Buddhist Therapists in London

Photo of Marc Mason, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Marc Mason
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
1 Endorsed
London E8
Together we will work with whatever you bring to therapy. This may be an issue that is clear and well defined. You might want change in your relationship or in your work, or you may want support dealing with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem or shame, for example. But it might also be something much vaguer, it may be a general interest in exploring aspects of your life or way of relating to the world, or it might be a sense of confusion, stuckness, dissatisfaction or unfinished business.
Together we will work with whatever you bring to therapy. This may be an issue that is clear and well defined. You might want change in your relationship or in your work, or you may want support dealing with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem or shame, for example. But it might also be something much vaguer, it may be a general interest in exploring aspects of your life or way of relating to the world, or it might be a sense of confusion, stuckness, dissatisfaction or unfinished business.
020 4538 6090 View 020 4538 6090
Photo of Sophie Barnes, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Sophie Barnes
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Online Only
Drawing from a decade’s clinical experience, my approach weaves together psychoanalytic, attachment, Jungian, Buddhist mindfulness and somatic approaches.
With training in a range of relationship approaches, including Imago Therapy, I am passionate about helping couples of all relationship styles, sexual orientations and life stages to improve their relationships, and to grow as individuals in the process. Mindful of the interplay of social context and emotional wellbeing, I work in a culturally sensitive way.
Drawing from a decade’s clinical experience, my approach weaves together psychoanalytic, attachment, Jungian, Buddhist mindfulness and somatic approaches.
With training in a range of relationship approaches, including Imago Therapy, I am passionate about helping couples of all relationship styles, sexual orientations and life stages to improve their relationships, and to grow as individuals in the process. Mindful of the interplay of social context and emotional wellbeing, I work in a culturally sensitive way.
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Photo of Benoit Bertrand-Delfau, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Benoit Bertrand-Delfau
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
1 Endorsed
London W1T
Hello, I’m Benoit. I help individuals and couples who may be struggling with relationship challenges, codependency, lack of meaning, childhood trauma, questions around sexuality or gender, or difficulties with alcohol or substances. Some come with a clear issue; others with a deeper sense that something is not right. Our work can help you relate to yourself and others more clearly and honestly, face uncertainty, loosen old patterns, and live more fully.
Hello, I’m Benoit. I help individuals and couples who may be struggling with relationship challenges, codependency, lack of meaning, childhood trauma, questions around sexuality or gender, or difficulties with alcohol or substances. Some come with a clear issue; others with a deeper sense that something is not right. Our work can help you relate to yourself and others more clearly and honestly, face uncertainty, loosen old patterns, and live more fully.
020 7870 6243 View 020 7870 6243
Photo of Jane Aldred, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Jane Aldred
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
1 Endorsed
London N8
I offer a safe supportive non judgmental space to understand help and support you. My specialist areas are working with Anxiety depression and trauma low self esteem, neurodivergence, self parenting, co-dependency and life transitions.The use of EMDR Somatic and behavioural therapy supports nervous system regulation and recovery building a empowered fully functioning version of yourself by gently untangling what’s holding you back. Self parenting focuses on self healing recognising how experiences and early wounds shape our relationships. As we release the past we can move forward with greater self-trust and confidence.
I offer a safe supportive non judgmental space to understand help and support you. My specialist areas are working with Anxiety depression and trauma low self esteem, neurodivergence, self parenting, co-dependency and life transitions.The use of EMDR Somatic and behavioural therapy supports nervous system regulation and recovery building a empowered fully functioning version of yourself by gently untangling what’s holding you back. Self parenting focuses on self healing recognising how experiences and early wounds shape our relationships. As we release the past we can move forward with greater self-trust and confidence.
01992 929637 View 01992 929637
Photo of Wayne M. Mertins-Brown, Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Wayne M. Mertins-Brown
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
London NW6
Since the Coronavirus pandemic my Psychotherapy practice has moved online, in most cases. My fee for working face-to-face - in and around the Greater London area - can be discussed. I offer one-to-one, couple and relationship counselling and group therapy. I work with an integrative approach, including theoretical principles such as Relational, Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Spiritual, Mindfulness, Gestalt, etc. I also incorporate Eco-Psychotherapy, as I believe we are each emotionally and spiritually impacted by the differing, ecological environments in which we live.
