Counselling in Malpas

Photo of David Dodd, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
David Dodd
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Online Only
Life can feel overwhelming at times, but you don’t have to navigate it alone.
Life can feel overwhelming at times, but you don’t have to navigate it alone.
01829 708174 View 01829 708174
Photo of Lesley Ann Greenwood, Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Lesley Ann Greenwood
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Malpas SY14
We all need to talk to someone at times, right now life is extremely difficult for many of us! Talking issues through is often the best way to deal with our conflicting emotions. I specialise in depression, anxiety, ​and weight management, along with mid-life transitions and relationship counseling. I believe talking to someone totally unconnected to the problem can help clients see their situation through fresh eyes. I use a combination of therapies to help clients restructure their lives and issues. I am based in a private location in South Cheshire. I also have clients based around the globe via video. Discretion is paramount!
We all need to talk to someone at times, right now life is extremely difficult for many of us! Talking issues through is often the best way to deal with our conflicting emotions. I specialise in depression, anxiety, ​and weight management, along with mid-life transitions and relationship counseling. I believe talking to someone totally unconnected to the problem can help clients see their situation through fresh eyes. I use a combination of therapies to help clients restructure their lives and issues. I am based in a private location in South Cheshire. I also have clients based around the globe via video. Discretion is paramount!
07449 891922 View 07449 891922
Photo of Sarah Jones, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Sarah Jones
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi I'm Sarah, as a therapist I love helping people who've been through troubles in life and can't pretend they are OK any longer.  If you've come to that moment where you know you need help processing past experiences to feel better for your future then I have the knowledge and expertise to help. With nearly a decade of experience as a qualified therapist, I have crafted my unique empathetic approach grounded in neuroscience and compassion.
Hi I'm Sarah, as a therapist I love helping people who've been through troubles in life and can't pretend they are OK any longer.  If you've come to that moment where you know you need help processing past experiences to feel better for your future then I have the knowledge and expertise to help. With nearly a decade of experience as a qualified therapist, I have crafted my unique empathetic approach grounded in neuroscience and compassion.
01270 433316 View 01270 433316

