Trauma and PTSD Counselling in Nottingham

Photo of Leigh Manning, Psychotherapist, MA, BACP
Leigh Manning
Psychotherapist, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
I have 17 years experience working with a range of issues including abandonment, addiction, anxiety, bereavement, depression, complex trauma, PTSD, relationship problems, and victims/perpetrators of abuse.
As a person-centred psychotherapist I believe that our deepest yearnings are to grow and to form nurturing relationships. However, life is hard, and these natural tendencies can become compromised or inhibited through difficult experiences. We can even lose sight of them altogether. When this happens we can feel lost and estranged from who we really are.
I have 17 years experience working with a range of issues including abandonment, addiction, anxiety, bereavement, depression, complex trauma, PTSD, relationship problems, and victims/perpetrators of abuse.
As a person-centred psychotherapist I believe that our deepest yearnings are to grow and to form nurturing relationships. However, life is hard, and these natural tendencies can become compromised or inhibited through difficult experiences. We can even lose sight of them altogether. When this happens we can feel lost and estranged from who we really are.
0115 647 7098 View 0115 647 7098
Photo of Kiran Pell, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Kiran Pell
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Online Only
I'm trained in Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy and I am often found by people who have an anxiety disorder, including PTSD (single and multiple trauma) or who are low self esteem.
Hello, I'm Kiran. Together, we can enrich your calm & strengthen the best parts of you. Starting therapy can be tricky. You might feel anxious about being vulnerable or worried that you'll still feel unseen after opening up to someone new. But, you can be certain that there is a therapeutic space here just for you. My approach is warm, holistic and guided by the psychological evidence-base. This means that you can trust you are working with someone who is focused on offering meaningful therapy that has your recovery at its centre.
I'm trained in Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy and I am often found by people who have an anxiety disorder, including PTSD (single and multiple trauma) or who are low self esteem.
Hello, I'm Kiran. Together, we can enrich your calm & strengthen the best parts of you. Starting therapy can be tricky. You might feel anxious about being vulnerable or worried that you'll still feel unseen after opening up to someone new. But, you can be certain that there is a therapeutic space here just for you. My approach is warm, holistic and guided by the psychological evidence-base. This means that you can trust you are working with someone who is focused on offering meaningful therapy that has your recovery at its centre.
01773 301148 View 01773 301148
Photo of Ian Mardell, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Ian Mardell
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Online Only
EMDR is mainly used in the treatment of trauma and PTSD and helps the brain process and work through distressing events that we feel stuck on.
Anxiety, low mood and trauma are very common and can stop us from living life to the full. Working together using CBT and EMDR we can build an understanding of your issues, reasons for coming to therapy, then roll up our sleeves and work on overcoming them. With some hard work, some determination and me on your team you can get back to living your life the way you want to live it.
EMDR is mainly used in the treatment of trauma and PTSD and helps the brain process and work through distressing events that we feel stuck on.
Anxiety, low mood and trauma are very common and can stop us from living life to the full. Working together using CBT and EMDR we can build an understanding of your issues, reasons for coming to therapy, then roll up our sleeves and work on overcoming them. With some hard work, some determination and me on your team you can get back to living your life the way you want to live it.
0115 647 8179 View 0115 647 8179
Photo of Sandra Hussey - Ash-Tree Counselling Service, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Ash-Tree Counselling Service
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
I am a BACP registered counsellor. I am committed to providing a safe, confidential and non-judgmental space for clients to help explore issues that are troubling them. My experience includes working as a therapist for the NHS both in general mental health and counselling patients with chronic health issues. I also have specialised experience of working with depression, PTSD, couples counselling, family issues, bereavement, anxiety and suicidal clients. I have experience of delivering employee counselling for insurance companies. If change is what you desire then please get in touch.
I am a BACP registered counsellor. I am committed to providing a safe, confidential and non-judgmental space for clients to help explore issues that are troubling them. My experience includes working as a therapist for the NHS both in general mental health and counselling patients with chronic health issues. I also have specialised experience of working with depression, PTSD, couples counselling, family issues, bereavement, anxiety and suicidal clients. I have experience of delivering employee counselling for insurance companies. If change is what you desire then please get in touch.