Since the Coronavirus pandemic my Psychotherapy practice has moved online, in most cases. My fee for working face-to-face - in and around the Greater London area - can be discussed. I offer one-to-one, couple and relationship counselling and group therapy. I work with an integrative approach, including theoretical principles such as Relational, Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Spiritual, Mindfulness, Gestalt, etc. I also incorporate Eco-Psychotherapy, as I believe we are each emotionally and spiritually impacted by the differing, ecological environments in which we live.
020 7046 0224 View 020 7046 0224
Photo of Joel Robinson - Joel Robinson Counselling, Counsellor, MBACP
Joel Robinson Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
London N10
As a practising Buddhist and mindfulness teacher, I look at the soul's journey through a lens of working with our mind and hearts in order to free up energy to achieve what we want in life.
I offer counselling to people who are in some sort of transition in their lives. Often people come to me when they're feeling stuck, isolated or low. I often work with people in their twenties, thirties and forties who are facing some sort of mid-life transition. You might be weighing up what is important to you, and how to take the next steps in your life. I work with people who are often from marginalised groups, for example, LGBTQ+ people and/or people from Black and ethnic minorities. You might want to find out a way to live your life that feels authentic and unblock energy to achieve your goals.
As a practising Buddhist and mindfulness teacher, I look at the soul's journey through a lens of working with our mind and hearts in order to free up energy to achieve what we want in life.
I offer counselling to people who are in some sort of transition in their lives. Often people come to me when they're feeling stuck, isolated or low. I often work with people in their twenties, thirties and forties who are facing some sort of mid-life transition. You might be weighing up what is important to you, and how to take the next steps in your life. I work with people who are often from marginalised groups, for example, LGBTQ+ people and/or people from Black and ethnic minorities. You might want to find out a way to live your life that feels authentic and unblock energy to achieve your goals.
020 4538 1685 View 020 4538 1685
Photo of Marietta Arampatzi, Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Marietta Arampatzi
Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am dedicated in offering a supportive and compassionate space for individuals and families navigating life’s challenges. You may be experiencing anxiety, low mood, relationship difficulties, life transitions, or parenting challenges, and looking for greater self-understanding, emotional balance, or a clearer sense of direction. As an Internal Family Systems(IFS)-trained Psychologist, I work collaboratively with you to explore these experiences. Drawing also on approaches such as CBT, Acceptance and Commitment, Mindfulness, and Narrative Therapy, I support you in building resilience and creating meaningful, lasting change.
I am dedicated in offering a supportive and compassionate space for individuals and families navigating life’s challenges. You may be experiencing anxiety, low mood, relationship difficulties, life transitions, or parenting challenges, and looking for greater self-understanding, emotional balance, or a clearer sense of direction. As an Internal Family Systems(IFS)-trained Psychologist, I work collaboratively with you to explore these experiences. Drawing also on approaches such as CBT, Acceptance and Commitment, Mindfulness, and Narrative Therapy, I support you in building resilience and creating meaningful, lasting change.
020 3857 9602 View 020 3857 9602
Photo of Fiona Feather, Psychotherapist, MA
Fiona Feather
Psychotherapist, MA
London N7
I offer a warm, compassionate space where you are welcome exactly as you are. I am here to accompany and support you as you explore and bring awareness to how you are in the world, working gently and openly at a pace that feels right for you. I often work with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, ADHD, low self-worth, bereavement, and feelings of being stuck or lost, and clients who have experienced difficult or overwhelming situations either in childhood or adulthood. I work with people of all ages and backgrounds, and particularly enjoy supporting those in their twenties as they navigate life's transitions.
