Addiction Counselling in Hammersmith, London

Photo of Jamie Bloch, Psychotherapist in Hammersmith, London, England
Jamie Bloch
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W14
I'm trained as an addiction counsellor in Canada.
My name is Jamie (she/her). I moved to London from Toronto to further my education in counselling and psychotherapy. I'm a compassionate integrative counsellor, trained psychodynamically, who consistently provides a safe, supportive, therapeutic environment where my clients feel comfortable sharing their innermost thoughts and feelings. By maintaining an empathic, trauma-informed stance, I create a space where clients can feel held. By bringing unconscious thoughts and feelings into conscious awareness, clients can learn to better understand themselves.
I'm trained as an addiction counsellor in Canada.
My name is Jamie (she/her). I moved to London from Toronto to further my education in counselling and psychotherapy. I'm a compassionate integrative counsellor, trained psychodynamically, who consistently provides a safe, supportive, therapeutic environment where my clients feel comfortable sharing their innermost thoughts and feelings. By maintaining an empathic, trauma-informed stance, I create a space where clients can feel held. By bringing unconscious thoughts and feelings into conscious awareness, clients can learn to better understand themselves.
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Photo of Angela Felecity Bryant, Counsellor in Hammersmith, London, England
Angela Felecity Bryant
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hammersmith, London W6
For the last 16 years I have worked in a different role giving help and support to people who are actively in recovery from Addiction .
Welcome to my profile. You have made the courageous decision taking the first steps towards positive change and healing old wounds by reaching out for support. Many people come to counselling for different reasons, you are not alone. Counselling gives you a safe confidential space ,where you can explore thoughts and feelings, gaining awareness on unhelpful behaviour and perspectives by exploring healthier ways of coping and helps you make positive changes and move forward in life.
For the last 16 years I have worked in a different role giving help and support to people who are actively in recovery from Addiction .
Welcome to my profile. You have made the courageous decision taking the first steps towards positive change and healing old wounds by reaching out for support. Many people come to counselling for different reasons, you are not alone. Counselling gives you a safe confidential space ,where you can explore thoughts and feelings, gaining awareness on unhelpful behaviour and perspectives by exploring healthier ways of coping and helps you make positive changes and move forward in life.
01748 901506 View 01748 901506
Photo of Raymond Dixon Msc, Counsellor in Hammersmith, London, England
Raymond Dixon Msc
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W6
I have worked in and specialised in addiction problems involving alcohol, drugs and gambling for 21 years. I am now solely in private practice but previously managed an addiction unit and devised the programme at a major London private hospital for 16 years, facilitating group and individual therapy and family groups. I have given lectures on substance abuse and problem gambling to professionals including GP's and Consultant Psychiatrists. I have worked at addiction treatment centres in the USA. I treat families and partners too. I also work with those who are suffering from abuse and not addiction. www.raymonddixon.co.uk
I have worked in and specialised in addiction problems involving alcohol, drugs and gambling for 21 years. I am now solely in private practice but previously managed an addiction unit and devised the programme at a major London private hospital for 16 years, facilitating group and individual therapy and family groups. I have given lectures on substance abuse and problem gambling to professionals including GP's and Consultant Psychiatrists. I have worked at addiction treatment centres in the USA. I treat families and partners too. I also work with those who are suffering from abuse and not addiction. www.raymonddixon.co.uk
01748 902472 View 01748 902472
Photo of Georgina Ackerman, Psychotherapist in Hammersmith, London, England
Georgina Ackerman
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W14  (Online Only)
I am a qualified psychotherapist with over 18 years of acute clinical experience within the fields of addiction, mental health and leadership coaching.
People may see you and think you are so positive and cheerful, but inside you are relentlessly beating yourself up and frustrated that life is not going your way. Struggled with anxiety, panic attacks, substance misuse and depression for far to long? Due to perfectionism, anxiety, people-pleasing, and other self-sabotaging habits that have taken over until you can hardly recognise yourself. I will support you in learning how to integrate a calm perspective, mindfulness and increase your ability to manage emotional reactivity in peak times of high stress and anxiety.
