Counselling in Portsmouth

Photo of Sadie Were, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Sadie Were
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Online Only
Hi! My name is Sadie and it's very important to me that therapy is a collaborative process in which we both work together to ensure you feel heard, safe and have an open space for you to explore your difficulties and meet your goals in a way that feels manageable. My goal as your therapist is to make sense of what has brought you to treatment, to understand where you are stuck and for us together to think about what you need to feel able to move forward. Therapy is an active process where we work together as a team and I want to ensure we find a way to enable you to move closer towards living the life you want for yourself.
Hi! My name is Sadie and it's very important to me that therapy is a collaborative process in which we both work together to ensure you feel heard, safe and have an open space for you to explore your difficulties and meet your goals in a way that feels manageable. My goal as your therapist is to make sense of what has brought you to treatment, to understand where you are stuck and for us together to think about what you need to feel able to move forward. Therapy is an active process where we work together as a team and I want to ensure we find a way to enable you to move closer towards living the life you want for yourself.
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Photo of Viola Masona - Fresh Start Psychological Services Ltd, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Fresh Start Psychological Services Ltd
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
1 Endorsed
With previous extensive NHS experience as a therapist, supervisor, and manager, I am a very passionate, compassionate, authentic, and experienced childhood trauma specialist. I specialize in early life trauma and any other forms of PSTD/trauma. I work with both adults & children (from 13 years old), struggling with all forms of anxiety and depression. Therapy can really help alleviate distressing symptoms and find a better way of managing difficult situations. It may be that anxiety has triggered difficult memories and caused depression symptoms. I use an individualized approach delivered with compassion and understanding
With previous extensive NHS experience as a therapist, supervisor, and manager, I am a very passionate, compassionate, authentic, and experienced childhood trauma specialist. I specialize in early life trauma and any other forms of PSTD/trauma. I work with both adults & children (from 13 years old), struggling with all forms of anxiety and depression. Therapy can really help alleviate distressing symptoms and find a better way of managing difficult situations. It may be that anxiety has triggered difficult memories and caused depression symptoms. I use an individualized approach delivered with compassion and understanding
01329 800263 View 01329 800263
Photo of Denise Albon, Counsellor, MBACP
Denise Albon
Counsellor, MBACP
Online Only
You may be feeling overwhelmed, anxious, low, or unsure how to cope with everything you’re carrying. Perhaps you’ve been trying to manage on your own but feel stuck, exhausted, or disconnected from yourself. Many of my clients want clarity, emotional relief, and a safe space where they can finally talk openly and feel understood. You might be hoping for a way forward that feels calmer, lighter, and more you
You may be feeling overwhelmed, anxious, low, or unsure how to cope with everything you’re carrying. Perhaps you’ve been trying to manage on your own but feel stuck, exhausted, or disconnected from yourself. Many of my clients want clarity, emotional relief, and a safe space where they can finally talk openly and feel understood. You might be hoping for a way forward that feels calmer, lighter, and more you
01329 759076 View 01329 759076
Photo of Davey Murphy, Psychotherapist, BACP
Davey Murphy
Psychotherapist, BACP
1 Endorsed
I don't believe I have an ideal client. I just think anyone that has the courage to come to therapy and face up to the challenges they are facing is the kind of client I want to work with.
I don't believe I have an ideal client. I just think anyone that has the courage to come to therapy and face up to the challenges they are facing is the kind of client I want to work with.
01329 756741 View 01329 756741
Photo of Maggie Alice Cole
Maggie Alice Cole
Verified Verified
I work as a high intensity therapist currently for the military and in private practice . I treat a lot of trauma , anxiety ,depression and phobias as well as panic disorder , generalised anxiety disorder , Post Traumatic Stress Disorder , childhood abuse , chronic fatigue syndrome and OCD. I have experience also in working with Psychosis. I work with people in a compassionate focussed way focussed on their goals for treatment . Therapy is always geared to the clients goals and what they want /need to be different , this is reviewed regularly in therapy to ensure we are still working towards the goals that the client identified.