I offer a warm, compassionate space where you are welcome exactly as you are. I am here to accompany and support you as you explore and bring awareness to how you are in the world, working gently and openly at a pace that feels right for you. I often work with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, ADHD, low self-worth, bereavement, and feelings of being stuck or lost, and clients who have experienced difficult or overwhelming situations either in childhood or adulthood. I work with people of all ages and backgrounds, and particularly enjoy supporting those in their twenties as they navigate life's transitions.
020 3835 2722 View 020 3835 2722
Photo of Catia Soares, Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Catia Soares
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
1 Endorsed
London SW11
I'm a Psychologist and Therapist registered with the British Psychology Society and a BANT/CNHC Nutritional Therapist. I'm a person-centred and integrative practitioner, focusing on helping you to build self-compassion, self-understanding, self-empowerment and inner transformation, through a variety of techniques and strategies aligned with what you want and how you would like to feel and become. With me, you will be encouraged to build new life stories, narratives, choices, habits and behaviours that will not only optimise your physical and mental health but boost your inner happiness and resilience.
I'm a Psychologist and Therapist registered with the British Psychology Society and a BANT/CNHC Nutritional Therapist. I'm a person-centred and integrative practitioner, focusing on helping you to build self-compassion, self-understanding, self-empowerment and inner transformation, through a variety of techniques and strategies aligned with what you want and how you would like to feel and become. With me, you will be encouraged to build new life stories, narratives, choices, habits and behaviours that will not only optimise your physical and mental health but boost your inner happiness and resilience.
020 3856 3150 View 020 3856 3150
Photo of Dr Alastair Ritchie Coomes, Psychologist, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Alastair Ritchie Coomes
Psychologist, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
London EC4Y
Something isn't working. It might be a pressure that builds, a relationship that's shifted, or a low hum of anxiety or depression you keep trying to outpace. Sometimes it traces back further — to trauma, to loss, to a childhood in which care was inconsistent or absent, and you learned to manage without letting it show. I work with adults and young people carrying these kinds of difficulties — including trauma, depression, anxiety, childhood neglect, and neurodiversity. Together we look beneath the surface, without a fixed script.
Something isn't working. It might be a pressure that builds, a relationship that's shifted, or a low hum of anxiety or depression you keep trying to outpace. Sometimes it traces back further — to trauma, to loss, to a childhood in which care was inconsistent or absent, and you learned to manage without letting it show. I work with adults and young people carrying these kinds of difficulties — including trauma, depression, anxiety, childhood neglect, and neurodiversity. Together we look beneath the surface, without a fixed script.
020 4572 6393 View 020 4572 6393
Photo of Hal Hüseyin Musazlioglu, Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Hal Hüseyin Musazlioglu
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
London E15
I am a Person-Centred/humanistic therapist, focus strongly on the emotional and relational, on the validating bond. My therapy space is one of safety and acceptance. No value judgements. No pathologizing. And from you: no more beating up! Indeed, I wholeheartedly will support your right to fuck up. You're a human-being, a Mensch. This is how we learn, by slipping up. I'll then focus on what lead to the slipping and any other obstructions that stand between you and a happier you, will then explore ways to tackle these, through everyday little positive actions. I accept Aviva Health. All das übrigens gerne auch auf deutsch!
I am a Person-Centred/humanistic therapist, focus strongly on the emotional and relational, on the validating bond. My therapy space is one of safety and acceptance. No value judgements. No pathologizing. And from you: no more beating up! Indeed, I wholeheartedly will support your right to fuck up. You're a human-being, a Mensch. This is how we learn, by slipping up. I'll then focus on what lead to the slipping and any other obstructions that stand between you and a happier you, will then explore ways to tackle these, through everyday little positive actions. I accept Aviva Health. All das übrigens gerne auch auf deutsch!
020 3962 1823 View 020 3962 1823
Photo of Collette Boardman, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Collette Boardman
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
1 Endorsed
London W5
I'm an integrative child and adolescent psychotherapist and Somatic Experiencing Practitioner (SEP) offering time-limited and long-term therapy to children and adults alike. I specialise in child therapy but also work with early attachment wounds, developmental trauma and complex PTSD in young people and adults. I also offer a space for reflective parenting, as well as joint child / parent sessions, which can be really valuable for families who are feeling stuck.