I am a qualified psychotherapist with over 18 years of acute clinical experience within the fields of addiction, mental health and leadership coaching.
People may see you and think you are so positive and cheerful, but inside you are relentlessly beating yourself up and frustrated that life is not going your way. Struggled with anxiety, panic attacks, substance misuse and depression for far to long? Due to perfectionism, anxiety, people-pleasing, and other self-sabotaging habits that have taken over until you can hardly recognise yourself. I will support you in learning how to integrate a calm perspective, mindfulness and increase your ability to manage emotional reactivity in peak times of high stress and anxiety.
01689 661724 View 01689 661724
Photo of Louise Champion, Psychotherapist in Hammersmith, London, England
Louise Champion
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hammersmith, London W14
These might include unhappy feelings; feelings of anxiety or depression; loss and bereavement; difficulties and/or confusion with current relationships; understanding and managing traumatic events, looking for meaning in life; or challenges in other areas of life such as identity, studies/work, addiction or parenting.
I am a registered Integrative psychotherapist with UKCP in the final year of my Doctorate in Counselling Psychology at Metanoia and Middlesex University. I work both long and short-term in a one-to-one setting with adults faced with a wide range of life challenges and experiences. I offer a safe confidential environment to collaboratively explore any issues and difficulties you may be experiencing.
These might include unhappy feelings; feelings of anxiety or depression; loss and bereavement; difficulties and/or confusion with current relationships; understanding and managing traumatic events, looking for meaning in life; or challenges in other areas of life such as identity, studies/work, addiction or parenting.
I am a registered Integrative psychotherapist with UKCP in the final year of my Doctorate in Counselling Psychology at Metanoia and Middlesex University. I work both long and short-term in a one-to-one setting with adults faced with a wide range of life challenges and experiences. I offer a safe confidential environment to collaboratively explore any issues and difficulties you may be experiencing.
020 3984 9998 View 020 3984 9998
Photo of Martin Phillip Edwards, Psychotherapist in Hammersmith, London, England
Martin Phillip Edwards
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hammersmith, London W6
Hello I'm Martin and I offer a safe and confidential space should you be facing any kind of challenge . I believe that counselling and psychotherapy can help us understand our selves more and encourage us to look at ourselves differently . I have experience of working with a range of issues including anxiety, depression and addiction. I have a Particular interest in working with LGBT+ clients and currently work at the Terrence Higgins Trust which specialises in working with gay male clients. I am a registered member of the BACP and receive regular supervision from a qualified supervisor. I hold a PGDip in Psychotheraputic Counseling
Hello I'm Martin and I offer a safe and confidential space should you be facing any kind of challenge . I believe that counselling and psychotherapy can help us understand our selves more and encourage us to look at ourselves differently . I have experience of working with a range of issues including anxiety, depression and addiction. I have a Particular interest in working with LGBT+ clients and currently work at the Terrence Higgins Trust which specialises in working with gay male clients. I am a registered member of the BACP and receive regular supervision from a qualified supervisor. I hold a PGDip in Psychotheraputic Counseling
07480 485213 View 07480 485213
Photo of Anthony Frost, Psychotherapist in Hammersmith, London, England
Anthony Frost
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W6
I am a Psychosexual (Sex) and Relationship Therapist with additional training in Sex Addiction Counselling for compulsive sexual behaviour. I am a Gender, Sexuality & Relationship Diversity affirming practitioner, offering a non-judgemental, supportive space where I encourage openness and honesty and embrace the diversity and uniqueness of my clients. I have an MSc in Psychosexual (Sex) Therapy, a Post Graduate Diploma in Relationship Counselling and an Advanced Diploma in Sex Addiction Counselling. My original training was as a Psychotherapist & CBT therapist and I have been been working in private practice and the NHS since 2012.
