Counselling in Leamington Spa

Photo of Lisa Jane Osullivan, Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Lisa Jane Osullivan
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
1 Endorsed
Do feelings of anxiety stop you from living your life to its full potential? I can help you find the right tools to manage your anxiety, whilst exploring and working on the root cause of it. I tailor my approach to every client and I always put you at the heart of what i do. Together we can explore the issue in a confidential space, at your pace. Sessions are relaxed and conversational, with no pressure or judgement. I offer a free introductory call, with no obligation to commit, so we can have a chat to see if we are the right fit and take it from there. I want my clients to get the most out of these sessions, this is about you.
Do feelings of anxiety stop you from living your life to its full potential? I can help you find the right tools to manage your anxiety, whilst exploring and working on the root cause of it. I tailor my approach to every client and I always put you at the heart of what i do. Together we can explore the issue in a confidential space, at your pace. Sessions are relaxed and conversational, with no pressure or judgement. I offer a free introductory call, with no obligation to commit, so we can have a chat to see if we are the right fit and take it from there. I want my clients to get the most out of these sessions, this is about you.
01926 293588 View 01926 293588
Photo of Aman Johal, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Aman Johal
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Hi I'm Aman. Welcome to my page. I understand it can take immense courage to engage in therapy to confront emotional pain and distress. I know it is common to avoid anxiety provoking situations to stop those painful feelings from arising. However, this can be adverse for you in the long term. I offer Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy which will give you the opportunity to identify and challenge negative patterns of thoughts and behaviours. I can enable you to learn new strategies so you manage your distress and life situations better.
Hi I'm Aman. Welcome to my page. I understand it can take immense courage to engage in therapy to confront emotional pain and distress. I know it is common to avoid anxiety provoking situations to stop those painful feelings from arising. However, this can be adverse for you in the long term. I offer Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy which will give you the opportunity to identify and challenge negative patterns of thoughts and behaviours. I can enable you to learn new strategies so you manage your distress and life situations better.
01953 665969 View 01953 665969
Photo of Ginny Jayne Lewis, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Ginny Jayne Lewis
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Who am I? There was a time when I struggled to answer that very question, Today I am able to say I am Ginny Lewis and I'm a Person centred Psychotherapist. There was a time in my life of uncertainty, I didn’t know where to begin to understand how or what I was feeling, within a safe therapeutic space I was able to begin the Journey to meet myself. Having been a client receiving Person Centred Therapy I experienced first had how the right conditions being created enabled me to grow, the positive effect it had and continues to have within me enables me to here today for others.
Who am I? There was a time when I struggled to answer that very question, Today I am able to say I am Ginny Lewis and I'm a Person centred Psychotherapist. There was a time in my life of uncertainty, I didn’t know where to begin to understand how or what I was feeling, within a safe therapeutic space I was able to begin the Journey to meet myself. Having been a client receiving Person Centred Therapy I experienced first had how the right conditions being created enabled me to grow, the positive effect it had and continues to have within me enables me to here today for others.
01926 507827 View 01926 507827
Photo of Katie Brazier, Counsellor, COSRT Accred
Katie Brazier
Counsellor, COSRT Accred
I’m Katie, your partner in transformation. If you are experiencing Anxiety or Stress, Addictions or Compulsive Behaviours, Sleep Issues or Past Trauma then I can help. With over 15 years of experience in my private practice, I’ve dedicated my life to helping busy individuals like you achieve emotional health, calm, control, and happiness.
I’m Katie, your partner in transformation. If you are experiencing Anxiety or Stress, Addictions or Compulsive Behaviours, Sleep Issues or Past Trauma then I can help. With over 15 years of experience in my private practice, I’ve dedicated my life to helping busy individuals like you achieve emotional health, calm, control, and happiness.
01926 353660 View 01926 353660
Photo of Dr Caroline Rowley, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Caroline Rowley
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Welcome! Are you feeling anxious, low or having difficulty in your relationships? Are you feeling stuck and want to make lasting positive changes? If this is you, then I can help. I will provide you with a safe space, utilising specialist psychological methods to help you process and overcome your difficulties and fulfil your full potential.
Welcome! Are you feeling anxious, low or having difficulty in your relationships? Are you feeling stuck and want to make lasting positive changes? If this is you, then I can help. I will provide you with a safe space, utilising specialist psychological methods to help you process and overcome your difficulties and fulfil your full potential.