I work as a high intensity therapist currently for the military and in private practice . I treat a lot of trauma , anxiety ,depression and phobias as well as panic disorder , generalised anxiety disorder , Post Traumatic Stress Disorder , childhood abuse , chronic fatigue syndrome and OCD. I have experience also in working with Psychosis. I work with people in a compassionate focussed way focussed on their goals for treatment . Therapy is always geared to the clients goals and what they want /need to be different , this is reviewed regularly in therapy to ensure we are still working towards the goals that the client identified.
01329 553375 View 01329 553375
Photo of Dr Marie Stopforth, Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
Dr Marie Stopforth
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
My ideal clients are thoughtful, high-achieving individuals who feel stuck, overwhelmed, or disconnected from their usual clarity and confidence. They may struggle with self-doubt, overthinking, or navigating complex demands in work or life. They want to feel more grounded, intentional, and aligned not just perform well, but lead or live meaningfully. They’re ready to explore what’s getting in the way and build greater self-awareness, confidence, and direction through psychologically grounded conversations.
My ideal clients are thoughtful, high-achieving individuals who feel stuck, overwhelmed, or disconnected from their usual clarity and confidence. They may struggle with self-doubt, overthinking, or navigating complex demands in work or life. They want to feel more grounded, intentional, and aligned not just perform well, but lead or live meaningfully. They’re ready to explore what’s getting in the way and build greater self-awareness, confidence, and direction through psychologically grounded conversations.
023 8272 1726 View 023 8272 1726
Photo of Helen O'Connor, Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Helen O'Connor
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Online Only
I specialise in working with children, teens, and young adults helping them navigate the often overwhelming transitions of adolescence and early adulthood. I have worked in high achieving schools and focus on wellbeing and proactive responses to wellbeing. Clients may be struggling with anxiety, low mood, perfectionism, self-doubt, or the pressures of peer relationships. Many feel stuck in unhelpful thought patterns or behaviours that they don’t quite know how to change. Using a CBT approach, I help them build practical tools to challenge negative thinking, manage emotions, and develop patterns of behaving.
I specialise in working with children, teens, and young adults helping them navigate the often overwhelming transitions of adolescence and early adulthood. I have worked in high achieving schools and focus on wellbeing and proactive responses to wellbeing. Clients may be struggling with anxiety, low mood, perfectionism, self-doubt, or the pressures of peer relationships. Many feel stuck in unhelpful thought patterns or behaviours that they don’t quite know how to change. Using a CBT approach, I help them build practical tools to challenge negative thinking, manage emotions, and develop patterns of behaving.
023 9433 0543 View 023 9433 0543
Photo of Lisa Duff, Psychotherapist, MA, BACP
Lisa Duff
Psychotherapist, MA, BACP
I am a fully qualified and insured psychotherapist and a member of the BACP. I  use a variety of therapeutic modalities, including CBT and DBT. I work with a tailored approach that will meet my clients individual needs,  thus meaning that rooted in my belief is that everybody has the capacity for self growth. My goal is to empower my clients to build resilience, develop coping skills and achieve their personal and emotional wellbeing. I am dedicated to my work and have a passion to work collaboratively with my clients to get them to a place they desire. I specialise in addiction and trauma.
I am a fully qualified and insured psychotherapist and a member of the BACP. I  use a variety of therapeutic modalities, including CBT and DBT. I work with a tailored approach that will meet my clients individual needs,  thus meaning that rooted in my belief is that everybody has the capacity for self growth. My goal is to empower my clients to build resilience, develop coping skills and achieve their personal and emotional wellbeing. I am dedicated to my work and have a passion to work collaboratively with my clients to get them to a place they desire. I specialise in addiction and trauma.
