you would like to feel less stressed and happier with your life? Let go of overthinking, perfectionism or people pleasing? Be more confident in your decisions? Improve your relationships? Work through negative baggage that is holding you back? Develop different ways of coping? Manage your work-life balance Start to value yourself more? Learn ways to manage your anger better? If you can relate to any of the above, I can help you to work through these challenges.
It would be a privilege to work with you and explore your thoughts, feelings and emotions that make you unique.
You may be feeling out of sorts but unsure why. You may have a specific issue such as bereavement, anger, life transition, anxiety, low mood, etc. Maybe you would like to feel less stressed and happier with your life? Let go of overthinking, perfectionism or people pleasing? Be more confident in your decisions? Improve your relationships? Work through negative baggage that is holding you back? Develop different ways of coping? Manage your work-life balance Start to value yourself more? Learn ways to manage your anger better? If you can relate to any of the above, I can help you to work through these challenges.
My mission: to offer a nurturing, holistic therapy experience, deeply connecting and empowering you to navigate life's challenges and reach personal milestones.
Step into a space where healing begins and self-discovery unfolds. I am Atlas, a Chartered Clinical Psychologist, accredited by the HCPC, dedicated to guiding you back to emotional well-being. With 15 years of rich experience across healthcare and education sectors, my approach is rooted in a profound understanding of the mind and its complex behaviors. This journey has equipped me with the skills to support a wide array of individuals, emphasizing a compassionate, personalized approach to psychotherapy.
My mission: to offer a nurturing, holistic therapy experience, deeply connecting and empowering you to navigate life's challenges and reach personal milestones.
Step into a space where healing begins and self-discovery unfolds. I am Atlas, a Chartered Clinical Psychologist, accredited by the HCPC, dedicated to guiding you back to emotional well-being. With 15 years of rich experience across healthcare and education sectors, my approach is rooted in a profound understanding of the mind and its complex behaviors. This journey has equipped me with the skills to support a wide array of individuals, emphasizing a compassionate, personalized approach to psychotherapy.
Taking the first step to address your problems can be anxiety provoking.
Hello, my name is Sobia and I'm an Accredited Psychotherapist with 17 years experience. Are you struggling with anxiety, stress, depression, feeling overwhelmed? Maybe you are finding it hard to come to terms with major life events, difficult experiences or traumas. If you are looking to make sense of your experiences, emotions or to change how you think or deal with difficulties in your life, then maybe therapy is the way forward for you. I provide a safe, contained, compassionate and person centred therapeutic environment for you to share and explore your difficulties.
Taking the first step to address your problems can be anxiety provoking.
Hello, my name is Sobia and I'm an Accredited Psychotherapist with 17 years experience. Are you struggling with anxiety, stress, depression, feeling overwhelmed? Maybe you are finding it hard to come to terms with major life events, difficult experiences or traumas. If you are looking to make sense of your experiences, emotions or to change how you think or deal with difficulties in your life, then maybe therapy is the way forward for you. I provide a safe, contained, compassionate and person centred therapeutic environment for you to share and explore your difficulties.
My clients tell me how easy I am to talk to, how they feel safe and accepted, they appreciate how I can, with my gentle questioning, allow them to look at their issues from difference perspectives.
If you are looking for help with depression, anxiety and anger issues please email me. I am an experienced integrative therapist who can help you sort through your negative feelings, help you understand why you feel that way, and give you coping strategies and practical tips to help you feel better about yourself. I believe therapy should be as comfortable as possible and aim to take away the fear, I want you to feel safe talking to me and know that you're not being judged. I want to help you raise your self-esteem, control your anger and your anxiety, and deal with many other feelings positively and be happier and more balanced.
My clients tell me how easy I am to talk to, how they feel safe and accepted, they appreciate how I can, with my gentle questioning, allow them to look at their issues from difference perspectives.
If you are looking for help with depression, anxiety and anger issues please email me. I am an experienced integrative therapist who can help you sort through your negative feelings, help you understand why you feel that way, and give you coping strategies and practical tips to help you feel better about yourself. I believe therapy should be as comfortable as possible and aim to take away the fear, I want you to feel safe talking to me and know that you're not being judged. I want to help you raise your self-esteem, control your anger and your anxiety, and deal with many other feelings positively and be happier and more balanced.
