Personality Disorders Counselling in London

Photo of Juliet Anton - Dr Juliet Anton, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Juliet Anton
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I have also worked for the NHS in services including the Mood, Anxiety and Personality Disorders, Psychosis Service and IAPT Services.
Expressing our vulnerabilities can be risky especially if we feel our society is too quick to judge or misunderstand our personal experience(s). I completed my undergraduate studies at King’s College London and my postgraduate and doctoral studies at the University of Surrey. I am able to work using a number of approaches including humanistic, psychodynamic, cognitive behavioural, integrative and EMDR approaches. I currently offer individual therapy online. I can offer a free 30-minute consultation where we can discuss what you want to work on and whether you feel we could work together to achieve your goals.
I have also worked for the NHS in services including the Mood, Anxiety and Personality Disorders, Psychosis Service and IAPT Services.
Expressing our vulnerabilities can be risky especially if we feel our society is too quick to judge or misunderstand our personal experience(s). I completed my undergraduate studies at King’s College London and my postgraduate and doctoral studies at the University of Surrey. I am able to work using a number of approaches including humanistic, psychodynamic, cognitive behavioural, integrative and EMDR approaches. I currently offer individual therapy online. I can offer a free 30-minute consultation where we can discuss what you want to work on and whether you feel we could work together to achieve your goals.
020 8138 9230 View 020 8138 9230
Photo of Dr Alena Torriani, Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Alena Torriani
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I offer support for a wide range of psychological challenges, including personality disorders, trauma, depression, anxiety, and relationship or family issues.
I am a Chartered Counselling Psychologist (HCPC-reg., CPsychol AFBPsS) who supports adults and young people (16+) in navigating challenging relationships, which often manifests as anxiety, depression, or a persistent sense of emotional disconnection. My expertise lies in understanding complex personality dynamics and deep-seated relational patterns, using evidence-based psychodynamic therapy, particularly Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP), to foster lasting change. I also integrate mindfulness and emotional regulation tools, tailoring interventions to each client’s unique needs.
I offer support for a wide range of psychological challenges, including personality disorders, trauma, depression, anxiety, and relationship or family issues.
I am a Chartered Counselling Psychologist (HCPC-reg., CPsychol AFBPsS) who supports adults and young people (16+) in navigating challenging relationships, which often manifests as anxiety, depression, or a persistent sense of emotional disconnection. My expertise lies in understanding complex personality dynamics and deep-seated relational patterns, using evidence-based psychodynamic therapy, particularly Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP), to foster lasting change. I also integrate mindfulness and emotional regulation tools, tailoring interventions to each client’s unique needs.
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Photo of Dr Lana Gerrard-Molle, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Lana Gerrard-Molle
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
1 Endorsed
London NW2
I have many years of experience working with individuals suffering from a variety of mental health problems including depression, anxiety, PTSD, and post-natal depression, and, severe and enduring mental illness including psychosis, bipolar and personality disorders.
My approach is relational, I believe its important for people to maintain satisfying and fulfilling relationships, with themselves and others, in order to maintain emotional health. I specialise in psychodynamic psychotherapy which focuses on the ways in which early experiences shape and influence how we relate to ourselves and others
I have many years of experience working with individuals suffering from a variety of mental health problems including depression, anxiety, PTSD, and post-natal depression, and, severe and enduring mental illness including psychosis, bipolar and personality disorders.
My approach is relational, I believe its important for people to maintain satisfying and fulfilling relationships, with themselves and others, in order to maintain emotional health. I specialise in psychodynamic psychotherapy which focuses on the ways in which early experiences shape and influence how we relate to ourselves and others
07480 487369 View 07480 487369
Photo of Janos Verebes-Weisz, Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Janos Verebes-Weisz
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
London E2
My experience includes working with complex trauma, personality disorders, anger, eating disorders, anxiety, and depression.
