Emotionally Focused Counselling in South East London, London

Photo of Manuel Navarro, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Manuel Navarro
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE15  (Online Only)
I am a systemic and family psychotherapist with 18 years of experience working in mental health services in the NHS.. I have experience working with children and adults who suffer from mental health or emotional difficulties such as depression, anxiety and panic, and eating disorders. I also work with couples who are looking to improve their relationship, and I am registered with the Emotionally Focused Therapy Institute (ICEEFT). My approach to therapy recognises that the individual, as well as their family members all have strengths and strategies which can be used to overcome symptoms and difficulties.
I am a systemic and family psychotherapist with 18 years of experience working in mental health services in the NHS.. I have experience working with children and adults who suffer from mental health or emotional difficulties such as depression, anxiety and panic, and eating disorders. I also work with couples who are looking to improve their relationship, and I am registered with the Emotionally Focused Therapy Institute (ICEEFT). My approach to therapy recognises that the individual, as well as their family members all have strengths and strategies which can be used to overcome symptoms and difficulties.
020 3962 0348 View 020 3962 0348
Photo of Magdalena Rybarczyk, MSc, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Magdalena Rybarczyk
Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE1
My clinical interests include Psychoanalytic and Attachment approaches, EMDR, DBT and Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy.
I hope that the information you can find here will help you to initiate positive changes in your life. I offer therapy for clients struggling with their emotions, experiencing a crisis, relationship difficulties or career and work related concerns. I am experienced in providing effective therapy for depression, anxiety, trauma, stress, self esteem problems, body image concerns, as well as medically unexplained symptoms, sexual and intimacy problems and other psychological challenges. My way of working is emphatic, flexible and receptive to your individual needs.
My clinical interests include Psychoanalytic and Attachment approaches, EMDR, DBT and Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy.
I hope that the information you can find here will help you to initiate positive changes in your life. I offer therapy for clients struggling with their emotions, experiencing a crisis, relationship difficulties or career and work related concerns. I am experienced in providing effective therapy for depression, anxiety, trauma, stress, self esteem problems, body image concerns, as well as medically unexplained symptoms, sexual and intimacy problems and other psychological challenges. My way of working is emphatic, flexible and receptive to your individual needs.
020 3763 5265 View 020 3763 5265
Photo of Gemma Autumn, MBABCP, Counsellor
Gemma Autumn
Counsellor, MBABCP
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE11
As an integrative therapist I have various healing modalities to draw from including art therapy, drama therapy, attachment theory, person-centred approach, Gestalt, body work, existential therapy, body awareness, visualisation, neuro-linguistic programming, EFT Tapping and breathwork.
Are you feeling anxious? Depressed? Low self-esteem? I offer therapeutic counselling using talking and creative therapy so you can plant the seeds of awareness and grow change in your life. I (she/her) am a trained integrative psychotherapeutic counsellor, ecopsychotherapist and practising artist. I work with adults and adolescents struggling with anxiety, depression, grief, loss, low self-esteem, relationships, life direction, stress, burnout, trauma, attachment, creative blocks, divorce, intimacy, abuse, sexuality, OCD, religion, family problems, money stories, spiritual disconnection, psychedelic integration and living abroad.
As an integrative therapist I have various healing modalities to draw from including art therapy, drama therapy, attachment theory, person-centred approach, Gestalt, body work, existential therapy, body awareness, visualisation, neuro-linguistic programming, EFT Tapping and breathwork.
Are you feeling anxious? Depressed? Low self-esteem? I offer therapeutic counselling using talking and creative therapy so you can plant the seeds of awareness and grow change in your life. I (she/her) am a trained integrative psychotherapeutic counsellor, ecopsychotherapist and practising artist. I work with adults and adolescents struggling with anxiety, depression, grief, loss, low self-esteem, relationships, life direction, stress, burnout, trauma, attachment, creative blocks, divorce, intimacy, abuse, sexuality, OCD, religion, family problems, money stories, spiritual disconnection, psychedelic integration and living abroad.