I am a Psychosexual (Sex) and Relationship Therapist with additional training in Sex Addiction Counselling for compulsive sexual behaviour. I am a Gender, Sexuality & Relationship Diversity affirming practitioner, offering a non-judgemental, supportive space where I encourage openness and honesty and embrace the diversity and uniqueness of my clients. I have an MSc in Psychosexual (Sex) Therapy, a Post Graduate Diploma in Relationship Counselling and an Advanced Diploma in Sex Addiction Counselling. My original training was as a Psychotherapist & CBT therapist and I have been been working in private practice and the NHS since 2012.
020 3835 4641 View 020 3835 4641
Photo of Kevin Scott, Psychotherapist in Hammersmith, London, England
Kevin Scott
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W6
Is there something troubling you? Something upsetting you? Something making you sad, anxious, angry, fearful, lonely or unheard? Have you lost someone you love or lost direction? Or is it something inside that you can’t fathom out, but is affecting your life? These feelings and many others are ones we all face during our lives and when they remain unaddressed they can lead to anxiety, depression, addiction, relationship problems, work issues, loss of self-confidence and self-esteem, or simply a feeling of being stuck. The good news is that therapy can help you explore one's issues you in a safe, caring and confidential space.
Is there something troubling you? Something upsetting you? Something making you sad, anxious, angry, fearful, lonely or unheard? Have you lost someone you love or lost direction? Or is it something inside that you can’t fathom out, but is affecting your life? These feelings and many others are ones we all face during our lives and when they remain unaddressed they can lead to anxiety, depression, addiction, relationship problems, work issues, loss of self-confidence and self-esteem, or simply a feeling of being stuck. The good news is that therapy can help you explore one's issues you in a safe, caring and confidential space.
020 3974 1328 View 020 3974 1328
Photo of Angela Watson, Counsellor in Hammersmith, London, England
Angela Watson
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W14  (Online Only)
My Clinical specialities are: trauma, anxiety, depression, LGBTQ, self worth, stress, women’s issues, domestic abuse, addiction (drugs, alcohol) non-traditional relationships, mood disorders, relationship concerns (including friendships). I also specialize in workplace issues and challenges especially within the not-for-profit sector.
My Clinical specialities are: trauma, anxiety, depression, LGBTQ, self worth, stress, women’s issues, domestic abuse, addiction (drugs, alcohol) non-traditional relationships, mood disorders, relationship concerns (including friendships). I also specialize in workplace issues and challenges especially within the not-for-profit sector.
0121 827 5651 View 0121 827 5651
Photo of Lara Danielle Therapy, Psychotherapist in Hammersmith, London, England
Lara Danielle Therapy
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W6  (Online Only)
I work with children from aged five, adolescents and adult females. I am compassionate and warm. I specialize in difficulties, including trauma, self-esteem, attachment, divorce, aggression, social anxiety, generalized anxiety and body concerns. I have worked extensively with young children and adolescents, both as a child therapist and in previous careers. I have worked at non-profit and for profit organizations, including a national adolescent treatment centre for mental health and substance use, foster homes and a domestic violence organization. I approach the therapeutic relationship with genuineness, curiosity, and warmth.
I work with children from aged five, adolescents and adult females. I am compassionate and warm. I specialize in difficulties, including trauma, self-esteem, attachment, divorce, aggression, social anxiety, generalized anxiety and body concerns. I have worked extensively with young children and adolescents, both as a child therapist and in previous careers. I have worked at non-profit and for profit organizations, including a national adolescent treatment centre for mental health and substance use, foster homes and a domestic violence organization. I approach the therapeutic relationship with genuineness, curiosity, and warmth.
01748 900772 View 01748 900772
Photo of Daniel Oppioli, Psychotherapist in Hammersmith, London, England
Daniel Oppioli
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W14
Hello my name is Daniele Oppioli and I am fully qualified Clinical Psychotherapist and Counsellor. I offer counselling and psychotherapy in a non-judgmental, highly confidential, safe, accepting and affirmative environment where you will be fully supported in exploring your challenges at your own pace, getting to the sources of your concerns, doubts, anxieties and insecurities and allowing you to develop a reparative awareness of those patterns that were not available to you before. I work with LGBTQ, heterosexual and cysgender individuals of different age, gender identity, sexual orientation, origins, culture, profession etc.