01926 353696 View 01926 353696
Photo of Sarah Hopkins, Counsellor, MBACP
Sarah Hopkins
Counsellor, MBACP
No matter what age you are you may be struggling to understand yourself or feel unhappy with your current situation. Talking to someone and using the therapy hour to explore your past, present and future can help you to feel clearer on how you live your life. You may have a diagnosis of ADHD or autism or have a child who has received a diagnosis and would like to explore this with someone who understands. Putting feelings and emotions into words and helping process events in your life so that you can move forward.
No matter what age you are you may be struggling to understand yourself or feel unhappy with your current situation. Talking to someone and using the therapy hour to explore your past, present and future can help you to feel clearer on how you live your life. You may have a diagnosis of ADHD or autism or have a child who has received a diagnosis and would like to explore this with someone who understands. Putting feelings and emotions into words and helping process events in your life so that you can move forward.
01926 293368 View 01926 293368
Photo of Catherine Healy, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Catherine Healy
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Specialist cognitive behavioural and integrative psychotherapy solutions for children, young people and adults - WCPS is run by me, Cat Healy, a therapist who works with a fresh and imaginative approach to psychotherapy. At the heart of therapy is the relationship between you; the client, and me; the therapist. When we work together, we can achieve. I have worked in the mental health arena for 14 years and have a high level of expertise in mental health and child development. Previously worked as a locum senior mental health practitioner and therapist for CAMHS. I am a university lecturer teaching CBT and psychotherapy.
Specialist cognitive behavioural and integrative psychotherapy solutions for children, young people and adults - WCPS is run by me, Cat Healy, a therapist who works with a fresh and imaginative approach to psychotherapy. At the heart of therapy is the relationship between you; the client, and me; the therapist. When we work together, we can achieve. I have worked in the mental health arena for 14 years and have a high level of expertise in mental health and child development. Previously worked as a locum senior mental health practitioner and therapist for CAMHS. I am a university lecturer teaching CBT and psychotherapy.
01926 569042 View 01926 569042
Photo of Matthew James Stainer Specialist Addictions Psychotherapist, Psychotherapist, BACP
I am a qualified and accredited addictions therapist, and hold a Masters degree in Integrative Psychotherapy from Sherwood Psychotherapy Training Institute. I have over 9 years’ experience of working alongside adults with substance use disorders and behavioural addictions, psychological disorders and underlying psychotherapeutic issues. I offer a safe and confidential space in which to work through your presenting issues, whilst offering a supportive relationship alongside you to meet your goals of therapy. Addictive behaviours have a tendency to silence the person whose struggling, so a non judgemental environment is offered
I am a qualified and accredited addictions therapist, and hold a Masters degree in Integrative Psychotherapy from Sherwood Psychotherapy Training Institute. I have over 9 years’ experience of working alongside adults with substance use disorders and behavioural addictions, psychological disorders and underlying psychotherapeutic issues. I offer a safe and confidential space in which to work through your presenting issues, whilst offering a supportive relationship alongside you to meet your goals of therapy. Addictive behaviours have a tendency to silence the person whose struggling, so a non judgemental environment is offered
01926 895722 View 01926 895722
Photo of Maria Reece, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Maria Reece
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
I have 25 years experience helping individuals and couples who are feeling stressed, unbalanced, confused, angry, stuck, unhappy, or overwhelmed. I can quickly help you to get more balanced, clear, effective, energised, confident, and happy in your life and relationships. I can also help you deal with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, panic attacks, PTSD, grief, and isolation. I can help couples who are stuck in negative patterns, such as repetitive rows that seem impossible to fix, or who are worried about issues of infidelity or lack of sexual intimacy.
I have 25 years experience helping individuals and couples who are feeling stressed, unbalanced, confused, angry, stuck, unhappy, or overwhelmed. I can quickly help you to get more balanced, clear, effective, energised, confident, and happy in your life and relationships. I can also help you deal with anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, panic attacks, PTSD, grief, and isolation. I can help couples who are stuck in negative patterns, such as repetitive rows that seem impossible to fix, or who are worried about issues of infidelity or lack of sexual intimacy.
01926 958263 View 01926 958263
Photo of Ann Jennings, Psychotherapist, PNCPS Acc.
Ann Jennings
Psychotherapist, PNCPS Acc.
Hello, I'm Ann and I understand the huge impact that struggles with depression, anxiety, panic, low self-esteem, stress and relationship difficulties can have on our lives. Counselling can be an important first step in helping you deal with the challenges that life throws at you. At Counselling.Space you will have a safe and confidential environment to explore these challenges and develop a better understanding of yourself as well as the beliefs that drive your moods and behaviour.
Hello, I'm Ann and I understand the huge impact that struggles with depression, anxiety, panic, low self-esteem, stress and relationship difficulties can have on our lives. Counselling can be an important first step in helping you deal with the challenges that life throws at you. At Counselling.Space you will have a safe and confidential environment to explore these challenges and develop a better understanding of yourself as well as the beliefs that drive your moods and behaviour.