In my practice I will listen to you and be empathic and non-judgemental.
Are you feeling really low and depressed and anxious but don't know why? You are stuck and do not know how to overcome this feeling....Thinking about counselling can be quite daunting and not knowing what to expect can be quite frightening.
In my practice I will listen to you and be empathic and non-judgemental.
Are you feeling really low and depressed and anxious but don't know why? You are stuck and do not know how to overcome this feeling....Thinking about counselling can be quite daunting and not knowing what to expect can be quite frightening.
It can be daunting finding a therapist and there are so many choices but it can also be the start of real change for a person so if you are struggling with anything maybe I can help.
I am a qualified therapist that provides both short and long-term therapy. I offer a calm, confidential and supportive space for all my clients online and face-to-face. I have trained as an integrated person-centred therapist which in reality means that I work at the clients pace and I draw from several types of therapies to ensure that each client is offered what is right for them. I tailor how I work with each person to help them achieve their goals and work through anything causing them distress.
It can be daunting finding a therapist and there are so many choices but it can also be the start of real change for a person so if you are struggling with anything maybe I can help.
I am a qualified therapist that provides both short and long-term therapy. I offer a calm, confidential and supportive space for all my clients online and face-to-face. I have trained as an integrated person-centred therapist which in reality means that I work at the clients pace and I draw from several types of therapies to ensure that each client is offered what is right for them. I tailor how I work with each person to help them achieve their goals and work through anything causing them distress.
At times we can all face difficulties and my experiences including working with Depression, Self-Harm, Bereavement and Addiction.
Has life thrown something in your path that you are struggling to make sense of? Are you aware that your stress or anxiety levels are heightened and you are confused by these feelings? Then perhaps you need someone to talk to, to help you make sense of the confusion you are feeling and the unexplained emotions that can feel overwhelming and leave you feeling alone. As a qualified person-centred counsellor I can offer an empathic, open, safe environment, enabling you to explore those feelings, allowing you to better understand them and helping you to reconnect with you inner values and sense of self-worth.
At times we can all face difficulties and my experiences including working with Depression, Self-Harm, Bereavement and Addiction.
Has life thrown something in your path that you are struggling to make sense of? Are you aware that your stress or anxiety levels are heightened and you are confused by these feelings? Then perhaps you need someone to talk to, to help you make sense of the confusion you are feeling and the unexplained emotions that can feel overwhelming and leave you feeling alone. As a qualified person-centred counsellor I can offer an empathic, open, safe environment, enabling you to explore those feelings, allowing you to better understand them and helping you to reconnect with you inner values and sense of self-worth.
I understand that beginning counselling can feel scary so please call, text or email depending on what feels most comfortable for you, and we can discuss your needs and whether we feel that we can work together.
At times we can feel overwhelmed by life events, relationships or distressing thoughts and feelings. Sometimes we believe that we are never going to feel better and lose hope that change can happen. If we have experienced long term distress we might feel that we are broken and unfixable. I can work with you to process painful experiences, help you to connect more with yourself and others to improve your relationships and to get more of what you want from life. I work in a relational way, meaning that we will focus on the relationship between us to understand more about the way you relate to others and yourself.
I understand that beginning counselling can feel scary so please call, text or email depending on what feels most comfortable for you, and we can discuss your needs and whether we feel that we can work together.
At times we can feel overwhelmed by life events, relationships or distressing thoughts and feelings. Sometimes we believe that we are never going to feel better and lose hope that change can happen. If we have experienced long term distress we might feel that we are broken and unfixable. I can work with you to process painful experiences, help you to connect more with yourself and others to improve your relationships and to get more of what you want from life. I work in a relational way, meaning that we will focus on the relationship between us to understand more about the way you relate to others and yourself.
I will see you within a week of your initial inquiry so unlike the NHS you are not waiting for weeks when you need to see someone right away.