Change, while necessary for growth, can feel threatening. It often comes with a price—whether it's letting go of old defenses, facing difficult emotions, or confronting the unknown. I help clients explore these struggles, making change feel possible and, ultimately, more rewarding than the cost of staying the same.
My experience includes working with complex trauma, personality disorders, anger, eating disorders, anxiety, and depression.
Change, while necessary for growth, can feel threatening. It often comes with a price—whether it's letting go of old defenses, facing difficult emotions, or confronting the unknown. I help clients explore these struggles, making change feel possible and, ultimately, more rewarding than the cost of staying the same.
020 3897 7324 View 020 3897 7324
Photo of Nima Nowruzi, Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Nima Nowruzi
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
London W1K
I am very good at treating people with Anxiety, Depression, Personality Disorders, as well as those with traumatic experiences.
I have got a Ph.D. in "Clinical Psychology". I have teaching experience both at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. I have been working as a psychotherapist for over 20 years. I apply "Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy" (ISTDP) which is a modern and efficient type of dynamic psychotherapy. I work on repressed feelings and emotions and help the clients to get rid of the pain and suffer and become a mature personality.
I am very good at treating people with Anxiety, Depression, Personality Disorders, as well as those with traumatic experiences.
I have got a Ph.D. in "Clinical Psychology". I have teaching experience both at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. I have been working as a psychotherapist for over 20 years. I apply "Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy" (ISTDP) which is a modern and efficient type of dynamic psychotherapy. I work on repressed feelings and emotions and help the clients to get rid of the pain and suffer and become a mature personality.
07763 104309 View 07763 104309
Photo of Dr Sharmin Aktar, Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Sharmin Aktar
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
1 Endorsed
London W1G
My aim is to increase psychological well-being and growth whilst teaching you the tools and techniques to better manage difficult feelings and experiences such as anxiety, depression, trauma, personality disorders, etc.
Making the decision to start therapy can feel daunting, but you don't have to navigate it alone. As a HCPC registered Counselling Psychologist, I provide a safe, confidential, and non-judgemental space where we can explore your emotions and experiences together. My approach focuses on understanding the 'here and now' while uncovering how childhood experiences may influence these current challenges. By making sense of these connections, we can identify new ways of thinking, behaving, and creating positive lasting changes.
My aim is to increase psychological well-being and growth whilst teaching you the tools and techniques to better manage difficult feelings and experiences such as anxiety, depression, trauma, personality disorders, etc.
Making the decision to start therapy can feel daunting, but you don't have to navigate it alone. As a HCPC registered Counselling Psychologist, I provide a safe, confidential, and non-judgemental space where we can explore your emotions and experiences together. My approach focuses on understanding the 'here and now' while uncovering how childhood experiences may influence these current challenges. By making sense of these connections, we can identify new ways of thinking, behaving, and creating positive lasting changes.
020 4538 5153 View 020 4538 5153
Photo of Dr Adela Mrkaljevic, Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Adela Mrkaljevic
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Online Only
These methods are carefully selected to address a wide range of difficulties, including depression, anxiety, phobias, personality disorders, long term health conditions and trauma, including PTSD and the effects of child sexual abuse.
Hello, I’m Adela, a counselling psychologist with over ten years of clinical experience in both the NHS and private practice. I’m dedicated to helping individuals create meaningful change through a compassionate, evidence-based approach tailored to each person’s unique needs. I work in a way that is integrative, drawing on a range of therapeutic approaches—including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) , Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) ,and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT. I also incorporate psychodynamic knowledge to help us explore underlying patterns and influences that may be impacting your well-being.
These methods are carefully selected to address a wide range of difficulties, including depression, anxiety, phobias, personality disorders, long term health conditions and trauma, including PTSD and the effects of child sexual abuse.