0115 697 5863 View 0115 697 5863
Photo of Natalie Brunning, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Natalie Brunning
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Online Only
I have extensive experience working with depression, complex mental health and PTSD
I work within the humanistic person centered approach. This means working at the clients pace and offering a safe, confidential and non judgmental space to allow you to work through any difficulties or life challenges that you may be experiencing. This may be a difficult time for you and finding the right counsellor is essential.
I have extensive experience working with depression, complex mental health and PTSD
I work within the humanistic person centered approach. This means working at the clients pace and offering a safe, confidential and non judgmental space to allow you to work through any difficulties or life challenges that you may be experiencing. This may be a difficult time for you and finding the right counsellor is essential.
0115 647 0413 View 0115 647 0413
Photo of Dr Victoria Horwood, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Victoria Horwood
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
I specialise in complex trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, emotional and relational difficulties, grief, loss, anxiety and depression.
Are you finding it difficult to cope? Are you experiencing problems with your emotions, relationships, thoughts or behaviours? Have you experienced painful events that you are struggling to process or make sense of? Are these traumas interfering with yours or your families well-being and happiness? I am able to provide a comprehensive service that can support you or your child to heal and begin to live the life you deserve. I use a number of psychological therapies that are effective, individually tailored to your needs and are backed by scientific research.
I specialise in complex trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, emotional and relational difficulties, grief, loss, anxiety and depression.
Are you finding it difficult to cope? Are you experiencing problems with your emotions, relationships, thoughts or behaviours? Have you experienced painful events that you are struggling to process or make sense of? Are these traumas interfering with yours or your families well-being and happiness? I am able to provide a comprehensive service that can support you or your child to heal and begin to live the life you deserve. I use a number of psychological therapies that are effective, individually tailored to your needs and are backed by scientific research.
0115 824 4284 View 0115 824 4284
Photo of Sabrina Marie Taylor, Counsellor, MA, BACP
Sabrina Marie Taylor
Counsellor, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
I work with a variety of issues - trauma, ptsd and stress.
Finding someone you feel comfortable to share your innermost thoughts with can be daunting.I try to make this as easy as possible for clients by providing a calm, empowering, therapeutic space. I have a Masters Degree in Psychotherapy and Counselling, however it is my desire to help people in distress which I feel is my most important qualification.
I work with a variety of issues - trauma, ptsd and stress.
Finding someone you feel comfortable to share your innermost thoughts with can be daunting.I try to make this as easy as possible for clients by providing a calm, empowering, therapeutic space. I have a Masters Degree in Psychotherapy and Counselling, however it is my desire to help people in distress which I feel is my most important qualification.
0115 697 1323 View 0115 697 1323
Photo of Kerry Cope, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Kerry Cope
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
I am a Clinical Psychologist and EMDR therapist with over 15 years experience of supporting people with mental health difficulties including anxiety, self-esteem, and trauma reactions, including PTSD.
I work with clients in an integrative manner drawing on a range of therapeutic models to offer a bespoke intervention tailored to each individual's needs. Initial sessions will focus on gaining a comprehensive understanding of your strengths and difficulties, before collaboratively agreeing future goals, and how to help you achieve these.
I am a Clinical Psychologist and EMDR therapist with over 15 years experience of supporting people with mental health difficulties including anxiety, self-esteem, and trauma reactions, including PTSD.
I work with clients in an integrative manner drawing on a range of therapeutic models to offer a bespoke intervention tailored to each individual's needs. Initial sessions will focus on gaining a comprehensive understanding of your strengths and difficulties, before collaboratively agreeing future goals, and how to help you achieve these.
01777 802497 View 01777 802497
Photo of Catherine Murphy - Expressive Self Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Drama Therap.
Expressive Self Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Drama Therap.
Verified Verified
Whether you are navigating PTSD, OCD, complex emotional pain or are generally feeling stuck, I am here to help you find strength and resilience in your journey towards healing.
I offer Dramatherapy, CBT or an Integrative Approach. I provide a therapeutic space that feels safe and supportive. Our work can go beyond talking therapy, using expressive and experiential methods that allow you to explore feelings, memories, and thoughts in transformative ways. My practice centres on therapy through a trauma-informed lens.
Whether you are navigating PTSD, OCD, complex emotional pain or are generally feeling stuck, I am here to help you find strength and resilience in your journey towards healing.