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Zara Kyd, Counsellor, MBACP
Zara Kyd
Counsellor, MBACP
3 Endorsed
Crewe CW1
Life can feel more than unkind to us at times, and it can feel rather lonely amid these overwhelming challenges too, particularly if you feel trapped in a negative cycle. Working as an experienced, Qualified Person Centred Counsellor, I am dedicated to providing a professional, safe, confidential and non-judgemental space to support you in building an understanding of your own thoughts and feelings, empowering you to make the changes you need to find inner peace and happiness
Life can feel more than unkind to us at times, and it can feel rather lonely amid these overwhelming challenges too, particularly if you feel trapped in a negative cycle. Working as an experienced, Qualified Person Centred Counsellor, I am dedicated to providing a professional, safe, confidential and non-judgemental space to support you in building an understanding of your own thoughts and feelings, empowering you to make the changes you need to find inner peace and happiness
01270 433352 View 01270 433352
Photo of Dr Kelly Savery, Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Kelly Savery
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
22 Endorsed
Serves Area
If you are a trauma survivor, I see you. I’m here for you. I provide a safe space to explore what happened to you. Together, we’ll find ways to manage the psychological and physiological distress that is a result of trauma. You are not alone. My collaborative process creates a safe space for you to work through your traumatic experience(s) and come out stronger on the other side. I will empower you to make choices to live your life in accordance with your values and beliefs. I am an inclusive therapist and work with everyone who has experienced trauma, including marginalized and under-represented groups of people.
If you are a trauma survivor, I see you. I’m here for you. I provide a safe space to explore what happened to you. Together, we’ll find ways to manage the psychological and physiological distress that is a result of trauma. You are not alone. My collaborative process creates a safe space for you to work through your traumatic experience(s) and come out stronger on the other side. I will empower you to make choices to live your life in accordance with your values and beliefs. I am an inclusive therapist and work with everyone who has experienced trauma, including marginalized and under-represented groups of people.
0161 524 4354 View 0161 524 4354
Photo of Liz Bunting - Kaleidoscope Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Kaleidoscope Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Hello, my name is Liz. I am a UKCP Accredited Child & Adolescent Psychotherapist, Registered Member with BACP. I provide empathic & effective treatment in a safe & confidential therapeutic space to adolescents & adults experiencing ADHD, Anxiety, Depression, Low mood or Motivation, difficulties Making Decisions, Trust, or Transitions such as University, housing or career, bereavement (animal or human) are feeling angry, numb or lost and vulnerable, believing there is nowhere to turn I want to support you through this time. I offer a comfortable therapy room in Nantwich or outdoor private forest therapy or online.
Hello, my name is Liz. I am a UKCP Accredited Child & Adolescent Psychotherapist, Registered Member with BACP. I provide empathic & effective treatment in a safe & confidential therapeutic space to adolescents & adults experiencing ADHD, Anxiety, Depression, Low mood or Motivation, difficulties Making Decisions, Trust, or Transitions such as University, housing or career, bereavement (animal or human) are feeling angry, numb or lost and vulnerable, believing there is nowhere to turn I want to support you through this time. I offer a comfortable therapy room in Nantwich or outdoor private forest therapy or online.
07970 920805 View 07970 920805
Photo of Vik Dudley, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Vik Dudley
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I follow a person-centred approach, which means that the client knows best what they need. I offer a safe place for you to explore your issues, whilst receiving support and acceptance, so that you can find your own way to being more authentic. I work one-on-one, both face-to-face and online. I offer as many sessions as you need, providing you with a place to explore your problems safely, without judgement. You can arrive at therapy with a goal, however vague.
I follow a person-centred approach, which means that the client knows best what they need. I offer a safe place for you to explore your issues, whilst receiving support and acceptance, so that you can find your own way to being more authentic. I work one-on-one, both face-to-face and online. I offer as many sessions as you need, providing you with a place to explore your problems safely, without judgement. You can arrive at therapy with a goal, however vague.
01538 710667 View 01538 710667
Photo of Claire Whitney - Whitney Therapy, Counsellor, MSc, MNCPS Acc.
Whitney Therapy
Counsellor, MSc, MNCPS Acc.
I am an NCPS registered Counsellor serving the Crewe, Newcastle under Lyme and Stoke-on-Trent area in face to face and online sessions.  I work at a charity supporting women and men over 16 years of age who have experienced abuse, childhood sexual abuse, rape and domestic violence. I provide staff support for a mental health charity and have ten years of experience working in the NHS and have five years of experience working in corporate environments.
