Counselling in Newcastle upon Tyne

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Photo of Dr Helen Ross, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Helen Ross
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
1 Endorsed
My name is Helen and I am a HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist. I have a compassionate, patient, and thoughtful approach, and value a person-centred ethos to guide therapy. I have a total of 10 years’ experience in community and inpatient mental health services, supporting children, adults, and older adults with a range of mental health and neurodivergent needs. My background includes CAMHS, adult services, psychological therapy for NHS staff, and women’s health. I offer therapy for various psychological needs, including (but not limited to) depression, anxiety, trauma, relational difficulties, shame, and low self-esteem.
My name is Helen and I am a HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist. I have a compassionate, patient, and thoughtful approach, and value a person-centred ethos to guide therapy. I have a total of 10 years’ experience in community and inpatient mental health services, supporting children, adults, and older adults with a range of mental health and neurodivergent needs. My background includes CAMHS, adult services, psychological therapy for NHS staff, and women’s health. I offer therapy for various psychological needs, including (but not limited to) depression, anxiety, trauma, relational difficulties, shame, and low self-esteem.
0191 743 9642 View 0191 743 9642
Photo of Dr Barbara Medea, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Barbara Medea
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Not accepting new clients
Do you often get overwhelmed with difficult emotions, thoughts or memories and find it hard to cope? Do you ever feel like not fitting in? Do you often beat yourself up or feel like your own worst enemy? I know first hand what it means to deal with these issues and therapy has helped me tremendously with them. I have then trained in evidence-based approaches like CBT to support people like you heal from painful life experiences, learn how to cope with their emotions and thoughts and feel more content within themselves. I am a native Italian psychologist and can also help clients who deal with difficulties related to being an expat.
Do you often get overwhelmed with difficult emotions, thoughts or memories and find it hard to cope? Do you ever feel like not fitting in? Do you often beat yourself up or feel like your own worst enemy? I know first hand what it means to deal with these issues and therapy has helped me tremendously with them. I have then trained in evidence-based approaches like CBT to support people like you heal from painful life experiences, learn how to cope with their emotions and thoughts and feel more content within themselves. I am a native Italian psychologist and can also help clients who deal with difficulties related to being an expat.
0191 743 9442 View 0191 743 9442
Photo of Richard Swan, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Richard Swan
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
1 Endorsed
I am an accredited CBT and EMDR therapist with a passion for helping people find their way through life's challenges. I have been working in mental health services for over 15 years and practicing CBT since 2012 and EMDR since 2015. I also currently supervise CBT therapists and trainees in secondary care services on complex cases.
I am an accredited CBT and EMDR therapist with a passion for helping people find their way through life's challenges. I have been working in mental health services for over 15 years and practicing CBT since 2012 and EMDR since 2015. I also currently supervise CBT therapists and trainees in secondary care services on complex cases.
0191 743 2875 View 0191 743 2875
Photo of Dr Carolyn Law, Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Carolyn Law
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Most importantly, I work with people, not diagnoses or labels. I specialise in working with those with a history of trauma, whether that’s one off events such as a car crash, sexual assault or attack, or layers of trauma in the form of childhood neglect/abuse, a military/medical career or an abusive relationship. I try to help my patients overcome their ongoing reactions to this trauma, such as nightmares, flashbacks, intrusive memories, high levels of anxiety and poor sleep. I also work with people experiencing moral injury and survivors guilt. Additionally, those experiencing depression, anxiety, OCD and relationship issues.
Most importantly, I work with people, not diagnoses or labels. I specialise in working with those with a history of trauma, whether that’s one off events such as a car crash, sexual assault or attack, or layers of trauma in the form of childhood neglect/abuse, a military/medical career or an abusive relationship. I try to help my patients overcome their ongoing reactions to this trauma, such as nightmares, flashbacks, intrusive memories, high levels of anxiety and poor sleep. I also work with people experiencing moral injury and survivors guilt. Additionally, those experiencing depression, anxiety, OCD and relationship issues.