01926 963974 View 01926 963974
Photo of Hannah Claire O'Brien, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Hannah Claire O'Brien
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Clients may be experiencing emotional challenges relating to stress, anxiety and depression. Clients may be struggling with problems such as work-related stress, persistent worry, trauma-related symptoms and low self-esteem, which are impacting everyday life. Clients will be motivated to better understand their current difficulties, exploring maintaining factors such as negative thinking patterns and behaviours, with a focus on proactively challenging these negative cycles.
Clients may be experiencing emotional challenges relating to stress, anxiety and depression. Clients may be struggling with problems such as work-related stress, persistent worry, trauma-related symptoms and low self-esteem, which are impacting everyday life. Clients will be motivated to better understand their current difficulties, exploring maintaining factors such as negative thinking patterns and behaviours, with a focus on proactively challenging these negative cycles.
01926 352281 View 01926 352281
Photo of Jay Singh Sandher, Counsellor, MBACP
Jay Singh Sandher
Counsellor, MBACP
I am a person centred therapist with over six years of experience, my areas of interest and speciality are drug and alcohol addiction and dependance, bereavement and loss, mental health, icluding PTSD, anxiety and depression amongst other specific areas of mental health. I believe that the client is the real expert in that they know how they want to feel within themself. Given the chance I can help and support you down the path where you can become that person you want to be and lead a life with full potential and actualise that potential within yourself.
I am a person centred therapist with over six years of experience, my areas of interest and speciality are drug and alcohol addiction and dependance, bereavement and loss, mental health, icluding PTSD, anxiety and depression amongst other specific areas of mental health. I believe that the client is the real expert in that they know how they want to feel within themself. Given the chance I can help and support you down the path where you can become that person you want to be and lead a life with full potential and actualise that potential within yourself.
01926 895694 View 01926 895694
Photo of Dr Amber Sedgfield, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Amber Sedgfield
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Over the last 14 years my passion as a Clinical Psychologist has included working with families experiencing difficulties within the perinatal period. I have specialist training in treating birth trauma, fear of childbirth, antenatal / postnatal anxiety and depression presentations, perinatal OCD, loss (miscarriage, stillbirth, neonatal death & infertility) and difficulties adjusting to the transition to parenthood. Such challenges can also lead to bonding /attachment difficulties within the parent-baby relationship, for which I welcome your baby to join us in therapy to help build that special connection.
Over the last 14 years my passion as a Clinical Psychologist has included working with families experiencing difficulties within the perinatal period. I have specialist training in treating birth trauma, fear of childbirth, antenatal / postnatal anxiety and depression presentations, perinatal OCD, loss (miscarriage, stillbirth, neonatal death & infertility) and difficulties adjusting to the transition to parenthood. Such challenges can also lead to bonding /attachment difficulties within the parent-baby relationship, for which I welcome your baby to join us in therapy to help build that special connection.
01926 895415 View 01926 895415
Photo of Corrina Wooldridge, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Corrina Wooldridge
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
3 Endorsed
If you've found your way to this page, you're probably going through a difficult time right now, or you're feeling dissatisfied with your life. Maybe you're plagued by constant worry or fear and experiencing racing, repetitive thoughts that can induce feeling of panic. Perhaps you're struggling with feelings of inadequacy, self-doubt or low self-worth and there is this critical voice in your head that tells you you're not good enough. Maybe you're feeling lost in relationships and struggling to connect with others? Or perhaps you have had traumatic experiences in the past that have left you confused and continue to impact your life.
If you've found your way to this page, you're probably going through a difficult time right now, or you're feeling dissatisfied with your life. Maybe you're plagued by constant worry or fear and experiencing racing, repetitive thoughts that can induce feeling of panic. Perhaps you're struggling with feelings of inadequacy, self-doubt or low self-worth and there is this critical voice in your head that tells you you're not good enough. Maybe you're feeling lost in relationships and struggling to connect with others? Or perhaps you have had traumatic experiences in the past that have left you confused and continue to impact your life.
01926 895659 View 01926 895659
Photo of Alice Bradford, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Alice Bradford
Psychotherapist, MBACP
I have experience in helping clients with relationship issues, family conflicts, trauma and abuse, self-esteem, and confidence. By developing a safe and open relationship with clients, they can have a space to truly be themselves, with permission to feel and experience emotions, perhaps previously hidden or felt to be unacceptable. This can lead to a greater understanding of themselves and what happened to them and so, to more self-compassion and growing a sense of who they are. This can make it easier to navigate whatever issues or relationships problems they are facing with a clearer sense of what they want.