Hello, I’m Adela, a counselling psychologist with over ten years of clinical experience in both the NHS and private practice. I’m dedicated to helping individuals create meaningful change through a compassionate, evidence-based approach tailored to each person’s unique needs. I work in a way that is integrative, drawing on a range of therapeutic approaches—including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) , Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) ,and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT. I also incorporate psychodynamic knowledge to help us explore underlying patterns and influences that may be impacting your well-being.
020 7046 0175 View 020 7046 0175
Photo of Ozde Gul Demir, Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Ozde Gul Demir
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Online Only
My area of expertise is individual teeneager and adult personality disorders, especially Borderline, Schizophrenia, OCD, Bipolar
I always try to help people learn to cope with stressful situations, overcome addictions, manage their chronic illnesses, and tests and assessments that can help diagnose a condition. I use many psychological tests, for instance MMPI,Yale Brown, Back Depression etc. I am using a couple of therapy models Schema therapy, CBT.
My area of expertise is individual teeneager and adult personality disorders, especially Borderline, Schizophrenia, OCD, Bipolar
I always try to help people learn to cope with stressful situations, overcome addictions, manage their chronic illnesses, and tests and assessments that can help diagnose a condition. I use many psychological tests, for instance MMPI,Yale Brown, Back Depression etc. I am using a couple of therapy models Schema therapy, CBT.
01202 125274 View 01202 125274
Photo of Reema Patel, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Reema Patel
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I have a particular expertise in personality disorders, such as BPD.
I have 20+ years experience working with clients who have complex mental health needs and a forensic past, and those who are highly sensitive and experience their emotions more intensely than the average person. I support clients who present with a wide range of interpersonal and relationship difficulties, emotion regulation disorders such as BPD, childhood abuse, bereavement and loss, eating disorders, depression and anxiety and suicidal and self-harming behaviours. I offer clients a thorough assessment of their life history as well as identifying current needs and goals, and a clear, well-defined treatment package.
I have a particular expertise in personality disorders, such as BPD.
I have 20+ years experience working with clients who have complex mental health needs and a forensic past, and those who are highly sensitive and experience their emotions more intensely than the average person. I support clients who present with a wide range of interpersonal and relationship difficulties, emotion regulation disorders such as BPD, childhood abuse, bereavement and loss, eating disorders, depression and anxiety and suicidal and self-harming behaviours. I offer clients a thorough assessment of their life history as well as identifying current needs and goals, and a clear, well-defined treatment package.
020 3826 8325 View 020 3826 8325
Photo of Allison Rigg - The Fitzrovia Psychology Clinic, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
The Fitzrovia Psychology Clinic
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
London W1G
We provide interventions for a wide variety of mental health conditions and difficulties including stress, anxiety, depression, personality disorders and eating disorders, all of which can have a hugely debilitating effect on our lives and the lives of people around us.
We understand that mental health is unique to each individual and that we can all develop psychological difficulties at different points in our lives. We offer both individual and group therapy options and we work with families, carers, education systems and employers to ensure that each individual receives individualised and holistic care.
We provide interventions for a wide variety of mental health conditions and difficulties including stress, anxiety, depression, personality disorders and eating disorders, all of which can have a hugely debilitating effect on our lives and the lives of people around us.
We understand that mental health is unique to each individual and that we can all develop psychological difficulties at different points in our lives. We offer both individual and group therapy options and we work with families, carers, education systems and employers to ensure that each individual receives individualised and holistic care.
020 4538 4770 View 020 4538 4770
Photo of Robert J M Dodds, Counsellor
Robert J M Dodds
Counsellor
Serves Area
I work with a range of issues including: depression, anxiety, adult ADHD, autistic spectrum disorder, grief, gender and sexual identity, childhood trauma, personality disorders, self harm, and attachment disorders.
I’m interested in what works for you. I offer bespoke online therapy services tailored specifically for you. Whether you’re with me for counselling, long term psychodynamic therapy, or couple’s counselling, I’ll tailor my approach to meet your needs. I offer an honest, judgement-free approach and I can assist you in gaining a deeper understanding of yourself.