I'm an integrative child and adolescent psychotherapist and Somatic Experiencing Practitioner (SEP) offering time-limited and long-term therapy to children and adults alike. I specialise in child therapy but also work with early attachment wounds, developmental trauma and complex PTSD in young people and adults. I also offer a space for reflective parenting, as well as joint child / parent sessions, which can be really valuable for families who are feeling stuck.
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Photo of Pedro Garcia, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Pedro Garcia
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
2 Endorsed
London SE1
People often come to me when life feels hard to hold on their own, when they feel disconnected from themselves, or when old ways of coping no longer seem to work. You may be living with anxiety, low mood, trauma, grief, ADHD, relationship difficulties, identity questions, or a painful sense of not being enough. My practice is neurodivergence-aware and LGBTQIA+ affirming, and I aim to offer a space where you can speak honestly, feel taken seriously, and bring more of yourself without having to fit a mould.
People often come to me when life feels hard to hold on their own, when they feel disconnected from themselves, or when old ways of coping no longer seem to work. You may be living with anxiety, low mood, trauma, grief, ADHD, relationship difficulties, identity questions, or a painful sense of not being enough. My practice is neurodivergence-aware and LGBTQIA+ affirming, and I aim to offer a space where you can speak honestly, feel taken seriously, and bring more of yourself without having to fit a mould.
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Photo of Georgina Helen Gardner Stockley, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Georgina Helen Gardner Stockley
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
1 Endorsed
London WC1R
Georgina offers an exploratory space for adults, young people and couples who feel hopeless, helpless or at a loss. She provides warm and gentle therapy to anyone experiencing distress, from anxiety and depression, to trauma and abuse. She aims to hold you securely and buttress you strongly so that you can examine things that are frightening or that seem impossible to deal with. Georgina has particular clinical experience with bereavement and loss. Her first career was as a competitive swimmer and so particularly enjoys working with other athletes who are examining their relationship with their sport.
Georgina offers an exploratory space for adults, young people and couples who feel hopeless, helpless or at a loss. She provides warm and gentle therapy to anyone experiencing distress, from anxiety and depression, to trauma and abuse. She aims to hold you securely and buttress you strongly so that you can examine things that are frightening or that seem impossible to deal with. Georgina has particular clinical experience with bereavement and loss. Her first career was as a competitive swimmer and so particularly enjoys working with other athletes who are examining their relationship with their sport.
0121 661 3670 View 0121 661 3670
Photo of Angie Macdonald, Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
Angie Macdonald
Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
1 Endorsed
London SE1
Mindfulness-based core process psychotherapy combines the Buddhist teachings of mindfulness & compassion with a psychodynamic approach - exploring our early development and relationships.
When you're suffering, mindfulness-based psychotherapy offers an opportunity to slow down, reflect and gain an in-depth understanding of how you came to be the way you are now, what remains unresolved and what needs your attention. You might be experiencing a relationship breakdown, a major life transition, self-sabotage or a lack of joy in your life - whatever your difficulty, together we will explore the patterns you are repeating and how to break the cycle. I have a gentle, down-to-earth approach to therapy and bring empathy, intuition and curiosity into the relationship as well as a bit of humour from time to time.
Mindfulness-based core process psychotherapy combines the Buddhist teachings of mindfulness & compassion with a psychodynamic approach - exploring our early development and relationships.
When you're suffering, mindfulness-based psychotherapy offers an opportunity to slow down, reflect and gain an in-depth understanding of how you came to be the way you are now, what remains unresolved and what needs your attention. You might be experiencing a relationship breakdown, a major life transition, self-sabotage or a lack of joy in your life - whatever your difficulty, together we will explore the patterns you are repeating and how to break the cycle. I have a gentle, down-to-earth approach to therapy and bring empathy, intuition and curiosity into the relationship as well as a bit of humour from time to time.
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Photo of Gareth Prosser, Psychotherapist, MSc, SNCPS Acc.
Gareth Prosser
Psychotherapist, MSc, SNCPS Acc.