I am an NCPS registered Counsellor serving the Crewe, Newcastle under Lyme and Stoke-on-Trent area in face to face and online sessions.  I work at a charity supporting women and men over 16 years of age who have experienced abuse, childhood sexual abuse, rape and domestic violence. I provide staff support for a mental health charity and have ten years of experience working in the NHS and have five years of experience working in corporate environments.
07826 379292 View 07826 379292
Photo of Dr Lucy Flitton, Psychologist, PhD, FMBPsS
Dr Lucy Flitton
Psychologist, PhD, FMBPsS
Online Only
Do you struggle with anxiety and self-esteem that affects your day-to-day life, and your relationships? Do you feel overwhelmed by your emotions, and wonder whether you will ever be able to manage them? Do you hope to be able to gain a sense of control over your life? Now more than ever, people are feeling uncertain about their ability to connect to others and the world around them. If you can relate to these difficulties, I can help you develop healthy coping mechanisms to build a life of meaning and purpose. By working together, you will re-connect with your strengths to help you build greater resilience to help you flourish.
Do you struggle with anxiety and self-esteem that affects your day-to-day life, and your relationships? Do you feel overwhelmed by your emotions, and wonder whether you will ever be able to manage them? Do you hope to be able to gain a sense of control over your life? Now more than ever, people are feeling uncertain about their ability to connect to others and the world around them. If you can relate to these difficulties, I can help you develop healthy coping mechanisms to build a life of meaning and purpose. By working together, you will re-connect with your strengths to help you build greater resilience to help you flourish.
01244 564148 View 01244 564148
Photo of Dr Lee Martin, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Lee Martin
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Serves Area
I am a Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years of experience working with individuals and couples experiencing a wide-range of emotional difficulties. I understand that reaching out for help may feel difficult and I offer a free initial consultation where we can introduce ourselves, understand the problem and discuss options for moving forward. I have extensive experience specialising in areas such as relationships, trauma/PTSD, addictions, loss, and adjustment.
I am a Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years of experience working with individuals and couples experiencing a wide-range of emotional difficulties. I understand that reaching out for help may feel difficult and I offer a free initial consultation where we can introduce ourselves, understand the problem and discuss options for moving forward. I have extensive experience specialising in areas such as relationships, trauma/PTSD, addictions, loss, and adjustment.
01625 708951 View 01625 708951
Photo of Victoria White, Counsellor, MBACP
Victoria White
Counsellor, MBACP
Serves Area
Hello, I offer individual and couples counselling in person, via Zoom, or by telephone and I have experience working with adults of all ages and varied backgrounds. I support individuals in navigating their traumas and recent experiences that may be holding them back from fully embracing and enjoying life. The focus of therapy is always on your well-being - we will work together at your own pace to find the change and clearer paths. I will support you to feel empowered, find the right balance for you, and could help you to develop long-lasting coping strategies, find your own insights into and understanding of your problems.
Hello, I offer individual and couples counselling in person, via Zoom, or by telephone and I have experience working with adults of all ages and varied backgrounds. I support individuals in navigating their traumas and recent experiences that may be holding them back from fully embracing and enjoying life. The focus of therapy is always on your well-being - we will work together at your own pace to find the change and clearer paths. I will support you to feel empowered, find the right balance for you, and could help you to develop long-lasting coping strategies, find your own insights into and understanding of your problems.
01248 663121 View 01248 663121
Photo of Ruthie Portnoy, Psychotherapist, COSRT General
Ruthie Portnoy
Psychotherapist, COSRT General
Online Only
I work with couples enabling and empowering you to experience renewed passion and connectivity. I also work with individuals empowering you to heal yourself. You may be searching for love and passion perhaps after an empty nest, affairs emotional or physical. At the other end of the scale I help younger couples who are unsure whether to commit to a particular relationship and want guidance, and or coaching. I offer tools and insights how to make relationships improve . Age range of clients is from 18-80 to date.I am passionate about helping people live a rich and meaningful life. Call or message now it’s that easy.
I work with couples enabling and empowering you to experience renewed passion and connectivity. I also work with individuals empowering you to heal yourself. You may be searching for love and passion perhaps after an empty nest, affairs emotional or physical. At the other end of the scale I help younger couples who are unsure whether to commit to a particular relationship and want guidance, and or coaching. I offer tools and insights how to make relationships improve . Age range of clients is from 18-80 to date.I am passionate about helping people live a rich and meaningful life. Call or message now it’s that easy.