01661 523736 View 01661 523736
Photo of Angela Watters, Counsellor, MBACP
Angela Watters
Counsellor, MBACP
Hi, my name is Angie, I am a qualified, registered and integrative counsellor. As an integrative counsellor I can use flexibility and adaptation to allow us to work together on your unique journey in therapy. in our ever-evolving world we can often feel uncertain, anxious, unmotivated, or stuck. Exploring these feelings can help in regaining insight, possibility and hope. I am experienced in working with anxiety, stress, trauma, relationships, and facilitate a bereavement support group for a local counselling service.
Hi, my name is Angie, I am a qualified, registered and integrative counsellor. As an integrative counsellor I can use flexibility and adaptation to allow us to work together on your unique journey in therapy. in our ever-evolving world we can often feel uncertain, anxious, unmotivated, or stuck. Exploring these feelings can help in regaining insight, possibility and hope. I am experienced in working with anxiety, stress, trauma, relationships, and facilitate a bereavement support group for a local counselling service.
0191 743 2630 View 0191 743 2630
Photo of Megan Primrose, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Megan Primrose
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
1 Endorsed
I understand it can feel hard to be vulnerable and share your story. I’ll work gently at your pace, checking in to make sure it feels right for you. I’m a registered member MBACP (Accred) psychotherapeutic counsellor for children and young people, with years of experience supporting women too. I often work with those who feel low, worn out, anxious or unseen—who carry quiet feelings of not being good enough, or not truly mattering. Many I support are neurodivergent or tend to care for others while neglecting their own needs, often feeling burnt out, hopeless or uncertain about the future.
I understand it can feel hard to be vulnerable and share your story. I’ll work gently at your pace, checking in to make sure it feels right for you. I’m a registered member MBACP (Accred) psychotherapeutic counsellor for children and young people, with years of experience supporting women too. I often work with those who feel low, worn out, anxious or unseen—who carry quiet feelings of not being good enough, or not truly mattering. Many I support are neurodivergent or tend to care for others while neglecting their own needs, often feeling burnt out, hopeless or uncertain about the future.
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Photo of Rachel Thomlinson, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Rachel Thomlinson
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
I provide support across the lifespan and can support with a wide range of difficulties, including anxiety, low mood, trauma and relationship difficulties. I have specialist experience working with Children and Young People, and will work systemically with you, as well as individually with your child, to support your child's social and emotional development. I also provide parent/carer support, from pregnancy through to adolescence. I will support you to adopt a parenting approach that will enhance your child’s social and emotional development, and will work with you to understand any triggers that might get in the way.
I provide support across the lifespan and can support with a wide range of difficulties, including anxiety, low mood, trauma and relationship difficulties. I have specialist experience working with Children and Young People, and will work systemically with you, as well as individually with your child, to support your child's social and emotional development. I also provide parent/carer support, from pregnancy through to adolescence. I will support you to adopt a parenting approach that will enhance your child’s social and emotional development, and will work with you to understand any triggers that might get in the way.
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Photo of Holly Lynn, Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Holly Lynn
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
As a qualified psychotherapist, EMDR therapist, and psychosexual therapist, I offer a safe, confidential, and non-judgemental space where you can explore whatever is troubling you. I work with individuals and couples experiencing a range of difficulties, including anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship challenges, low self-esteem, sexual concerns, and the impact of life transitions. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, and tailored to your individual needs, helping you gain greater insight, process difficult experiences, and create meaningful, lasting change.
As a qualified psychotherapist, EMDR therapist, and psychosexual therapist, I offer a safe, confidential, and non-judgemental space where you can explore whatever is troubling you. I work with individuals and couples experiencing a range of difficulties, including anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship challenges, low self-esteem, sexual concerns, and the impact of life transitions. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, and tailored to your individual needs, helping you gain greater insight, process difficult experiences, and create meaningful, lasting change.