I work with a range of issues including: depression, anxiety, adult ADHD, autistic spectrum disorder, grief, gender and sexual identity, childhood trauma, personality disorders, self harm, and attachment disorders.
I’m interested in what works for you. I offer bespoke online therapy services tailored specifically for you. Whether you’re with me for counselling, long term psychodynamic therapy, or couple’s counselling, I’ll tailor my approach to meet your needs. I offer an honest, judgement-free approach and I can assist you in gaining a deeper understanding of yourself.
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Photo of Zoe Veronica Southcott, Counsellor, MA, MNCPS Acc.
Zoe Veronica Southcott
Counsellor, MA, MNCPS Acc.
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I specialise in trauma-informed therapy for survivors of sexual harm, complex trauma, and those navigating personality disorders.
You might seem strong on the outside but feel overwhelmed, stuck, or anxious inside. You may be carrying trauma, navigating shame, or repeating patterns you don’t fully understand. I offer a warm, trauma-informed space to help you reconnect with yourself, regulate emotions, and feel more in control. My approach is integrative, drawing on person-centred therapy, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, somatic awareness, and Internal Family Systems. Whether you're processing the past, complex trauma, or wanting to broaden and build your capacity for positive emotion, we can work at your pace toward healing and growth.
I specialise in trauma-informed therapy for survivors of sexual harm, complex trauma, and those navigating personality disorders.
You might seem strong on the outside but feel overwhelmed, stuck, or anxious inside. You may be carrying trauma, navigating shame, or repeating patterns you don’t fully understand. I offer a warm, trauma-informed space to help you reconnect with yourself, regulate emotions, and feel more in control. My approach is integrative, drawing on person-centred therapy, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, somatic awareness, and Internal Family Systems. Whether you're processing the past, complex trauma, or wanting to broaden and build your capacity for positive emotion, we can work at your pace toward healing and growth.
01865 537236 View 01865 537236
Photo of Anastasiia Hunter - Makarova, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Anastasiia Hunter - Makarova
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Online Only
I also work with those in relationships with people who have narcissistic traits, helping them manage relational stress and conflict.
I provide psychological interventions to adults dealing with a range of challenges, including anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, complex trauma, work-related stress, and relationship difficulties. I tailor my approach to work effectively with diverse learning styles, attention levels, and processing differences.
I also work with those in relationships with people who have narcissistic traits, helping them manage relational stress and conflict.
I provide psychological interventions to adults dealing with a range of challenges, including anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, complex trauma, work-related stress, and relationship difficulties. I tailor my approach to work effectively with diverse learning styles, attention levels, and processing differences.
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Photo of Sam Wynter, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Sam Wynter
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
London N1
I have a broad range of experience, but specialise in working with complex trauma and personality disorders.
Existing in the modern world can be exhausting and overwhelming. Every day we face countless demands to be met, decisions to be made, and responsibilities to be upheld, and sometimes it can feel impossible to give yourself the attention that you need. Therapy is a space where, for just a short time, you can put all of those things aside and enable yourself to become the kind of person you have always wanted to be, and achieve the things you have always wanted to achieve. We will work together to piece together your story as you would want it to be told, to figure out who you are and how you came to be, and enact lasting change.
I have a broad range of experience, but specialise in working with complex trauma and personality disorders.
Existing in the modern world can be exhausting and overwhelming. Every day we face countless demands to be met, decisions to be made, and responsibilities to be upheld, and sometimes it can feel impossible to give yourself the attention that you need. Therapy is a space where, for just a short time, you can put all of those things aside and enable yourself to become the kind of person you have always wanted to be, and achieve the things you have always wanted to achieve. We will work together to piece together your story as you would want it to be told, to figure out who you are and how you came to be, and enact lasting change.