I offer Dramatherapy, CBT or an Integrative Approach. I provide a therapeutic space that feels safe and supportive. Our work can go beyond talking therapy, using expressive and experiential methods that allow you to explore feelings, memories, and thoughts in transformative ways. My practice centres on therapy through a trauma-informed lens.
0115 647 2970 View 0115 647 2970
Photo of Sandra Lee Oakley-Goodall - www.oakley-goodall.co.uk, Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
www.oakley-goodall.co.uk
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
I am an Integrative Psychotherapist with four years’ experience, working with clients from diverse backgrounds, during those four years I have had the opportunity of providing therapy to clients as a trainee and as a qualified psychotherapist. I have clients who have experienced a range of different trauma in the following areas Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, trauma associated with early childhood abuse, stress, depression, addiction, relationship issues and complex family dynamics, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder, and other disorders.
I am an Integrative Psychotherapist with four years’ experience, working with clients from diverse backgrounds, during those four years I have had the opportunity of providing therapy to clients as a trainee and as a qualified psychotherapist. I have clients who have experienced a range of different trauma in the following areas Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, trauma associated with early childhood abuse, stress, depression, addiction, relationship issues and complex family dynamics, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder, and other disorders.
0115 647 6692 View 0115 647 6692
Photo of Sarah Jane Lewin, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Sarah Jane Lewin
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
If you can resonate with any of the above or are experiencing difficulty wirh PTSD from other single traumatic events then please get in touch, I am happy to answer any questions you may have.
I work with adults to heal trauma. I specialise in working with adults who have experienced childhood emotional neglect from emotionally immature or narcissistic parents. I have extensive training in treating trauma, using innovative neurobiological body-brain techniques, such as eye movement and Brainspotting to release negative emotions and limiting beliefs and reduce anxiety, build confidence, a deeper sense of self, increased resilience to stress, and greater connection to self and others, while allowing you to finally experience calm and inner peace, and live the life you always hoped was possible.
If you can resonate with any of the above or are experiencing difficulty wirh PTSD from other single traumatic events then please get in touch, I am happy to answer any questions you may have.
I work with adults to heal trauma. I specialise in working with adults who have experienced childhood emotional neglect from emotionally immature or narcissistic parents. I have extensive training in treating trauma, using innovative neurobiological body-brain techniques, such as eye movement and Brainspotting to release negative emotions and limiting beliefs and reduce anxiety, build confidence, a deeper sense of self, increased resilience to stress, and greater connection to self and others, while allowing you to finally experience calm and inner peace, and live the life you always hoped was possible.
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Photo of Dawn Walters - Andrelax, Psychotherapist, MHGI
Andrelax
Psychotherapist, MHGI
Verified Verified
I deal with all issues: depression, anxiety, relaxation, panic disorders, phobias, school refusal, anger, PTSD, OCD, public speaking, children, well-being, grief counselling, relationship counselling and adoloscents.
Human givens practitioners offer practical, solution-focused help that deals with mental and emotional distress in the here and now. They won’t waste time just endlessly listening to you or attempting to dredge up real or imagined miserable memories from the past. Nor do they deal in time-wasting so-called voyages of ‘self-discovery’… Their psychotherapy training ensures that they have a sound body of evidence-based knowledge and the proven skills to help both adults and children as quickly as possible with a wide variety of emotional and behavioural difficulties.
I deal with all issues: depression, anxiety, relaxation, panic disorders, phobias, school refusal, anger, PTSD, OCD, public speaking, children, well-being, grief counselling, relationship counselling and adoloscents.
Human givens practitioners offer practical, solution-focused help that deals with mental and emotional distress in the here and now. They won’t waste time just endlessly listening to you or attempting to dredge up real or imagined miserable memories from the past. Nor do they deal in time-wasting so-called voyages of ‘self-discovery’… Their psychotherapy training ensures that they have a sound body of evidence-based knowledge and the proven skills to help both adults and children as quickly as possible with a wide variety of emotional and behavioural difficulties.
0115 697 1253 View 0115 697 1253
Photo of Jennifer Steans, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Forensic Psych.
Jennifer Steans
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Forensic Psych.
Verified Verified
Waitlist for new clients
My specialist areas are trauma (including complex PTSD) and working with neurodivergent clients (either formally diagnosed or self-identifying).
I work with trauma and ptsd, personality difficulties and disorders, anxiety, addiction, depression, discrimination, family issues, low self-esteem, phobias, relationship issues, and stress.