0191 743 1815 View 0191 743 1815
Photo of Marina Oliveira de Carvalho, Psychologist, MA, CPsychol
Marina Oliveira de Carvalho
Psychologist, MA, CPsychol
Hi there! I'm Marina, a psychologist with a Master's in Clinical Psychology at the Jungian Studies Centre in São Paulo and a PhD Course in Human Sexuality in Portugal. I'm from Brazil and currently living in Newcastle. I'm an open-minded therapist who offers an empathic and non- judgmental environment. I work with people online and in-person in English or Portuguese.
Hi there! I'm Marina, a psychologist with a Master's in Clinical Psychology at the Jungian Studies Centre in São Paulo and a PhD Course in Human Sexuality in Portugal. I'm from Brazil and currently living in Newcastle. I'm an open-minded therapist who offers an empathic and non- judgmental environment. I work with people online and in-person in English or Portuguese.
0191 743 0555 View 0191 743 0555
Photo of Daniel Saul Crump, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Daniel Saul Crump
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Online Only
I am trained in Relational Integrative Therapy, meaning I focus primarily on building the most conducive therapeutic relationship between myself and the client. I believe we are all autonomous agents looking to take ownership over our own mental well being with a therapist who is able to collaborate with them and offer unconditional support. I look to keep myself informed on a wide variety of approaches, but place a particular emphasis on psychodynamic therapy, which explores childhood and early life experiences in order to foster self awareness and freedom from harmful behavioural patterns.
I am trained in Relational Integrative Therapy, meaning I focus primarily on building the most conducive therapeutic relationship between myself and the client. I believe we are all autonomous agents looking to take ownership over our own mental well being with a therapist who is able to collaborate with them and offer unconditional support. I look to keep myself informed on a wide variety of approaches, but place a particular emphasis on psychodynamic therapy, which explores childhood and early life experiences in order to foster self awareness and freedom from harmful behavioural patterns.
0191 743 4524 View 0191 743 4524
Photo of Tabitha Appleby, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Tabitha Appleby
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am BACP Accredited Psychotherapist, EMDR Practitioner Accredited with EMDR Association, BACP Accredited CBT Therapist and BACP Couples Therapist. I am only working online. I feel that therapy is relational and as such I always offer a free telephone call in which you can get a sense of me and how I work, and we can find out if I am the right therapist for you.
I am BACP Accredited Psychotherapist, EMDR Practitioner Accredited with EMDR Association, BACP Accredited CBT Therapist and BACP Couples Therapist. I am only working online. I feel that therapy is relational and as such I always offer a free telephone call in which you can get a sense of me and how I work, and we can find out if I am the right therapist for you.
01798 304026 View 01798 304026
Photo of Joe Parkins, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Joe Parkins
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Hi there. My name is Joe, I’m a psychotherapist specialising in the treatment of anxiety disorders. After being housebound for years due to severe panic disorder & agoraphobia throughout my teens and early twenties, I was eventually able to overcome my anxiety and began pursuing a career as a psychotherapist. I went on to gain my Bachelor of Arts in Counselling at The University of Sunderland and a Post-Graduate Diploma in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (IAPT) at Teesside University. I am an accredited member of The British Association for Cognitive & Behavioural Psychotherapies.
Hi there. My name is Joe, I’m a psychotherapist specialising in the treatment of anxiety disorders. After being housebound for years due to severe panic disorder & agoraphobia throughout my teens and early twenties, I was eventually able to overcome my anxiety and began pursuing a career as a psychotherapist. I went on to gain my Bachelor of Arts in Counselling at The University of Sunderland and a Post-Graduate Diploma in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (IAPT) at Teesside University. I am an accredited member of The British Association for Cognitive & Behavioural Psychotherapies.