020 4538 2317 View 020 4538 2317
Photo of Luiza Neumayer, MSc, HCPC-Couns. Psych., Psychotherapist
Luiza Neumayer
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE16
I’m also a Certified EFT Couples therapist.
Hello and welcome. I’m here to help you find the inner strengths you need to unblock what’s troubling you and move on with your life. My clients tell me I’m warm, kind and insightful – which is good, because my main aim is to offer a safe, welcoming place where you feel willing and able to consider making changes. Most of us aren’t used to reaching out for professional support. We’re brought up to think asking for help can be a sign of weakness. But whatever you’re facing, working together with a professional therapist can let you see a way forward.
I’m also a Certified EFT Couples therapist.
Hello and welcome. I’m here to help you find the inner strengths you need to unblock what’s troubling you and move on with your life. My clients tell me I’m warm, kind and insightful – which is good, because my main aim is to offer a safe, welcoming place where you feel willing and able to consider making changes. Most of us aren’t used to reaching out for professional support. We’re brought up to think asking for help can be a sign of weakness. But whatever you’re facing, working together with a professional therapist can let you see a way forward.
020 3872 2526 View 020 3872 2526
Photo of Dr Alan Flynn, PsychD, CPsychol, Psychologist
Dr Alan Flynn
Psychologist, PsychD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
South East London, London SE1
I work integratively, where I combine approaches (such as MBT, Schema Therapy, CBT & EFT couples therapy) tailored to best fit with your needs and goals.
Are you experiencing challenges with your relationships, difficult feelings, such as anxiety or depression, or feeling stuck in unhelpful patterns in your life? Perhaps you deal with your pressures so that others around you don’t seem to notice yet inwardly feel troubled or unsettled. Or you might have had a difficult recent life event or yet to deal fully with early life experiences that are impacting you now? I’m a Senior Counselling Psychologist and accredited Mentalisation Based Therapist. I can help you, as an individual or couple, to understand what is happening at a deeper level, so you can find new ways of moving forward.
I work integratively, where I combine approaches (such as MBT, Schema Therapy, CBT & EFT couples therapy) tailored to best fit with your needs and goals.
Are you experiencing challenges with your relationships, difficult feelings, such as anxiety or depression, or feeling stuck in unhelpful patterns in your life? Perhaps you deal with your pressures so that others around you don’t seem to notice yet inwardly feel troubled or unsettled. Or you might have had a difficult recent life event or yet to deal fully with early life experiences that are impacting you now? I’m a Senior Counselling Psychologist and accredited Mentalisation Based Therapist. I can help you, as an individual or couple, to understand what is happening at a deeper level, so you can find new ways of moving forward.
020 3835 5896 View 020 3835 5896
Photo of Nadine Hughes, MA, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Nadine Hughes
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE5  (Online Only)
I am an Intercultural Integrative Psychotherapist with a holistic approach, embracing of culture and spirituality. I support in various challenges such as Abandonment, Addiction, Anger management, Anxiety, Bereavement & loss, Depression, Dissociation, Low self esteem, Identity, PTSD, Relationship problems, Stress, Suicidal ideation, Self harm and much more. I am adept at building genuine, empathic and productive therapeutic working relationships, with clients wishing to gain a deeper sense and understanding of themselves & to build on their inner resources. Counselling Foundation Tutor and Certified EFT practitioner.
I am an Intercultural Integrative Psychotherapist with a holistic approach, embracing of culture and spirituality. I support in various challenges such as Abandonment, Addiction, Anger management, Anxiety, Bereavement & loss, Depression, Dissociation, Low self esteem, Identity, PTSD, Relationship problems, Stress, Suicidal ideation, Self harm and much more. I am adept at building genuine, empathic and productive therapeutic working relationships, with clients wishing to gain a deeper sense and understanding of themselves & to build on their inner resources. Counselling Foundation Tutor and Certified EFT practitioner.