My specialist areas are trauma (including complex PTSD) and working with neurodivergent clients (either formally diagnosed or self-identifying).
I work with trauma and ptsd, personality difficulties and disorders, anxiety, addiction, depression, discrimination, family issues, low self-esteem, phobias, relationship issues, and stress.
0115 647 0290 View 0115 647 0290
Photo of Dr Calvin Mafura - Counselling Spring and Bloom , Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Counselling Spring and Bloom
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I work with clients struggling with trauma, PTSD, anxiety, and depression, often linked to relationships or family.
I am an experienced mental health Practitioner and a Counselling Psychologist, chartered through the BPS. I am also registered with the Health and Care Professions Council HCPC. I have gained extensive experience within the National Health Service NHS and private mental health sectors, specialist interest in trauma, depression, anxiety, self-harm, self-esteem, and supporting individuals from diverse backgrounds.
I work with clients struggling with trauma, PTSD, anxiety, and depression, often linked to relationships or family.
I am an experienced mental health Practitioner and a Counselling Psychologist, chartered through the BPS. I am also registered with the Health and Care Professions Council HCPC. I have gained extensive experience within the National Health Service NHS and private mental health sectors, specialist interest in trauma, depression, anxiety, self-harm, self-esteem, and supporting individuals from diverse backgrounds.
0115 647 6053 View 0115 647 6053
Photo of Millicent Cecile Brissett, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Millicent Cecile Brissett
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
My name is Millicent Brissett and I am a BABCP-accredited CBT Therapist. I hold over 10 years of professional experience working as a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. I have extensive experience in the mental health field spanning over three decades. I am a highly motivated experienced and empathetic therapist who values maintaining high practice standards. I have developed and maintained therapeutic relationships with clients by empowering them through a contractual approach to treatment. My therapeutic approach is focused on supporting clients and their support network to enrich their emotional recovery.
My name is Millicent Brissett and I am a BABCP-accredited CBT Therapist. I hold over 10 years of professional experience working as a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. I have extensive experience in the mental health field spanning over three decades. I am a highly motivated experienced and empathetic therapist who values maintaining high practice standards. I have developed and maintained therapeutic relationships with clients by empowering them through a contractual approach to treatment. My therapeutic approach is focused on supporting clients and their support network to enrich their emotional recovery.
01623 579036 View 01623 579036
Photo of April Agustudottir, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
April Agustudottir
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
I have worked with issues such as child sexual abuse, infidelity, domestic abuse, childhood trauma, bereavement, PTSD, anxiety and depression.
Using a psychodynamic approach, I offer both comfort and support while working with current issues such as anxiety, depression, stress, or bereavement and traumatic experiences both in childhood and adulthood. I can help you reflect on your past experiences and connect them with current issues— helping you better understand yourself, your thoughts, actions, and the relationships you have in your life. I will offer you a safe space where you can speak freely about your thoughts, feelings and concerns. These issues are reflected within a confidential and empathetic environment, building a safe and non-judgemental space.
I have worked with issues such as child sexual abuse, infidelity, domestic abuse, childhood trauma, bereavement, PTSD, anxiety and depression.
Using a psychodynamic approach, I offer both comfort and support while working with current issues such as anxiety, depression, stress, or bereavement and traumatic experiences both in childhood and adulthood. I can help you reflect on your past experiences and connect them with current issues— helping you better understand yourself, your thoughts, actions, and the relationships you have in your life. I will offer you a safe space where you can speak freely about your thoughts, feelings and concerns. These issues are reflected within a confidential and empathetic environment, building a safe and non-judgemental space.
0115 647 6740 View 0115 647 6740
Photo of Dr Katrina Lake Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Katrina Lake Consultant Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Originally developed for PTSD, EMDR is now widely recognised for addressing various psychological issues.
When you need support, accessing the right help is important. Whether you’re concerned about your mental health, seeking to address past traumas, or noticing unhelpful patterns in your relationships, I am here to help. I offer both brief and longer term therapy, drawing on my specialist training and extensive experience in a variety of therapeutic approaches, including EMDR, CBT, and IFS. Together, we can identify the most effective approach, or a combination of approaches, tailored to your needs. Therapy sessions are flexible, scheduled weekly or bi-weekly, at a time that suits you.
Originally developed for PTSD, EMDR is now widely recognised for addressing various psychological issues.