0191 743 3662 View 0191 743 3662
Photo of Jeannie Davison, Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Jeannie Davison
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Are you looking for a warm and supportive therapeutic environment to enable you make changes, heal and grow? I am an experienced UKCP registered counsellor/psychotherapist providing therapy tailored to meet your specific needs. I am qualified to and experienced in working with all mental health issues. I will always ask what the goal of therapy is for you and work with you in planning the best way for us to make sure that this is achieved.
Are you looking for a warm and supportive therapeutic environment to enable you make changes, heal and grow? I am an experienced UKCP registered counsellor/psychotherapist providing therapy tailored to meet your specific needs. I am qualified to and experienced in working with all mental health issues. I will always ask what the goal of therapy is for you and work with you in planning the best way for us to make sure that this is achieved.
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Jessica Devon
Counsellor, MBACP
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
There are many different reasons why people seek counselling. Whatever your reasons, I promise that I'll meet you with empathy and compassion. I use a client-centred approach which means that sessions can be tailored to fit your unique needs. Whether you're stuggling with depression, anxiety, family problems, or anything in between, we can work together to help you work through your troubles.
There are many different reasons why people seek counselling. Whatever your reasons, I promise that I'll meet you with empathy and compassion. I use a client-centred approach which means that sessions can be tailored to fit your unique needs. Whether you're stuggling with depression, anxiety, family problems, or anything in between, we can work together to help you work through your troubles.
01325 521061 View 01325 521061
Photo of San Ting Tonya Leung, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
San Ting Tonya Leung
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Online Only
Many people come to therapy during times of change or emotional uncertainty—relationship difficulties, loss or bereavement, career transitions, or questions around identity. These experiences can feel heavy, especially when you’ve been carrying them alone. Before becoming a counsellor, I worked as a mental health nurse in Hong Kong, supporting people through complex emotional challenges. I offer therapy in English, Cantonese, and Mandarin, and I’m mindful of cultural and family dynamics. I provide a neutral, compassionate space to help you gain clarity, feel supported, and reconnect with your inner strengths.
Many people come to therapy during times of change or emotional uncertainty—relationship difficulties, loss or bereavement, career transitions, or questions around identity. These experiences can feel heavy, especially when you’ve been carrying them alone. Before becoming a counsellor, I worked as a mental health nurse in Hong Kong, supporting people through complex emotional challenges. I offer therapy in English, Cantonese, and Mandarin, and I’m mindful of cultural and family dynamics. I provide a neutral, compassionate space to help you gain clarity, feel supported, and reconnect with your inner strengths.
01661 521134 View 01661 521134
Photo of Ailsa Jane Woods - Ailsa Woods , Psychotherapist
Ailsa Woods
Psychotherapist
1 Endorsed
I appreciate that choosing a therapist can feel difficult, so I hope this gives you an idea of who I am and helps you in your decision making. I have a background of over thirty years experience working in mental health as a Registered Nurse, before training as a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. I believe effective therapy is based on you and I working together, not only to understand what is happening for you, but to consider a way forward underpinned by evidence based approaches. Developing a greater understanding of what is happening for you can also help you to develop techniques you can use if similar issues should reoccur.
I appreciate that choosing a therapist can feel difficult, so I hope this gives you an idea of who I am and helps you in your decision making. I have a background of over thirty years experience working in mental health as a Registered Nurse, before training as a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. I believe effective therapy is based on you and I working together, not only to understand what is happening for you, but to consider a way forward underpinned by evidence based approaches. Developing a greater understanding of what is happening for you can also help you to develop techniques you can use if similar issues should reoccur.