01329 553368 View 01329 553368
Photo of Robin Lee Nettleton, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, BACP
Robin Lee Nettleton
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, BACP
Waitlist for new clients
Please note - Unavailable until mid May / June due to serious family illness. I am experienced in helping clients with a wide range of issues including addictive behaviours, relationship problems, managing a change in circumstance, caring for an ill or disabled relative, and many more. I am used to working with adults but also have significant experience of working with teenagers. Note - Unavailable until Mid May / June due to family illness.
Please note - Unavailable until mid May / June due to serious family illness. I am experienced in helping clients with a wide range of issues including addictive behaviours, relationship problems, managing a change in circumstance, caring for an ill or disabled relative, and many more. I am used to working with adults but also have significant experience of working with teenagers. Note - Unavailable until Mid May / June due to family illness.
023 9431 1298 View 023 9431 1298
Photo of Holly-Jane Hatcher (nee Thurgood), Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Holly-Jane Hatcher (nee Thurgood)
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
1 Endorsed
Hello, we hope we can support you to recovery. Optimism Psychotherapy & Supervision Services offer accredited psychotherapy including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing, Narrative Exposure Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for Depression, Anxiety, Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Fertility trauma, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, addiction and more. Our team are highly trained, accredited and experienced psychological therapists. They have a wealth of experience delivering therapies in private practice, the Ministry Of Defence, NHS or with charities.
Hello, we hope we can support you to recovery. Optimism Psychotherapy & Supervision Services offer accredited psychotherapy including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing, Narrative Exposure Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for Depression, Anxiety, Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Fertility trauma, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, addiction and more. Our team are highly trained, accredited and experienced psychological therapists. They have a wealth of experience delivering therapies in private practice, the Ministry Of Defence, NHS or with charities.
023 8272 0382 View 023 8272 0382
Photo of Shannon Reddin, Psychotherapist, COSRT Reg.
Shannon Reddin
Psychotherapist, COSRT Reg.
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Is your relationship or sex life feeling off-track or are you hoping to better understand yourself, your needs, your patterns in intimacy? Maybe there is physiological and/or emotional pain associated with your current experience of intimacy. It’s completely usual to feel overwhelmed when you’re facing relational challenges or moments of discomfort. Whether it’s disconnection, differences in sexual desire, pain or discomfort during intimacy or the impact of infidelity. Whatever has brought you here, there is a way forward. I am ready to listen with care to your story, your truth, your unique experience.
Is your relationship or sex life feeling off-track or are you hoping to better understand yourself, your needs, your patterns in intimacy? Maybe there is physiological and/or emotional pain associated with your current experience of intimacy. It’s completely usual to feel overwhelmed when you’re facing relational challenges or moments of discomfort. Whether it’s disconnection, differences in sexual desire, pain or discomfort during intimacy or the impact of infidelity. Whatever has brought you here, there is a way forward. I am ready to listen with care to your story, your truth, your unique experience.
023 9433 0814 View 023 9433 0814
Photo of Daniel Sutton-Johanson, Psychotherapist, MSc, SNCPS Acc.
Daniel Sutton-Johanson
Psychotherapist, MSc, SNCPS Acc.
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I work with 1-1 clients and couples / multiple partner clients. I'm also trained by Metanoia Institute for 1-1 work and CICS (contemporary institute of clinical sexology) in intimate partnered therapy to work with couples + multiple partnered people Reasons to seek out therapy are, much like ourselves, varied, nuanced and complex. A deeply empathic, attentive presence and trust for how you process things and what you decide to bring to therapy are at the heart of my practice. My work is therefore centred around attending to the whole person, with equal respect and worth for both content and process, both feeling and thinking.
I work with 1-1 clients and couples / multiple partner clients. I'm also trained by Metanoia Institute for 1-1 work and CICS (contemporary institute of clinical sexology) in intimate partnered therapy to work with couples + multiple partnered people Reasons to seek out therapy are, much like ourselves, varied, nuanced and complex. A deeply empathic, attentive presence and trust for how you process things and what you decide to bring to therapy are at the heart of my practice. My work is therefore centred around attending to the whole person, with equal respect and worth for both content and process, both feeling and thinking.