When you need support, accessing the right help is important. Whether you’re concerned about your mental health, seeking to address past traumas, or noticing unhelpful patterns in your relationships, I am here to help. I offer both brief and longer term therapy, drawing on my specialist training and extensive experience in a variety of therapeutic approaches, including EMDR, CBT, and IFS. Together, we can identify the most effective approach, or a combination of approaches, tailored to your needs. Therapy sessions are flexible, scheduled weekly or bi-weekly, at a time that suits you.
01273 092800 View 01273 092800
Photo of Sophie Travis, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Sophie Travis
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I have worked with a diverse group of clients over the past 6 years of my professional career, issues ranging from and involving addiction, eating disorders, incest, rape, suicide, self-harm, BPD, sexuality, trauma, complex PTSD, sex work, domestic abuse, childhood abuse, narcissistic abuse etc.
I work primarily with neurodiverse and LGBTQA+ clients, offering a safe, unconditionally supportive and confidential environment for us to work together to resolve any issues you may feel present in your life and to support with resilience builiding in day to day life. Sometimes, seeking help from a certified expert is the best way to put things into perspective. As a committed, professional Psychotherapist working within Manchester and the wider UK your well-being and mental health are my top priority.
I have worked with a diverse group of clients over the past 6 years of my professional career, issues ranging from and involving addiction, eating disorders, incest, rape, suicide, self-harm, BPD, sexuality, trauma, complex PTSD, sex work, domestic abuse, childhood abuse, narcissistic abuse etc.
I work primarily with neurodiverse and LGBTQA+ clients, offering a safe, unconditionally supportive and confidential environment for us to work together to resolve any issues you may feel present in your life and to support with resilience builiding in day to day life. Sometimes, seeking help from a certified expert is the best way to put things into perspective. As a committed, professional Psychotherapist working within Manchester and the wider UK your well-being and mental health are my top priority.
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Photo of Rukhsana Manir, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Rukhsana Manir
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Hi, I’m a trauma-informed Counsellor, an EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) Therapist, yoga teacher and a Mindfulness practitioner I specialise in working with people who have been through psychological trauma, PTSD and difficult experiences.
Are you feeling a sense of stuckness, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, coming to terms with childhood abuse, sexual abuse, Anger, Fear, Loss, Exhaustion, Overwhelming feelings, or Inability to cope, maybe there is something that's not mentioned here that you are struggling with and would like to address. I work collaboratively with you so you can untangle, address, and explore possible solutions that support you towards building a more peaceful and fulfilling life.
Hi, I’m a trauma-informed Counsellor, an EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) Therapist, yoga teacher and a Mindfulness practitioner I specialise in working with people who have been through psychological trauma, PTSD and difficult experiences.
Are you feeling a sense of stuckness, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, coming to terms with childhood abuse, sexual abuse, Anger, Fear, Loss, Exhaustion, Overwhelming feelings, or Inability to cope, maybe there is something that's not mentioned here that you are struggling with and would like to address. I work collaboratively with you so you can untangle, address, and explore possible solutions that support you towards building a more peaceful and fulfilling life.
01283 243833 View 01283 243833
Photo of Maya Patrizia Gagni, Counsellor, MA, MBACP Accred
Maya Patrizia Gagni
Counsellor, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Counsellor/Psychotherapist, Dramatherapist, Supervisor, Equine Facilitated Psychotherapist, Trauma Therapist and EMDR accredited practitioner with more than 20 years experience of working with a variety of presenting issues including complex PTSD.
I have extensive experience in the trauma sector. I have worked in the Domestic and Sexual abuse sector for many years, supporting clients through their healing process. I also work with veterans, front-line workers and responders, and have provided Critical Incident Debrief after some traumatic events.
I am a Counsellor/Psychotherapist, Dramatherapist, Supervisor, Equine Facilitated Psychotherapist, Trauma Therapist and EMDR accredited practitioner with more than 20 years experience of working with a variety of presenting issues including complex PTSD.
I have extensive experience in the trauma sector. I have worked in the Domestic and Sexual abuse sector for many years, supporting clients through their healing process. I also work with veterans, front-line workers and responders, and have provided Critical Incident Debrief after some traumatic events.
01623 272429 View 01623 272429
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See more therapy options for Nottingham

Trauma and PTSD Counsellors

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.