020 3879 4776 View 020 3879 4776
Photo of Dr Connie Geyer, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Connie Geyer
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
South East London, London SE1
My approach is evidence-based and grounded in Schema Therapy and Psychodynamic Therapy, complemented by DBT coping skills coaching, Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) and Emotion-focused Therapy for couples ( EFT).
Perhaps you cope well in some areas of life but have been troubled by difficult feelings, thoughts or life patterns for a while. Maybe loss, trauma, PTSD, or other difficult life events are impacting you. There are many times when speaking with a trained professional can help. I am a Consultant Clinical Psychologist, certified MBT and Schema Therapist, and Supervisor with extensive experience in providing and leading therapy services in the NHS and private practice. I work with adolescents, adults and couples presenting with a wide range of emotional and relational difficulties, which may be rooted in adverse childhood experiences.
My approach is evidence-based and grounded in Schema Therapy and Psychodynamic Therapy, complemented by DBT coping skills coaching, Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) and Emotion-focused Therapy for couples ( EFT).
Perhaps you cope well in some areas of life but have been troubled by difficult feelings, thoughts or life patterns for a while. Maybe loss, trauma, PTSD, or other difficult life events are impacting you. There are many times when speaking with a trained professional can help. I am a Consultant Clinical Psychologist, certified MBT and Schema Therapist, and Supervisor with extensive experience in providing and leading therapy services in the NHS and private practice. I work with adolescents, adults and couples presenting with a wide range of emotional and relational difficulties, which may be rooted in adverse childhood experiences.
020 8138 9538 View 020 8138 9538
Photo of Pik Yiu Wong - V Talk Psychotherapy, MSc, MBACP, Psychotherapist
V Talk Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE1  (Online Only)
Transform Your Tomorrow: Begin Your Journey with Psychotherapy. I'm a dedicated psychotherapist and a hypnotherapist specializing in uncovering the depths of the unconscious mind to facilitate genuine healing and transformation by guiding individuals on a journey of self-exploration and understanding. Together, we'll embark on a journey towards healing and growth, fostering awareness of core issues and facilitating transformative change as you explore and understand more about yourself.
Transform Your Tomorrow: Begin Your Journey with Psychotherapy. I'm a dedicated psychotherapist and a hypnotherapist specializing in uncovering the depths of the unconscious mind to facilitate genuine healing and transformation by guiding individuals on a journey of self-exploration and understanding. Together, we'll embark on a journey towards healing and growth, fostering awareness of core issues and facilitating transformative change as you explore and understand more about yourself.
01564 335896 View 01564 335896
Photo of Joanne Parslow, PNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Joanne Parslow
Psychotherapist, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE2
The WellBee’ng Lodge is located in Abbey wood , South East London SE2. I am registered with the NCPS, I hold Professionally Accredited membership. I am a qualified Psychotherapist in Private Practice working with adults , children and CYP. My experience - I am currently working within the NHS Talking Therapies Service supporting people through anxiety & depression. I have previously worked in various Primary and Secondary Schools. Also past experience workimg working with Trauma and Bereavement & Loss.
The WellBee’ng Lodge is located in Abbey wood , South East London SE2. I am registered with the NCPS, I hold Professionally Accredited membership. I am a qualified Psychotherapist in Private Practice working with adults , children and CYP. My experience - I am currently working within the NHS Talking Therapies Service supporting people through anxiety & depression. I have previously worked in various Primary and Secondary Schools. Also past experience workimg working with Trauma and Bereavement & Loss.
020 3540 6454 View 020 3540 6454
Photo of Dan Skili - Dan Skili - Creative Psychotherapy, MA
Dan Skili - Creative Psychotherapy
MA
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE1
I’m a registered Creative Psychotherapist who works extensively with talking therapy. I have 23 years experience working with individuals, groups and young people. Some of the issues I help people with are Anxiety, Depression, Abuse, Addiction and Breavement. I offer my therapy service online and face to face at my practice in London Bridge, as well as walk & talk. My aim is to always offer you a confidential environment where you will feel respected, safe and not judged. I work with you as an individual working towards a more settled and fulfilling life. I see each person as a unique being and I work with people, not with problems.