023 9387 8735 View 023 9387 8735
Photo of Kerry Samantha Cawte - Embrace Children,Young People and Family Services, Psychotherapist
At Embrace, we provide compassionate and professional support services for children, young people, and families. Our team of expert associates are dedicated to helping individuals and families overcome difficulties with challenging behaviour, adolescent relationships, transitions, anxiety, and low mood. All clinical interventions are delivered by a qualified and experienced PG Certified Psychotherapist. Our approach is tailored to the unique needs of each individual or situation and we strive to create a safe and supportive environment for our clients.
At Embrace, we provide compassionate and professional support services for children, young people, and families. Our team of expert associates are dedicated to helping individuals and families overcome difficulties with challenging behaviour, adolescent relationships, transitions, anxiety, and low mood. All clinical interventions are delivered by a qualified and experienced PG Certified Psychotherapist. Our approach is tailored to the unique needs of each individual or situation and we strive to create a safe and supportive environment for our clients.
07749 032497 View 07749 032497
Photo of Krystyna Jankowska - Your Counselling Path, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Your Counselling Path
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Hi. My name is Krystyna. I am a counsellor who helps people who have experienced traumatic life events to break free from fear (anxiety) and build happy, full of contentment lives. I am fluent in English and Polish and I am confident to work in either language. As a fully qualified and experienced counsellor I can work effectively in a short-term solution-based therapy, (up to twelve sessions) or open-ended counselling, whereby the sessions are paced in line with clients' need and readiness to embrace positive change.
Hi. My name is Krystyna. I am a counsellor who helps people who have experienced traumatic life events to break free from fear (anxiety) and build happy, full of contentment lives. I am fluent in English and Polish and I am confident to work in either language. As a fully qualified and experienced counsellor I can work effectively in a short-term solution-based therapy, (up to twelve sessions) or open-ended counselling, whereby the sessions are paced in line with clients' need and readiness to embrace positive change.
01329 551314 View 01329 551314
Photo of Sadia Karmalkar, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Sadia Karmalkar
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Online Only
Hi I am Sadia, a Therapist, however, I am first and foremost a human being - something I really try to allow to come across during sessions. I know seeking support for your mental health can feel like a step into the unknown, so if you are looking for the right support tailored to your unique needs and to just make sense of things that are just perhaps not making sense right now, then get in touch. We can work to put your knowledge of yourself and what I know about CBT together, to find a way to take steps in the direction you would like your life to go in next.
Hi I am Sadia, a Therapist, however, I am first and foremost a human being - something I really try to allow to come across during sessions. I know seeking support for your mental health can feel like a step into the unknown, so if you are looking for the right support tailored to your unique needs and to just make sense of things that are just perhaps not making sense right now, then get in touch. We can work to put your knowledge of yourself and what I know about CBT together, to find a way to take steps in the direction you would like your life to go in next.
01329 759698 View 01329 759698
Photo of Dr Jacinta Murphy-O'Sullivan, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Jacinta Murphy-O'Sullivan
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I am Jacinta a Clinical Psychologist. I specialise in providing therapy to people who experience anxiety, low mood, trauma and those who are neurodivergent. I have 10 years’ NHS experience working with people who experience serious mental illness as a result of neglect, abuse and other trauma. You might be here looking for therapy or a non-judgmental space to understand yourself more, develop skills to manage emotional or psychological difficulties and to set goals for moving forward. I may be the right therapist for you if you want to reduce symptoms of trauma and anxiety or you want to understand what neurodiversity means to you.
I am Jacinta a Clinical Psychologist. I specialise in providing therapy to people who experience anxiety, low mood, trauma and those who are neurodivergent. I have 10 years’ NHS experience working with people who experience serious mental illness as a result of neglect, abuse and other trauma. You might be here looking for therapy or a non-judgmental space to understand yourself more, develop skills to manage emotional or psychological difficulties and to set goals for moving forward. I may be the right therapist for you if you want to reduce symptoms of trauma and anxiety or you want to understand what neurodiversity means to you.