Online Only
A Senior Psychoanalytic Psychotherapist holding an accreditation with Pink Therapy as a Gender, Sexuality and Relationship Diversity (GSRD) therapist. I hold a diploma at the Contemporary Institute of Clinical Sexology (CICS) in Compulsive Sexual Behaviours, accredited by the College of Sexual and Relationship Therapists (COSRT). My core training in psychoanalytic psychotherapy was at the The Bowlby Centre in London, with a specialism in Attachment. My clinical approach incorporates different techniques and approaches relevant for the individual needs, mirroring the complexity of human experience and ever expanding self knowledge .
A Senior Psychoanalytic Psychotherapist holding an accreditation with Pink Therapy as a Gender, Sexuality and Relationship Diversity (GSRD) therapist. I hold a diploma at the Contemporary Institute of Clinical Sexology (CICS) in Compulsive Sexual Behaviours, accredited by the College of Sexual and Relationship Therapists (COSRT). My core training in psychoanalytic psychotherapy was at the The Bowlby Centre in London, with a specialism in Attachment. My clinical approach incorporates different techniques and approaches relevant for the individual needs, mirroring the complexity of human experience and ever expanding self knowledge .
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Photo of Monica Mendes, Counsellor, MBACP
Monica Mendes
Counsellor, MBACP
London N1
You may be at a crossroads: feeling stuck, disconnected, or uncertain about your direction. Perhaps you're carrying anxiety, struggling with your inner critic, navigating a life transition, or processing loss. You might be achieving outwardly but feeling empty inside, questioning what truly matters. You're seeking more than quick fixes. You want a genuine understanding of yourself and your patterns, clarity about your values and purpose, and to feel more aligned with who you really are. You're looking to develop a kinder relationship with yourself, reduce self-doubt, and find courage
You may be at a crossroads: feeling stuck, disconnected, or uncertain about your direction. Perhaps you're carrying anxiety, struggling with your inner critic, navigating a life transition, or processing loss. You might be achieving outwardly but feeling empty inside, questioning what truly matters. You're seeking more than quick fixes. You want a genuine understanding of yourself and your patterns, clarity about your values and purpose, and to feel more aligned with who you really are. You're looking to develop a kinder relationship with yourself, reduce self-doubt, and find courage
020 4572 1173 View 020 4572 1173
Photo of Simone Ayers - Simone Ayers Online Counselling & Supervision , Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Simone Ayers Online Counselling & Supervision
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Online Only
Right now you may feel desperate, lost, empty, stressed, anxious or fed up. Whatever difficulty has prompted you to seek Counselling does not define who are you are and the journey you want to take in life. Together we will explore your feelings of being stuck, alone or in darkness as you strengthen your own resources to create greater wellbeing, resilience and satisfaction. No person is the same or brings identical experiences but frequent issues I work with include depression, anxiety, loss & bereavement, trauma, suicidal thoughts, work or school stress and relationship tensions. I work with clients aged 13+ and with Couples.
Right now you may feel desperate, lost, empty, stressed, anxious or fed up. Whatever difficulty has prompted you to seek Counselling does not define who are you are and the journey you want to take in life. Together we will explore your feelings of being stuck, alone or in darkness as you strengthen your own resources to create greater wellbeing, resilience and satisfaction. No person is the same or brings identical experiences but frequent issues I work with include depression, anxiety, loss & bereavement, trauma, suicidal thoughts, work or school stress and relationship tensions. I work with clients aged 13+ and with Couples.
07480 536516 View 07480 536516
Photo of Jem Stopes, Psychotherapist, COSRT Reg.
Jem Stopes
Psychotherapist, COSRT Reg.
Online Only
Hi, I'm Jem! I’m a COSRT‑registered psychosexual and relationship therapist offering online therapy worldwide. I help with pain during sex, desire discrepancy, premature ejaculation, erection or orgasm difficulties, porn concerns, and issues concerning kink and non‑monogamy. Queer‑, ENM‑, and kink‑affirming; open to all. Discreet, evidence‑based, and collaborative. Book a free 20‑minute discovery call to see if we’re a good fit.