I’m a registered Creative Psychotherapist who works extensively with talking therapy. I have 23 years experience working with individuals, groups and young people. Some of the issues I help people with are Anxiety, Depression, Abuse, Addiction and Breavement. I offer my therapy service online and face to face at my practice in London Bridge, as well as walk & talk. My aim is to always offer you a confidential environment where you will feel respected, safe and not judged. I work with you as an individual working towards a more settled and fulfilling life. I see each person as a unique being and I work with people, not with problems.
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Photo of Craig Schorn, MBACP, Counsellor
Craig Schorn
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South East London, London SE1
You may be feeling down, unmotivated, anxious or angry and need a safe, impartial space to work through what's troubling you or holding you back, to find a clearer perspective on behaviour patterns and coping mechanisms that no longer serve you. I will guide and nurture you in your process so we can reflect deeply on your concerns and gain the necessary insight into your subconscious drives to discover the change that will enable you to move forward in your life and flourish as your authentic self.
You may be feeling down, unmotivated, anxious or angry and need a safe, impartial space to work through what's troubling you or holding you back, to find a clearer perspective on behaviour patterns and coping mechanisms that no longer serve you. I will guide and nurture you in your process so we can reflect deeply on your concerns and gain the necessary insight into your subconscious drives to discover the change that will enable you to move forward in your life and flourish as your authentic self.
020 8629 9135 View 020 8629 9135
Photo of Christopher Wilson, BACP, Counsellor
Christopher Wilson
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE20  (Online Only)
I am a qualified Counsellor and Psychotherapist with diverse experience working in various agency settings. Let me assist in alleviating your stress and anxiety and enable you to live a fuller and richer life personally and professionally. Through working with clients, I have utilised various counselling approaches tailored to meet each client's unique needs. By providing a safe and empathetic space, I aim to explore historic trauma that is holding you back from reaching your fullest potential. Together, we can delve into early experiences that may still impact you today.
I am a qualified Counsellor and Psychotherapist with diverse experience working in various agency settings. Let me assist in alleviating your stress and anxiety and enable you to live a fuller and richer life personally and professionally. Through working with clients, I have utilised various counselling approaches tailored to meet each client's unique needs. By providing a safe and empathetic space, I aim to explore historic trauma that is holding you back from reaching your fullest potential. Together, we can delve into early experiences that may still impact you today.
020 4538 0441 View 020 4538 0441
Photo of Fergus A Mooney, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Fergus A Mooney
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South East London, London SE11
The world can be frustrating when you get tangled up in unhealthy thinking patterns. You can feel lost, or overwhelmed, with moments of real darkness. That is where I can help. If you lose control of your anger or your anxiety holds you back, we can unpack what makes you tick. If you hide your emotions in harmful behaviour, we can uncover them. What I enjoy most is helping people to build healthy relationships with themselves and others. I used to this when working with the Prince's Trust and Mind, the leading UK mental health agency. This gave me insight into those dealing with addiction, anxiety and depression.
The world can be frustrating when you get tangled up in unhealthy thinking patterns. You can feel lost, or overwhelmed, with moments of real darkness. That is where I can help. If you lose control of your anger or your anxiety holds you back, we can unpack what makes you tick. If you hide your emotions in harmful behaviour, we can uncover them. What I enjoy most is helping people to build healthy relationships with themselves and others. I used to this when working with the Prince's Trust and Mind, the leading UK mental health agency. This gave me insight into those dealing with addiction, anxiety and depression.
020 3893 3563 View 020 3893 3563
Photo of Danielle Fortson, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Danielle Fortson
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE16
I am a Counsellor in London offering 1-1 support. Many of my present and past clients have felt overwhelmed by their experiences and seek a safe, understanding space to heal and recover in. They want to regain control, process their feelings and experiences, find peace, and build healthier relationships. They often seek therapy to feel heard, validated, and supported, aiming to lead more fulfilling and balanced lives. I work with clients who have various presenting concerns, but I have particular experience working with grief, trauma and relationship difficulties.