0161 509 6460 View 0161 509 6460
Photo of Nigel Cadman, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Nigel Cadman
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
I work in a person-centred manner which means that I value building a positive relationship with clients; working to create a safe and comfortable therapeutic environment. This means that I want you to feel able to talk and express yourself about anything that may be troubling you. We talk about whatever you chose, and you can do so without fear of judgement. This enables you to become more comfortable with things as you discuss your thoughts freely, giving you an opportunity to consider things from different perspectives and over time building your confidence to explore different options and possibilities that are open to you.
I work in a person-centred manner which means that I value building a positive relationship with clients; working to create a safe and comfortable therapeutic environment. This means that I want you to feel able to talk and express yourself about anything that may be troubling you. We talk about whatever you chose, and you can do so without fear of judgement. This enables you to become more comfortable with things as you discuss your thoughts freely, giving you an opportunity to consider things from different perspectives and over time building your confidence to explore different options and possibilities that are open to you.
01270 433834 View 01270 433834
Photo of Dr Aoiffe Kilcommons - Dr Aoiffe Kilcommons, Happiness in Mind., Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Aoiffe Kilcommons, Happiness in Mind.
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Are you looking for lasting happiness & well-being? Dr Kilcommons is a Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Cognitive Analytic Therapist, accredited Cognitive Behaviour Therapist & Brainspotting Therapist; with over 25 years clinical experience across community & inpatient, substance misuse, physical health, forensic & performance settings. She is also EFT Level II, Voice Dialogue & Reiki trained. She specialises in general mental health issues, trauma & working with high performers, largely in elite sports & business. Sessions are held in the strictest of confidence, with compassionate care & tailored to your needs.
Are you looking for lasting happiness & well-being? Dr Kilcommons is a Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Cognitive Analytic Therapist, accredited Cognitive Behaviour Therapist & Brainspotting Therapist; with over 25 years clinical experience across community & inpatient, substance misuse, physical health, forensic & performance settings. She is also EFT Level II, Voice Dialogue & Reiki trained. She specialises in general mental health issues, trauma & working with high performers, largely in elite sports & business. Sessions are held in the strictest of confidence, with compassionate care & tailored to your needs.
0161 524 2228 View 0161 524 2228
Photo of Lyndsay MacAulay, Counsellor, MBACP
Lyndsay MacAulay
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Hi, my name is Lyndsay, I specialise in working with kids, teens, and young adults who are dealing with a variety of problems in their lives -school, EBSA, bullying, self-harm, suicidal thoughts, friendships, family break down, identity issues, social media, anxiety, low mood, depression,or grief and loss to name but a few. I specialise in working with neurodivergent clients and offer a neuroaffirming, strengths based approach. I work with recent and historic sexual, emotional and physical abuse and trauma.
Hi, my name is Lyndsay, I specialise in working with kids, teens, and young adults who are dealing with a variety of problems in their lives -school, EBSA, bullying, self-harm, suicidal thoughts, friendships, family break down, identity issues, social media, anxiety, low mood, depression,or grief and loss to name but a few. I specialise in working with neurodivergent clients and offer a neuroaffirming, strengths based approach. I work with recent and historic sexual, emotional and physical abuse and trauma.
0151 453 1319 View 0151 453 1319
Photo of Susan Mercer - Susan Mercer Therapy, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Susan Mercer Therapy
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Online Only
Alongside my small private practice, my 'day job' is in an NHS Talking Therapies service, within a "step 3 plus" (clinical psychology department) team. I am very passionate about my work! My specialities are; Generalised Anxiety (GAD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), trauma (PTSD/adjustment disorders), and low self-esteem. I also treat depression; specifically triggered by bereavement, life/relationship changes or ongoing/repeated relationship problems (with IPT). My therapy is Neurodivergent affirming, I have done additional training in ADHD; and I have a lot of personal and professional experience with Neurodiversity.
Alongside my small private practice, my 'day job' is in an NHS Talking Therapies service, within a "step 3 plus" (clinical psychology department) team. I am very passionate about my work! My specialities are; Generalised Anxiety (GAD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), trauma (PTSD/adjustment disorders), and low self-esteem. I also treat depression; specifically triggered by bereavement, life/relationship changes or ongoing/repeated relationship problems (with IPT). My therapy is Neurodivergent affirming, I have done additional training in ADHD; and I have a lot of personal and professional experience with Neurodiversity.