Hi, I'm Jem! I’m a COSRT‑registered psychosexual and relationship therapist offering online therapy worldwide. I help with pain during sex, desire discrepancy, premature ejaculation, erection or orgasm difficulties, porn concerns, and issues concerning kink and non‑monogamy. Queer‑, ENM‑, and kink‑affirming; open to all. Discreet, evidence‑based, and collaborative. Book a free 20‑minute discovery call to see if we’re a good fit.
01803 308914 View 01803 308914
Photo of Hannah Jackson, Psychotherapist, MHGI
Hannah Jackson
Psychotherapist, MHGI
1 Endorsed
London WC2A
I love working with adults, particularly those in high pressured jobs, who have big goals and aspirations but find themselves stuck in the effects of trauma from the past. Post traumatic stress might be the result of, for example, sexual abuse in childhood, bullying, loss or family issues. I can help free you from the symptoms which can include an inability to thrive, achieve your goals, think clearly, have a positive outlook or have a zest for life. I can work with you to get you back on track quickly and safely so that you can lead a happier, healthier and more successful life.
I love working with adults, particularly those in high pressured jobs, who have big goals and aspirations but find themselves stuck in the effects of trauma from the past. Post traumatic stress might be the result of, for example, sexual abuse in childhood, bullying, loss or family issues. I can help free you from the symptoms which can include an inability to thrive, achieve your goals, think clearly, have a positive outlook or have a zest for life. I can work with you to get you back on track quickly and safely so that you can lead a happier, healthier and more successful life.
01225 234475 View 01225 234475

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Buddhist Counsellors
Is buddhism beneficial for mental health?
While Buddhism itself is not a treatment for mental health conditions, its practices can greatly enhance mental well-being by introducing coping skills and ideas that promote overall wellness. Key Buddhist practices, such as mindfulness, have been shown to alleviate symptoms of various mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, addiction, and trauma. Moreover, Buddhism's focus on self-compassion, non-judgment, and acceptance can benefit individuals with particularly negative or self-critical thought patterns.

What are the concepts and principles of buddhism as a therapeutic approach?
Core Buddhist principles are often used in therapy to help clients gain insight into their thoughts and emotions. Concepts such as suffering (dukkha) and impermanence (anicca) are applied to help clients recognise that common forms of suffering, like repetitive negative thought patterns, can be accepted and viewed as impermanent. The Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path are additional core concepts utilised frequently in Buddhist therapy sessions. The Four Noble Truths highlight the existence of suffering as an inherent part of the human experience—an insight frequently used to move clients toward greater acceptance. The Eightfold Path, which includes right understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right concentration, and right mindfulness, offers practical skills to alleviate suffering.

What is the buddhist approach and practice during a therapy session?
Therapists informed by Buddhist principles often integrate mindfulness and meditation practices into therapy sessions to help clients cultivate greater acceptance, compassion, and non-judgment toward themselves and others. Typically, Buddhist therapists guide clients through mindfulness exercises, such as breathing exercises or body scans, and encourage them to practice similar exercises outside of sessions. Additionally, many Buddhist therapists utilise elements of Positive Psychology or Compassion-Focused Therapy, which can help reduce symptoms of self-criticism and shame common among clients with various mental health conditions. In general, Buddhist therapists strive to embody the compassion and non-judgmental approach they promote, often incorporating exercises aimed at developing compassion in session, such as loving-kindness meditation (Metta).

Is mindfulness the same as buddhism in the context of therapy?
While Buddhist therapists frequently integrate mindfulness practices into therapy sessions, the terms mindfulness and Buddhism are not synonymous in the context of therapy. Therapists may use mindfulness techniques, such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) or Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), without identifying as a Buddhist therapist. In contrast, those practicing within a Buddhist belief framework typically encourage mindfulness therapies, in addition to foundational Buddhist beliefs, such as the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. These therapists may also guide clients toward a deeper understanding of Buddhist philosophy, unlike those who use Buddhist mindfulness principles without the broader spiritual context.