When seeking therapy, finding the right therapist is the first and most important step. With the correct therapist you can feel understood and safe when discussing difficult issues in your life. I am a fully qualified and accredited hypnotherapist and psychotherapist. Offering professional listening skills and support for mental health and well-being to help you achieve the life you deserve. I have been practicing for several years and i am trained in a variety of modalities and techniques that can help with many issues including stress, anxiety, depression, grief, motivation, weight management, confidence, healing and much more.
I will see you within a week of your initial inquiry so unlike the NHS you are not waiting for weeks when you need to see someone right away.
When seeking therapy, finding the right therapist is the first and most important step. With the correct therapist you can feel understood and safe when discussing difficult issues in your life. I am a fully qualified and accredited hypnotherapist and psychotherapist. Offering professional listening skills and support for mental health and well-being to help you achieve the life you deserve. I have been practicing for several years and i am trained in a variety of modalities and techniques that can help with many issues including stress, anxiety, depression, grief, motivation, weight management, confidence, healing and much more.
15 Second Videos
Adrian Murray Counselling
SJ Psychotherapy
Hazela Counselling Ltd
Christopher Crehan
The Growth & Guidance Clinic
Dianne McCormick
Perch Therapy
Holly-Jane Hatcher Optimism Psychotherapy Service
Hayley Trower
Alan Neeld
Phinity Therapy
Sadaf Akhtar
Julia Brewer
Terina Talbot Counselling & Psychotherapy
Victoria Uwannah
Hi there, I'm Leanne, as a qualified person-centred counsellor, you will be greeted with a warm empathetic and non-judgemental environment at all times where you lead the therapy.
Hi there, I'm Leanne, as a qualified person-centred counsellor, you will be greeted with a warm empathetic and non-judgemental environment at all times where you lead the therapy. Your reason for looking for me to stand with you? is for me to walk alongside you to help you to achieve a more peaceful mindset to help in your everyday life by working through your worries, trauma, anxiety, depression or personal growth. I know this is not an easy thing for you to do. Life throws curve balls at us at times and these changes can leave us feeling overwhelmed, uncertain of what's to come, which then leaves us feeling unsettled.
Hi there, I'm Leanne, as a qualified person-centred counsellor, you will be greeted with a warm empathetic and non-judgemental environment at all times where you lead the therapy.
Hi there, I'm Leanne, as a qualified person-centred counsellor, you will be greeted with a warm empathetic and non-judgemental environment at all times where you lead the therapy. Your reason for looking for me to stand with you? is for me to walk alongside you to help you to achieve a more peaceful mindset to help in your everyday life by working through your worries, trauma, anxiety, depression or personal growth. I know this is not an easy thing for you to do. Life throws curve balls at us at times and these changes can leave us feeling overwhelmed, uncertain of what's to come, which then leaves us feeling unsettled.
Therapy will help you gain a fuller understanding of what you are battling with and together think about how best to grow, in light of what has been revealed.
My Name is Letoya Bailey and I consider myself an incredibly grateful person. Every day I get to do work that not only feels meaningful and fulfilling but also, to me, feels like nothing short of a calling. I believe wholeheartedly in the transformative power of the work of therapy and I consider it an honour to be able to support you on your journey. I work with the full range of mental health difficulties, from short term to those that are severe. Emotional struggles present themselves in many ways, for example, Depression, Anxiety and Relationship Difficulties.
Therapy will help you gain a fuller understanding of what you are battling with and together think about how best to grow, in light of what has been revealed.
My Name is Letoya Bailey and I consider myself an incredibly grateful person. Every day I get to do work that not only feels meaningful and fulfilling but also, to me, feels like nothing short of a calling. I believe wholeheartedly in the transformative power of the work of therapy and I consider it an honour to be able to support you on your journey. I work with the full range of mental health difficulties, from short term to those that are severe. Emotional struggles present themselves in many ways, for example, Depression, Anxiety and Relationship Difficulties.
It is well know that talking about emotional difficulties can be very cathartic, a safe confidential space where there is time to reflect.
I am a very experienced therapist and Depth Psychologist having worked within the NHS and Private Practice for 30 years. I am a Senior Jungian Analyst, a Training Analyst, an Examiner and Supervisor. I specialise in working with people experiencing relationship difficulties, those suffering from depression, anxiety, low self esteem and intrusive thoughts. An emotional crisis is a call for personal growth, for insight and to a new path through life. The belief that symptoms have meaning leads to a more positive approach and outcome, so that suffering is not in vain but the prelude to a more meaningful life.