Hello my name is Daniele Oppioli and I am fully qualified Clinical Psychotherapist and Counsellor. I offer counselling and psychotherapy in a non-judgmental, highly confidential, safe, accepting and affirmative environment where you will be fully supported in exploring your challenges at your own pace, getting to the sources of your concerns, doubts, anxieties and insecurities and allowing you to develop a reparative awareness of those patterns that were not available to you before. I work with LGBTQ, heterosexual and cysgender individuals of different age, gender identity, sexual orientation, origins, culture, profession etc.
01748 901507 View 01748 901507
Photo of Alanah Garrard, Psychotherapist in Hammersmith, London, England
Alanah Garrard
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W14
There are periods of time when our lives and choices feel difficult and it can seem quite overwhelming. Whether that is presented in feelings of anxiety, depression, sadness, isolation, feelings of not being able to cope, a general feeling of dissatisfaction or relying on external elements such as alcohol or drugs for relief. I am here to provide support and to offer a non-judgemental empathic approach. The goal is to assist you in making the changes you need by talking things through in a safe environment.
There are periods of time when our lives and choices feel difficult and it can seem quite overwhelming. Whether that is presented in feelings of anxiety, depression, sadness, isolation, feelings of not being able to cope, a general feeling of dissatisfaction or relying on external elements such as alcohol or drugs for relief. I am here to provide support and to offer a non-judgemental empathic approach. The goal is to assist you in making the changes you need by talking things through in a safe environment.
020 3389 7591 View 020 3389 7591
Photo of Alex Thomas, Psychotherapist in Hammersmith, London, England
Alex Thomas
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W14
I specialise in working with adults and am dedicated to serving diverse populations. With a wealth of experience supporting LGBTQIA+ communities and individuals from various backgrounds, I bring a deep understanding of different walks of life. Having experienced both sides of the therapeutic process, I deeply empathise with the challenges of reaching out for support and the transformative journey that therapy entails. I submitted my doctoral thesis in January 2024 and am currently going through the award process to become a Doctor of Counselling Psychology (RUL) and practice as a BACP accredited Psychotherapist (MBACP)
I specialise in working with adults and am dedicated to serving diverse populations. With a wealth of experience supporting LGBTQIA+ communities and individuals from various backgrounds, I bring a deep understanding of different walks of life. Having experienced both sides of the therapeutic process, I deeply empathise with the challenges of reaching out for support and the transformative journey that therapy entails. I submitted my doctoral thesis in January 2024 and am currently going through the award process to become a Doctor of Counselling Psychology (RUL) and practice as a BACP accredited Psychotherapist (MBACP)
020 3597 5943 View 020 3597 5943
Photo of Nadja Julia Rolli, Psychotherapist in Hammersmith, London, England
Nadja Julia Rolli
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W14
I am a qualified and experienced Integrative Child and Adolescent Psychotherapist. Previous to the MA in Child Psychotherapy, I have been trained in Switzerland as Psychomotor Therapist, with a focus on Play Therapy and Body Work for Children and young adults. I have many years of experience working with my clients through play therapy and talking therapy but integrate EMDR, body awareness and symbolism, art materials, clay and sand into my work to facilitate unconscious emotional processes.
I am a qualified and experienced Integrative Child and Adolescent Psychotherapist. Previous to the MA in Child Psychotherapy, I have been trained in Switzerland as Psychomotor Therapist, with a focus on Play Therapy and Body Work for Children and young adults. I have many years of experience working with my clients through play therapy and talking therapy but integrate EMDR, body awareness and symbolism, art materials, clay and sand into my work to facilitate unconscious emotional processes.
020 8103 6087 View 020 8103 6087
Photo of Nadir Mohamed, Counsellor in Hammersmith, London, England
Nadir Mohamed
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W6
I have over ten years experience of working with children, adults and families, aiming to help people explore challenging situations or relationships, toward understanding how particular difficulties have risen and help you work through this time. I specialise in complex mental health and support individuals and families who have been affected. I have seven years experience working with children and teenagers who have Learning Disabilities and issues relating to school. I also see clients for various other struggles and work collaboratively to explore what is behind their anxiety, depression and to build self-esteem.