I am a Counsellor in London offering 1-1 support. Many of my present and past clients have felt overwhelmed by their experiences and seek a safe, understanding space to heal and recover in. They want to regain control, process their feelings and experiences, find peace, and build healthier relationships. They often seek therapy to feel heard, validated, and supported, aiming to lead more fulfilling and balanced lives. I work with clients who have various presenting concerns, but I have particular experience working with grief, trauma and relationship difficulties.
020 3828 7061 View 020 3828 7061
Photo of Lisa Hitchen, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Lisa Hitchen
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE9
I am an experienced and accredited counsellor working with people of all backgrounds. I offer a safe listening space for clients to speak freely about whatever is troubling them. I work in an integrative way bringing in different approaches based on the individual needs of each person. This includes creative techniques, person centred and CBT approaches. I offer short and long term sessions in Lewisham plus telephone and online counselling to individuals and couples. Recently I qualified as an EMDR therapist and offer this to clients with disturbing memories or trauma that want to let go of the past (see my website for details).
I am an experienced and accredited counsellor working with people of all backgrounds. I offer a safe listening space for clients to speak freely about whatever is troubling them. I work in an integrative way bringing in different approaches based on the individual needs of each person. This includes creative techniques, person centred and CBT approaches. I offer short and long term sessions in Lewisham plus telephone and online counselling to individuals and couples. Recently I qualified as an EMDR therapist and offer this to clients with disturbing memories or trauma that want to let go of the past (see my website for details).
020 8106 2070 View 020 8106 2070
Photo of Dr Vahishta Pardiwalla, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Vahishta Pardiwalla
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE1
Feeling overwhelmed or stuck? I'm Dr. Vahishta Pardiwalla, a seasoned Senior Counselling Psychologist committed to guiding you toward a fulfilling life. With a wealth of experience in both the NHS and private sectors, including complex care, I bring a depth of knowledge to help you navigate life's challenges. I adapt my therapeutic methods to fit your specific needs, ensuring that your journey is as unique as you are. drawing from diverse techniques like CBT, person-centered, and psychodynamic therapy.
Feeling overwhelmed or stuck? I'm Dr. Vahishta Pardiwalla, a seasoned Senior Counselling Psychologist committed to guiding you toward a fulfilling life. With a wealth of experience in both the NHS and private sectors, including complex care, I bring a depth of knowledge to help you navigate life's challenges. I adapt my therapeutic methods to fit your specific needs, ensuring that your journey is as unique as you are. drawing from diverse techniques like CBT, person-centered, and psychodynamic therapy.
020 4538 5328 View 020 4538 5328
Photo of Irina Timonina, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Irina Timonina
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE1
Are you struggling with personal challenges, relationship issues, or sexual difficulties affecting your wellbeing and quality of life? As an integrative counsellor and psychosexual and relationship therapist, I will support you on your journey toward self-discovery, healing, and transformation. Our work is to develop your resilience to face challenges and to help you connect with yourself and others. I believe people from any ethnic and social background can benefit from therapy, and I am committed to creating a culturally sensitive environment where you, whatever your culture, sexuality or gender is, feel welcomed and supported.
Are you struggling with personal challenges, relationship issues, or sexual difficulties affecting your wellbeing and quality of life? As an integrative counsellor and psychosexual and relationship therapist, I will support you on your journey toward self-discovery, healing, and transformation. Our work is to develop your resilience to face challenges and to help you connect with yourself and others. I believe people from any ethnic and social background can benefit from therapy, and I am committed to creating a culturally sensitive environment where you, whatever your culture, sexuality or gender is, feel welcomed and supported.