It is well know that talking about emotional difficulties can be very cathartic, a safe confidential space where there is time to reflect.
I am a very experienced therapist and Depth Psychologist having worked within the NHS and Private Practice for 30 years. I am a Senior Jungian Analyst, a Training Analyst, an Examiner and Supervisor. I specialise in working with people experiencing relationship difficulties, those suffering from depression, anxiety, low self esteem and intrusive thoughts. An emotional crisis is a call for personal growth, for insight and to a new path through life. The belief that symptoms have meaning leads to a more positive approach and outcome, so that suffering is not in vain but the prelude to a more meaningful life.
I strive to build a positive, non-judgmental, empathic relationship with all my clients to help get them back on track.
Hello and thank you for looking at my profile. My name is Liz and I run a small counselling practice covering Warwickshire and the West Midlands. I offer a calm, safe, reassuring presence to work with you to make sense of difficulties in your life and move towards a more positive future. We cannot change what happens to us, but we can change how we respond. Counselling can help with a wide range of issues such as bereavement, loss of purpose or identity, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, ill health, low self-worth or self-esteem, relationship challenges or a sense of something missing in life.
I strive to build a positive, non-judgmental, empathic relationship with all my clients to help get them back on track.
Hello and thank you for looking at my profile. My name is Liz and I run a small counselling practice covering Warwickshire and the West Midlands. I offer a calm, safe, reassuring presence to work with you to make sense of difficulties in your life and move towards a more positive future. We cannot change what happens to us, but we can change how we respond. Counselling can help with a wide range of issues such as bereavement, loss of purpose or identity, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, ill health, low self-worth or self-esteem, relationship challenges or a sense of something missing in life.
Even amongst close friends and family, some thoughts and feelings can be difficult to express or share.
I offer a Free 30-minute telephone consultation as I recognise that it can feel difficult to know if counselling is right for you. You may be feeling nervous about beginning therapy or unsure of how counselling could help. To alleviate some of this uncertainty, the consultation; this gives you an opportunity to ask any questions that you may have about counselling as well as an opportunity for us both to talk about how we could work together. By booking a free, friendly telephone consultation, it gives us the chance to build a rapport, and helps in supporting you to explore your options in counselling.
Even amongst close friends and family, some thoughts and feelings can be difficult to express or share.
I offer a Free 30-minute telephone consultation as I recognise that it can feel difficult to know if counselling is right for you. You may be feeling nervous about beginning therapy or unsure of how counselling could help. To alleviate some of this uncertainty, the consultation; this gives you an opportunity to ask any questions that you may have about counselling as well as an opportunity for us both to talk about how we could work together. By booking a free, friendly telephone consultation, it gives us the chance to build a rapport, and helps in supporting you to explore your options in counselling.
To see if I am the right counsellor for you, I offer a free initial 20-minute phone call to see if we can work together and answer any questions you might have.
Hello and welcome, my name is Amy. If you’re reading this, I imagine you’re in search of some support. Life can be challenging at times, and we can find ourselves feeling a bit stuck. Maybe you’re feeling anxious, depressed, or even feeling like you’ve somehow lost yourself along the way? Finding a counsellor and asking for help can feel like such a daunting experience, especially when there’s so many to choose from! Counselling gives you the space to process, explore and navigate through life’s challenges, and I am here to support you through that process.
To see if I am the right counsellor for you, I offer a free initial 20-minute phone call to see if we can work together and answer any questions you might have.
Hello and welcome, my name is Amy. If you’re reading this, I imagine you’re in search of some support. Life can be challenging at times, and we can find ourselves feeling a bit stuck. Maybe you’re feeling anxious, depressed, or even feeling like you’ve somehow lost yourself along the way? Finding a counsellor and asking for help can feel like such a daunting experience, especially when there’s so many to choose from! Counselling gives you the space to process, explore and navigate through life’s challenges, and I am here to support you through that process.