I have over ten years experience of working with children, adults and families, aiming to help people explore challenging situations or relationships, toward understanding how particular difficulties have risen and help you work through this time. I specialise in complex mental health and support individuals and families who have been affected. I have seven years experience working with children and teenagers who have Learning Disabilities and issues relating to school. I also see clients for various other struggles and work collaboratively to explore what is behind their anxiety, depression and to build self-esteem.
01748 901824 View 01748 901824
Photo of Pashmina Nanwani, Counsellor in Hammersmith, London, England
Pashmina Nanwani
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W14  (Online Only)
My name is Pashmina, I am an experienced Relational Counsellor and Psychotherapist. I am Indian by origin, and have lived in Africa, Spain, Middle East and the UK. With my experience and London being so ethnically diverse, cultural and social differences play a huge role in my practice and continues to be an area of focus. I have gained experience of working with anxiety, trauma, depression, relationship issues, and many other issues. I continue to work with clients at a centre affiliated with the NHS and as well as clients in my private practice. I offer both short-term and open ended therapy.
My name is Pashmina, I am an experienced Relational Counsellor and Psychotherapist. I am Indian by origin, and have lived in Africa, Spain, Middle East and the UK. With my experience and London being so ethnically diverse, cultural and social differences play a huge role in my practice and continues to be an area of focus. I have gained experience of working with anxiety, trauma, depression, relationship issues, and many other issues. I continue to work with clients at a centre affiliated with the NHS and as well as clients in my private practice. I offer both short-term and open ended therapy.
020 4538 6596 View 020 4538 6596
Photo of MarcusNicholson.Global, Psychologist in Hammersmith, London, England
MarcusNicholson.Global
Psychologist, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W14
Whenever you're not willing to feel an emotion, your choices and behaviours stem from your avoidance of that emotion. Your resistance runs your life & is directly contrary to your overall best interest. Similarly, traumas are incidents unable to be completed. The energies of these traumas are stored in our body until they can be released. I assist you to unlock these traumas by reactivating the emotional responses to these trapped emotions, which unlocks the synapses in the brain, allowing new positive emotional learning to replace the old trauma. Your energy field then becomes less dense, & a new sense of freedom takes hold.
Whenever you're not willing to feel an emotion, your choices and behaviours stem from your avoidance of that emotion. Your resistance runs your life & is directly contrary to your overall best interest. Similarly, traumas are incidents unable to be completed. The energies of these traumas are stored in our body until they can be released. I assist you to unlock these traumas by reactivating the emotional responses to these trapped emotions, which unlocks the synapses in the brain, allowing new positive emotional learning to replace the old trauma. Your energy field then becomes less dense, & a new sense of freedom takes hold.
01748 902591 View 01748 902591
Photo of Shinette Brown, Psychotherapist in Hammersmith, London, England
Shinette Brown
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hammersmith, London W6  (Online Only)
Hi, I’m Shinette. Beyond my titles, qualifications and expertise, I’m just Shinette. Having been a client myself, I am passionate about and committed to providing a confidential, non-judgemental space for people to just be themselves too. As a qualified Psychotherapist and Health and Wellbeing coach; I have extensive experience supporting individuals with their mental, physical and sexual health. Working in a calm, client-led way means that I extend empathy and patience; acknowledging and allowing you to journey at your own pace.
Hi, I’m Shinette. Beyond my titles, qualifications and expertise, I’m just Shinette. Having been a client myself, I am passionate about and committed to providing a confidential, non-judgemental space for people to just be themselves too. As a qualified Psychotherapist and Health and Wellbeing coach; I have extensive experience supporting individuals with their mental, physical and sexual health. Working in a calm, client-led way means that I extend empathy and patience; acknowledging and allowing you to journey at your own pace.