020 3870 3817 View 020 3870 3817
Photo of Victoria O'Callaghan, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Victoria O'Callaghan
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE1
Whether you seek support for feelings of anxiety, depression, stress, help with experiences of trauma or the losses shading our lives, I offer a therapeutic service that can help you cultivate the self-awareness needed for lasting change. I can help you make sense of your experiences and develop new ways of living well. My practice involves being alongside you as you discover your capacity for living fully as yourself. I provide a safe, reflective space where you can become curious about what this means for you.
Whether you seek support for feelings of anxiety, depression, stress, help with experiences of trauma or the losses shading our lives, I offer a therapeutic service that can help you cultivate the self-awareness needed for lasting change. I can help you make sense of your experiences and develop new ways of living well. My practice involves being alongside you as you discover your capacity for living fully as yourself. I provide a safe, reflective space where you can become curious about what this means for you.
01273 092379 View 01273 092379
Photo of Angela Christie, MBACP, Counsellor
Angela Christie
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
South East London, London SE6
Feeling overwhelmed and struggling to make sense of stressful and emotional anguish from current or past experiences? As a counsellor, my help with you would be to explore these issues, enable you to find your answers and recognise the choices that are available to you.
Feeling overwhelmed and struggling to make sense of stressful and emotional anguish from current or past experiences? As a counsellor, my help with you would be to explore these issues, enable you to find your answers and recognise the choices that are available to you.
07479 273211 View 07479 273211
Photo of Dr Mariam Tarik, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Mariam Tarik
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
South East London, London SE17
The reasons behind people seeking therapy are vast. For some, there may be a specific question; for others, it may be the desire to understand some part of themselves that they have been struggling to grasp for some time. We all experience times of difficulty and struggle, and sometimes we may find that familiar ways of coping no longer seem to help, or we notice our patterns with others no longer serve us to feel safe and secure. Therapy is designed to create a safe space, with no agenda, so that we can think carefully about ourselves within the context of our lives to explore understanding and change.
The reasons behind people seeking therapy are vast. For some, there may be a specific question; for others, it may be the desire to understand some part of themselves that they have been struggling to grasp for some time. We all experience times of difficulty and struggle, and sometimes we may find that familiar ways of coping no longer seem to help, or we notice our patterns with others no longer serve us to feel safe and secure. Therapy is designed to create a safe space, with no agenda, so that we can think carefully about ourselves within the context of our lives to explore understanding and change.
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Emotionally Focused Counsellors

Who is emotionally focused therapy for?

Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) is for couples who are emotionally distressed, stuck in an unsatisfying relationship pattern or feeling deeply alienated. They may even believe the relationship is beyond repair. Very often, the partners display intense anger, fear, grief, loss of trust, or a sense of betrayal in the relationship. In addition, EFT is helpful to couples and individuals who have difficulty expressing emotions and those who have trouble regulating emotions.

Why do people need emotionally focused therapy?

People need emotionally focused therapy because the need for others is built into the brain, but the pressures of daily life can erode feelings of love, and couples often do not have the skills to find their way back to the comfort of each other. Instead, they may be stuck in repetitive patterns of anger, fear, grief, loss of trust, or a sense of betrayal. Emotionally focused therapy regards such strong negative feelings as expressions of protest over the loss of connection and turns them into pathways of reconnection.

What happens in emotionally focused therapy?

Over the course of eight to 20 weekly sessions, couples de-escalate their negative emotional reactivity to one another so that they can listen to each other and be responsive to each other’s needs. Then the deep emotional and physical bond is restored, giving partners a sense of comfort and security, which they can use to solve whatever problems come their way. The therapist plays an active role, helping partners understand how anger and withdrawal are actually misguided cries for connection.

What problems does emotionally focused therapy treat?

EFT is designed to help couples stuck in dysfunctional relationship patterns regain closeness and rebuild their relationship. Typically, such couples experience considerable distress, with partners feeling alienated and distrustful of one another, not certain their relationship can survive. EFT is also helpful to individuals experiencing attachment-related fears of loss; it helps them learn to use their fears as a way of eliciting the closeness they desire.