01329 552534 View 01329 552534
Photo of David Burchell, Counsellor, MBACP
David Burchell
Counsellor, MBACP
My name is David and I am a Humanistic Counsellor. When looking for professional support, it can be confusing, even difficult to know which counsellor will be right for your own personal needs. With this in mind, I openly invite you to contact me either by phone or email so that you can ask any questions around how counselling could help you. I am a fully qualified Ba (Hons) Humanistic counselling professional with experience of working with a wide variety of issues. Training, qualifications & experience
My name is David and I am a Humanistic Counsellor. When looking for professional support, it can be confusing, even difficult to know which counsellor will be right for your own personal needs. With this in mind, I openly invite you to contact me either by phone or email so that you can ask any questions around how counselling could help you. I am a fully qualified Ba (Hons) Humanistic counselling professional with experience of working with a wide variety of issues. Training, qualifications & experience
07723 449738 View 07723 449738
Photo of Martha Espin, Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Martha Espin
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Online Only
I get it, life can get overwhelming sometimes. You feel unwell and don't know where to start. You can't put your finger on anything because everything seems like a lot right now: Family, relationships, self-esteem, worry, insecurities, work... nothing feels good anymore. You feel lost and sometimes don't really know what to do. You might struggle to enjoy the things you used to or simply have a good time with friends. Sometimes you might feel ridden by anxiety, worry and overthinking, which makes you question literally everything and you feel exhausted!
I get it, life can get overwhelming sometimes. You feel unwell and don't know where to start. You can't put your finger on anything because everything seems like a lot right now: Family, relationships, self-esteem, worry, insecurities, work... nothing feels good anymore. You feel lost and sometimes don't really know what to do. You might struggle to enjoy the things you used to or simply have a good time with friends. Sometimes you might feel ridden by anxiety, worry and overthinking, which makes you question literally everything and you feel exhausted!
01329 558309 View 01329 558309
Photo of Julie Dickson, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Julie Dickson
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Online Only
Hello. We all have periods in our lives when we experience challenges that impact us emotionally. Past trauma, recent loss or life adjustment, interpersonal conflict, physical ill health or change in social circumstances, for example, can test our psychological coping. We can be left with difficult emotions that overwhelm us and impact on our functioning, sense of self and general outlook. You may be looking for a space for reflection, or wish to work towards specific behavioural goals. Whether your distress is based on the past, present or future, psychological therapy can offer you an opportunity for change and growth.
Hello. We all have periods in our lives when we experience challenges that impact us emotionally. Past trauma, recent loss or life adjustment, interpersonal conflict, physical ill health or change in social circumstances, for example, can test our psychological coping. We can be left with difficult emotions that overwhelm us and impact on our functioning, sense of self and general outlook. You may be looking for a space for reflection, or wish to work towards specific behavioural goals. Whether your distress is based on the past, present or future, psychological therapy can offer you an opportunity for change and growth.
01329 558890 View 01329 558890
Photo of Danielle Hunter, Counsellor, MBACP
Danielle Hunter
Counsellor, MBACP
Hello my name is Danielle. I am a passionate Gestalt Counsellor. Are you struggling with your mental health? Have you experienced trauma, or do you identify as neurodivergent? If so, I offer a free introductory call where we can explore how I might support you on your therapeutic journey.
Hello my name is Danielle. I am a passionate Gestalt Counsellor. Are you struggling with your mental health? Have you experienced trauma, or do you identify as neurodivergent? If so, I offer a free introductory call where we can explore how I might support you on your therapeutic journey.
01329 559634 View 01329 559634

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Portsmouth

100+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Portsmouth who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
82% Depression
82% Self Esteem
73% Stress
67% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
56% Bereavement

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

67% Bupa
57% Aviva
57% AXA PPP

How Counsellors in Portsmouth see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
20% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Portsmouth?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.