0191 743 7440 View 0191 743 7440
Photo of Peter Robinson-Vernon, Counsellor, MBACP
I have a wide range of experience in clinical issues, I have worked with a range of ages from three years to sixty six year old clients. Specialising in Sex therapy, anger management, stress, anxiety and LGBTQIA+ issues, relationships and men's issues. All mental health issues can be talked about in person or via cyber counselling. I also offer experienced clinical supervision for counsellors, feel free to contact me for more information
I have a wide range of experience in clinical issues, I have worked with a range of ages from three years to sixty six year old clients. Specialising in Sex therapy, anger management, stress, anxiety and LGBTQIA+ issues, relationships and men's issues. All mental health issues can be talked about in person or via cyber counselling. I also offer experienced clinical supervision for counsellors, feel free to contact me for more information
0191 917 9619 View 0191 917 9619
Photo of Honey Summers, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Honey Summers
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Do you feel weighed down by worry, stress and the demands of your life? Do you feel anxious, or depressed or low, or unmotivated and like you have lost the best part of you? Maybe you feel like you have never been able to discover the best part of you? Do you have unwanted thoughts, memories or images which you can't keep out of your mind? Are you worried about not being in the right relationship, or the right job? Do you feel confused about your feelings or unsure of the right decision to make? Do you feel like you have lost hope? You might feel lonely and unable to talk to family or friends about how you feel.
Do you feel weighed down by worry, stress and the demands of your life? Do you feel anxious, or depressed or low, or unmotivated and like you have lost the best part of you? Maybe you feel like you have never been able to discover the best part of you? Do you have unwanted thoughts, memories or images which you can't keep out of your mind? Are you worried about not being in the right relationship, or the right job? Do you feel confused about your feelings or unsure of the right decision to make? Do you feel like you have lost hope? You might feel lonely and unable to talk to family or friends about how you feel.
0191 814 7128 View 0191 814 7128
Photo of Lyndsey Waugh, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Lyndsey Waugh
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
I am a professionally qualified psychotherapist, supervisor and trainer. Establishing in private practice in 2013, with private practices in Gosforth and Monkseaton. My knowledge and skills have developed through my psychotherapeutic work in private practice, I will share this knowledge with you where it would be helpful, to enable you to develop tools to use in everyday life beyond therapy. I’m particularly proud of my track record over the last nearly 10 years as a Psychotherapist & in practice, I consider myself friendly and warming, my passion, innovative ideas and solutions particularly around psycho-education with and adults.
I am a professionally qualified psychotherapist, supervisor and trainer. Establishing in private practice in 2013, with private practices in Gosforth and Monkseaton. My knowledge and skills have developed through my psychotherapeutic work in private practice, I will share this knowledge with you where it would be helpful, to enable you to develop tools to use in everyday life beyond therapy. I’m particularly proud of my track record over the last nearly 10 years as a Psychotherapist & in practice, I consider myself friendly and warming, my passion, innovative ideas and solutions particularly around psycho-education with and adults.
0191 743 9785 View 0191 743 9785
Photo of Alice Boyd, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Alice Boyd
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
I am Alice Boyd, an accredited NCPS registered psychotherapeutic counsellor, working with adults facing varying difficulties in life, from a diverse range of social and cultural backgrounds. I offer client-led pluralistic counselling. What does this mean? Put simply, every individual is unique and as such we all have different needs. You are the expert in what works for you. Together we can draw on a range of therapeutic methods to help you reach your full potential. Flexibility depending on individual needs is key in my therapeutic approach.
I am Alice Boyd, an accredited NCPS registered psychotherapeutic counsellor, working with adults facing varying difficulties in life, from a diverse range of social and cultural backgrounds. I offer client-led pluralistic counselling. What does this mean? Put simply, every individual is unique and as such we all have different needs. You are the expert in what works for you. Together we can draw on a range of therapeutic methods to help you reach your full potential. Flexibility depending on individual needs is key in my therapeutic approach.
01207 265936 View 01207 265936

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Newcastle upon Tyne

200+

Average cost per session

£65

Counsellors in Newcastle upon Tyne who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
87% Depression
85% Self Esteem
79% Stress
77% Relationship Issues
74% Trauma and PTSD
74% Complex PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Aviva
69% AXA PPP
67% Bupa

How Counsellors in Newcastle upon Tyne see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
21% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Newcastle upon Tyne?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.