020 4538 1564 View 020 4538 1564
Photo of Chiara Apicella, Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Chiara Apicella
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
London WC1X
I have experience in working with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, sexual abuse, anger issues, addictions, personality disorders, obsessive-compulsive​ disorder, stress, panic disorder, bereavement and relationship problems.
I am a UKCP accredited Relational Transactional Analysis Psychotherapist. My approach is relational, which is an efficacious and powerful model of working with individuals who struggle with psychological, emotional and relational distress. Relationships are at the very heart of what it is to be human and a specific pattern of relating might be the roots of psychological distress. In the first sessions, we can explore what are your difficulties and together according to your needs we can create a specific treatment plan.
I have experience in working with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, sexual abuse, anger issues, addictions, personality disorders, obsessive-compulsive​ disorder, stress, panic disorder, bereavement and relationship problems.
I am a UKCP accredited Relational Transactional Analysis Psychotherapist. My approach is relational, which is an efficacious and powerful model of working with individuals who struggle with psychological, emotional and relational distress. Relationships are at the very heart of what it is to be human and a specific pattern of relating might be the roots of psychological distress. In the first sessions, we can explore what are your difficulties and together according to your needs we can create a specific treatment plan.
020 3984 7861 View 020 3984 7861
Photo of Kira Montague, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Kira Montague
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
London SE19
I have supported adults facing a wide variety of experiences, including; depression, anxiety, frustration and feeling stuck, relationship challenges, loss and bereavement, work related stress, personality disorders, self-harming behaviour and suicidal thoughts, childhood sexual abuse, postnatal depression and people who want to deepen their relationship with themselves.
My way of working integrates humanistic and psychodynamic approaches, alongside the arts. Together we will work towards building a trusting relationship which offers the opportunity to explore and understand any of the feelings, thoughts and experiences that have brought you to therapy.
I have supported adults facing a wide variety of experiences, including; depression, anxiety, frustration and feeling stuck, relationship challenges, loss and bereavement, work related stress, personality disorders, self-harming behaviour and suicidal thoughts, childhood sexual abuse, postnatal depression and people who want to deepen their relationship with themselves.
My way of working integrates humanistic and psychodynamic approaches, alongside the arts. Together we will work towards building a trusting relationship which offers the opportunity to explore and understand any of the feelings, thoughts and experiences that have brought you to therapy.
020 4572 5107 View 020 4572 5107
Photo of Zoe Malda, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Zoe Malda
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
London EC4N
I'm Zoe, a dedicated therapist specialising in trauma, ADHD, BPD/EUPD and narcissistic abuse.
Throughout my counselling career, I have amassed a wealth of experience supporting people of varying ages, genders and sexual orientations. I adhere to your pace while intuitively recognising when to give a gentle guiding push. I allow ample room during sessions, providing the time needed to explore, process and, above all, be heard.
I'm Zoe, a dedicated therapist specialising in trauma, ADHD, BPD/EUPD and narcissistic abuse.
Throughout my counselling career, I have amassed a wealth of experience supporting people of varying ages, genders and sexual orientations. I adhere to your pace while intuitively recognising when to give a gentle guiding push. I allow ample room during sessions, providing the time needed to explore, process and, above all, be heard.
020 3984 9668 View 020 3984 9668
Photo of Olga Martin Rodriguez, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Olga Martin Rodriguez
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
London N19
Clinical experience: Supporting clients facing a wide range of psychological and emotional challenges, including anxiety, depression, eating disorders, addictions, suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorders, and the effects of domestic and sexual abuse.
I have significant experience in delivering therapeutic support to adolescents (16+) and young adults, with particular attention to identity development, family systems, academic stress, and the impact of social media and peer pressure.
Clinical experience: Supporting clients facing a wide range of psychological and emotional challenges, including anxiety, depression, eating disorders, addictions, suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorders, and the effects of domestic and sexual abuse.
I have significant experience in delivering therapeutic support to adolescents (16+) and young adults, with particular attention to identity development, family systems, academic stress, and the impact of social media and peer pressure.