020 3828 7730 View 020 3828 7730
Photo of Christine Fontaine, Counsellor in Hammersmith, London, England
Christine Fontaine
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W12
Welcome. As many clients are worried about the risk of catching coronavirus I am specially trained to offer therapy via zoom as well as working face to face with individuals, couples, and groups. I work in an empathic, confidential and non-judgmental way that focuses on building a therapeutic relationship with you to facilitate trust and confidence required to manage both past and present issues. I draw on a range of psychotherapeutic styles catered to suit each individual client which includes relational psychotherapy and EMDR. Just drop me a text, email or call and we can arrange something.
Welcome. As many clients are worried about the risk of catching coronavirus I am specially trained to offer therapy via zoom as well as working face to face with individuals, couples, and groups. I work in an empathic, confidential and non-judgmental way that focuses on building a therapeutic relationship with you to facilitate trust and confidence required to manage both past and present issues. I draw on a range of psychotherapeutic styles catered to suit each individual client which includes relational psychotherapy and EMDR. Just drop me a text, email or call and we can arrange something.
07400 290626 View 07400 290626
Photo of Simon Burgess, Psychotherapist in Hammersmith, London, England
Simon Burgess
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hammersmith, London W6
Hi, my name is Simon and I work as a Psychotherapist in Private Practice in London. Clients who come to me for help usually have high levels of anxiety or depression and find themselves in repeating patterns within their relationships or at work that make them unhappy. I would offer you a safe, containing space where you could talk about and explore anything that’s difficult or overwhelming. We all have emotional needs and problems often arise when those needs are unmet. I would carefully explore which of your emotional needs were unmet during your childhood and possibly in your present life.
Hi, my name is Simon and I work as a Psychotherapist in Private Practice in London. Clients who come to me for help usually have high levels of anxiety or depression and find themselves in repeating patterns within their relationships or at work that make them unhappy. I would offer you a safe, containing space where you could talk about and explore anything that’s difficult or overwhelming. We all have emotional needs and problems often arise when those needs are unmet. I would carefully explore which of your emotional needs were unmet during your childhood and possibly in your present life.
01748 900754 View 01748 900754

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Addiction Counsellors

What is the best therapy for addiction?

Addiction treatment will be tailored to the individual. People seeking help for addiction—whether with a psychotherapist, in an outpatient clinic, or in a residential program—should expect to engage in multiple types of treatments, sometimes including medication. For anyone recovering from addiction, avoiding situations in which one has typically used a substance is essential, as is the support of close connections. Since substance use disorders tend to co-occur with underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression, those must also be addressed as part of any recovery plan.

How long does therapy for addiction take?

There is no set timeline for recovery from addiction. Patients and their families should expect the work to last several months, if not longer. Residential treatment programs may be based on a stay of 30, 60, or 90 days, with continuing work after release, but only about 1 percent of people are treated in such facilities. Ceasing use is just the first step; therapy to help maintain abstinence and effect behavior change must follow. The process of recovery, neuroscience has shown, involves brain cells recovering the capacity to respond to natural sources of reward and restore control over the impulse to use. Another definition of recovery is restoring voluntary control over one’s substance use and retaking all of one’s previous responsibilities.

How effective is drug addiction treatment?

Substance use disorders are treatable and remission is achievable for many who seek recovery; by some estimates, more than three-quarters of people who become addicted to alcohol or drugs recover. But that success rarely occurs quickly or on a set timeline; relapse is not only common, but many therapists and clinicians view it as a normal part of the process—not always a sign that a person has returned to addiction, but a signal that their treatment should be adjusted to help them regain control. Overall, research suggests, five years after the end of substance use, one’s risk of relapse is no greater than that of others who had not faced addiction. Other experts believe that complete abstinence is not the only measure of recovery, and that, through effective treatment, many people can learn to control their use.

How can you get addiction treatment for someone?

The most important factor in recovery from addiction is widely understood to be an individual’s commitment to change. For that reason,“interventions” in which friends and family gather to urge or force someone to begin immediate treatment often backfire; even when such efforts do lead someone to begin treatment, they may be less likely to stay than those who are self-driven. Still, family members can play an important role in supporting an individual who seeks help and can take part in family therapy as one element of a loved one’s treatment.