Where appropriate, I share thoughts, perceptions and feelings that may shed new light, insight and direction on areas of exploration.
"Dianne helped my husband and I bridge seemingly impossible gaps in our understanding of each other and ability to communicate despite considerable differences. Dianne took us from a place where we encountered apparently unresolvable emotional blockages daily, from a place of frustration and chronic misunderstanding to a place where we were able to appreciate each other's feelings and show love to one another increasingly unreservedly. She was skilfully professional, without ever faltering in compassion or humanity. She has given us the tools we needed to succeed in our marriage and we are hugely grateful for her help. " Annon
Where appropriate, I share thoughts, perceptions and feelings that may shed new light, insight and direction on areas of exploration.
"Dianne helped my husband and I bridge seemingly impossible gaps in our understanding of each other and ability to communicate despite considerable differences. Dianne took us from a place where we encountered apparently unresolvable emotional blockages daily, from a place of frustration and chronic misunderstanding to a place where we were able to appreciate each other's feelings and show love to one another increasingly unreservedly. She was skilfully professional, without ever faltering in compassion or humanity. She has given us the tools we needed to succeed in our marriage and we are hugely grateful for her help. " Annon
Together we can find ways to build on your strengths and overcome your personal challenges; at a pace to suit you.
In therapy, I encourage self-care and a self-compassionate mindset. Having diagnoses of both Autism and ADHD, I focus on neurodivergence and how it impacts wellbeing and self-esteem. Together, we map out a route to enable you to fulfil your own potential; devising strategies to help with life balance and greater autonomy. You are unique; and so personal reflection and behavioural flexibility are vital for your own growth. I set relevant tasks for between sessions; utilising CBT and elements of NLP for self-development and optimal outcomes. If you are committed to deepening self-understanding, contact me to talk about next steps.
Together we can find ways to build on your strengths and overcome your personal challenges; at a pace to suit you.
In therapy, I encourage self-care and a self-compassionate mindset. Having diagnoses of both Autism and ADHD, I focus on neurodivergence and how it impacts wellbeing and self-esteem. Together, we map out a route to enable you to fulfil your own potential; devising strategies to help with life balance and greater autonomy. You are unique; and so personal reflection and behavioural flexibility are vital for your own growth. I set relevant tasks for between sessions; utilising CBT and elements of NLP for self-development and optimal outcomes. If you are committed to deepening self-understanding, contact me to talk about next steps.
No single approach is the right one for every individual.
Through a valuing and non-judgmental therapeutic relationship rHIse Therapy aims to provide the space for clients to gently heal and discover new possibilities in their lives. Below is a comprehensive but, not exhaustive list of different issues and life experiences that rHIse Therapy supports: Bereavement & Loss, Anxiety & Stress, Depression or Low Mood, Self Confidence & Self Esteem, Self Harm, Physical & Emotional Trauma, Relationship Difficulties, Bullying or Harassment, Work Place Difficulties, Family Relationships or attachment Issues, Behaviour Difficulties, Adolescent Development and Teenage Difficulties.
No single approach is the right one for every individual.
Through a valuing and non-judgmental therapeutic relationship rHIse Therapy aims to provide the space for clients to gently heal and discover new possibilities in their lives. Below is a comprehensive but, not exhaustive list of different issues and life experiences that rHIse Therapy supports: Bereavement & Loss, Anxiety & Stress, Depression or Low Mood, Self Confidence & Self Esteem, Self Harm, Physical & Emotional Trauma, Relationship Difficulties, Bullying or Harassment, Work Place Difficulties, Family Relationships or attachment Issues, Behaviour Difficulties, Adolescent Development and Teenage Difficulties.
See more therapy options for Solihull
Nearby Depression Counsellors Searches for Solihull
- Alvechurch
- Barnt Green
- Birmingham
- Coleshill
- Dorridge
- Earlswood
- Henley-in-Arden
- Knowle
- Quinton
- Shirley
- Smethwick
- Wythall
Depression Counsellors
What is the goal of therapy for depression?
Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognise and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.
What happens in therapy for depression?
Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.
What therapy types help with depression?
Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioural activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.
Can therapy for depression be done online?
Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.
How effective is therapy for depression?
Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.