020 4572 1345 View 020 4572 1345
Photo of Dr Agnieszka Lyons, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Dr Agnieszka Lyons
Psychotherapist, MBACP
London EC4N
Hello, I’m Agnieszka, an integrative counsellor with extensive experience working with trauma, personality disorders (BPD/EUPD, NPD), narcissistic and sexual abuse as well as a range of relational difficulties, including in family and romantic relationships.
I offer care and commitment to jointly exploring the reasons for the challenges you are facing and ways to move forward - making changes that will make your life more fulfilling and allow you to form more meaningful connections to yourself and to others.
Hello, I’m Agnieszka, an integrative counsellor with extensive experience working with trauma, personality disorders (BPD/EUPD, NPD), narcissistic and sexual abuse as well as a range of relational difficulties, including in family and romantic relationships.
I offer care and commitment to jointly exploring the reasons for the challenges you are facing and ways to move forward - making changes that will make your life more fulfilling and allow you to form more meaningful connections to yourself and to others.
020 3816 3588 View 020 3816 3588
Photo of Pat Reynolds, Counsellor, MBACP
Pat Reynolds
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Training includes working with narcissistic abuse, complex trauma, internal family systems, race, sexuality & gender identities.
What if life could be different and you were no longer stuck in unhelpful patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving? What if issues such as trauma, abuse, neglect, depression, anxiety and stress no longer hindered your growth and healing? What if you could acknowledge the hurts of past experiences and find ways of letting them go? What kind of life could you choose to live instead? Could you dare to dream of a different way of being and reach for what currently feels impossible? By seeking help at this time, you have an awareness that there is more to life. If you are ready to embrace a different future, I am available Mon-Wed.
Training includes working with narcissistic abuse, complex trauma, internal family systems, race, sexuality & gender identities.
What if life could be different and you were no longer stuck in unhelpful patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving? What if issues such as trauma, abuse, neglect, depression, anxiety and stress no longer hindered your growth and healing? What if you could acknowledge the hurts of past experiences and find ways of letting them go? What kind of life could you choose to live instead? Could you dare to dream of a different way of being and reach for what currently feels impossible? By seeking help at this time, you have an awareness that there is more to life. If you are ready to embrace a different future, I am available Mon-Wed.
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Personality Disorders Counsellors

What are the common treatment options for personality disorders?

Personality disorders are typically treated with psychotherapy, sometimes in conjunction with medication. Therapy can help people with personality disorders develop skills to tolerate difficult emotions, navigate interpersonal relationships, and solidify their sense of self. Medications can treat symptoms that co-occur with the disorder, such as depression, anger, aggression, and impulsivity.

When to seek treatment for personality disorders?

Even though treatment for personality disorders can be an uphill battle, it’s best to seek help if you suspect that you or a loved one is struggling with one, because personality disorders can create substantial problems in life. Symptoms depend on the specific disorder, but overall signs of personality disorders include consistent difficulty maintaining close relationships, dramatic variations in self-esteem, and an unstable sense of identity.

How long does therapy take for personality disorders?

The timeline for treating personality disorders isn’t as clear-cut as it is for other disorders. Change can be difficult, taking from around one year to five, 10, or more. The key is finding a therapist who has extensive experience treating the relevant disorder. For example, a psychologist who specialises in narcissistic personality disorder has specific communication strategies that allow them to sustain the relationship and be more effective with narcissistic patients.

Can therapy help people with personality disorders?

Research suggests that for those who are motivated to address concerns or interpersonal conflict related to a personality disorder, therapy is far more effective than no treatment, and that most people in therapy see improvements. However, since personality disorders involve entrenched elements of identity, they are less responsive to treatment than are other mental health conditions. Finding an expert who has extensive experience working with a given personality disorder is one factor that increases the likelihood of successful treatment.