01925 984177 View 01925 984177
Photo of Karl Ryan Woolley, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Karl Ryan Woolley
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Crewe CW2
I am an accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) with 20 years of experience of working within a range of psychological settings within both the NHS and private sector. Gathering from my experience, I can utilise various models of therapy such as CBT, EMDR and DBT. I have a particular interest in working with individuals who are struggling with PTSD, both single and complex presentations, using both CBT and EMDR approaches, which I have found to be effective methods. I am also keen to work with individuals who have long term physical health conditions and low self-esteem.
I am an accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) with 20 years of experience of working within a range of psychological settings within both the NHS and private sector. Gathering from my experience, I can utilise various models of therapy such as CBT, EMDR and DBT. I have a particular interest in working with individuals who are struggling with PTSD, both single and complex presentations, using both CBT and EMDR approaches, which I have found to be effective methods. I am also keen to work with individuals who have long term physical health conditions and low self-esteem.
01270 447557 View 01270 447557
Photo of Lee Rowland, Counsellor, MBACP
Lee Rowland
Counsellor, MBACP
I am a trusted Psychodynamic/CBT Therapist. I have helped many break through the obstacles holding them back; I feel life’s too short to be unhappy, unsure or unfulfilled. Let me help you learn and develop better ways to handle the issues that are standing in the way of your goals. I am proficient in issues including, Early Life Experiences, ADHD, Addiction, Alcohol/Drug issues, OCD/Phobias, Anxiety/Depression, Work Related Stress, PTSD, Autistic Spectrum, Bereavement, Anger Management, Domestic Violence, Panic Disorder.
I am a trusted Psychodynamic/CBT Therapist. I have helped many break through the obstacles holding them back; I feel life’s too short to be unhappy, unsure or unfulfilled. Let me help you learn and develop better ways to handle the issues that are standing in the way of your goals. I am proficient in issues including, Early Life Experiences, ADHD, Addiction, Alcohol/Drug issues, OCD/Phobias, Anxiety/Depression, Work Related Stress, PTSD, Autistic Spectrum, Bereavement, Anger Management, Domestic Violence, Panic Disorder.
0151 453 6765 View 0151 453 6765
Photo of Amanda Jane Cassidy, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Amanda Jane Cassidy
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Not accepting new clients
I enjoy working with clients, building a collaborative therapeutic relationship which supports a mutual understanding of their presenting difficulties. My role also helps to increase the client knowledge of evidence-based CBT strategies or EMDR to support beneficial change and reaching the clients identified goals. I draw upon my experiences of working as a cognitive behavioural therapist and mental health nurse, providing a safe, compassionate, and non-judgemental environment where clients can talk openly and access the support they are seeking.
I enjoy working with clients, building a collaborative therapeutic relationship which supports a mutual understanding of their presenting difficulties. My role also helps to increase the client knowledge of evidence-based CBT strategies or EMDR to support beneficial change and reaching the clients identified goals. I draw upon my experiences of working as a cognitive behavioural therapist and mental health nurse, providing a safe, compassionate, and non-judgemental environment where clients can talk openly and access the support they are seeking.
01829 700799 View 01829 700799
Photo of Rachel Cooper, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Rachel Cooper
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Chester CH1
Do you feel stuck or lost for words to explain what has happened? Would you like to feel free from whatever seems to keep you stuck? I believe being creative connects us in a more powerful way than just using words. This is not about art, but creatively expressing our difficulties to bring freedom. As an art psychotherapist, we use creative ways to get to the root of a problem, allowing you to go at your own pace. us
Do you feel stuck or lost for words to explain what has happened? Would you like to feel free from whatever seems to keep you stuck? I believe being creative connects us in a more powerful way than just using words. This is not about art, but creatively expressing our difficulties to bring freedom. As an art psychotherapist, we use creative ways to get to the root of a problem, allowing you to go at your own pace. us
0151 453 0191 View 0151 453 0191

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Malpas

< 10

Counsellors in Malpas who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
67% Relationship Issues
67% Depression
67% Addiction
67% ADHD
67% Life Coaching
67% Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD)

Average years in practice

11 Years

Gender breakdown

67% Female
33% Male

How Counsellors in Malpas see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Malpas?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.