I have experience in helping clients with relationship issues, family conflicts, trauma and abuse, self-esteem, and confidence. By developing a safe and open relationship with clients, they can have a space to truly be themselves, with permission to feel and experience emotions, perhaps previously hidden or felt to be unacceptable. This can lead to a greater understanding of themselves and what happened to them and so, to more self-compassion and growing a sense of who they are. This can make it easier to navigate whatever issues or relationships problems they are facing with a clearer sense of what they want.
01926 895445 View 01926 895445
Photo of Sonya Price, Counsellor, MBACP
Sonya Price
Counsellor, MBACP
Hello my name is Sonya, I am a CBT therapist (Cognitive Behaviour Therapy). Sometimes in life we all get to a point where we just need to reach out. I can offer you time to listen effectively in a comfortable, safe, and confidential environment. Working with CBT enables you to talk about your feelings and emotions in situations as they may affect our behaviours and by recognising this we can adapt some change. Being able to express your feelings or presenting issue may be difficult especially to loved ones, family and friends. Reach Out will empower you to contribute to your well-being, sense of belonging, and self worth in Therapy.
Hello my name is Sonya, I am a CBT therapist (Cognitive Behaviour Therapy). Sometimes in life we all get to a point where we just need to reach out. I can offer you time to listen effectively in a comfortable, safe, and confidential environment. Working with CBT enables you to talk about your feelings and emotions in situations as they may affect our behaviours and by recognising this we can adapt some change. Being able to express your feelings or presenting issue may be difficult especially to loved ones, family and friends. Reach Out will empower you to contribute to your well-being, sense of belonging, and self worth in Therapy.
01926 958240 View 01926 958240
Photo of Debra Hill, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Debra Hill
Psychotherapist, MBACP
My hope is that, with my help, in as few sessions as possible, you will step forward with confidence and equipped with the insight and clarity required to face whatever life challenges you are confronted with. I offer you a space where you can be completely yourself— without judgement or pressure, only acceptance. Life can feel overwhelming at times, and it’s easy to lose sight of who we are or what we truly need. Feeling as if “there is something wrong” and not being able to identify it or address it can be exhausting. I hope to take some of that emotional weight from you.
My hope is that, with my help, in as few sessions as possible, you will step forward with confidence and equipped with the insight and clarity required to face whatever life challenges you are confronted with. I offer you a space where you can be completely yourself— without judgement or pressure, only acceptance. Life can feel overwhelming at times, and it’s easy to lose sight of who we are or what we truly need. Feeling as if “there is something wrong” and not being able to identify it or address it can be exhausting. I hope to take some of that emotional weight from you.
01926 895735 View 01926 895735
Photo of Mary Paterson, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Mary Paterson
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Are you at that stage of knowing that something’s wrong, you’re unhappy, maybe knowing what the problem is, but not how to fix it? Maybe you know that you need someone to listen, understand, ‘get’ you, but you also want things to change. You might be suffering from anxiety, unwanted anger or low mood/depression, have social anxiety, low confidence or low self-esteem. You may be having a difficulty with a relationship or a situation. You may have issues caused by childhood trauma or more recent traumatic events, panic attacks, fear of driving/ flying or phobias. Or perhaps there’s nothing obvious; you just want more from your life.
Are you at that stage of knowing that something’s wrong, you’re unhappy, maybe knowing what the problem is, but not how to fix it? Maybe you know that you need someone to listen, understand, ‘get’ you, but you also want things to change. You might be suffering from anxiety, unwanted anger or low mood/depression, have social anxiety, low confidence or low self-esteem. You may be having a difficulty with a relationship or a situation. You may have issues caused by childhood trauma or more recent traumatic events, panic attacks, fear of driving/ flying or phobias. Or perhaps there’s nothing obvious; you just want more from your life.
01926 958262 View 01926 958262
Photo of Clair Ray, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, BACP
Clair Ray
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, BACP
I have two slots remaining for personalised Therapy with additional support starting in May. This includes: Initial assessment and 10 Therapy Sessions: Focused on addressing the area of your life where you struggling the most and seek clarity and change. Weekly you will receive Session Summary & Takeaway Notes: Clear insights from each session to digest and support processing. Tailored Weekly Exercises to deepen self-awareness between sessions, support self discovery, focus and integrating new learnings. Final review and action plan
I have two slots remaining for personalised Therapy with additional support starting in May. This includes: Initial assessment and 10 Therapy Sessions: Focused on addressing the area of your life where you struggling the most and seek clarity and change. Weekly you will receive Session Summary & Takeaway Notes: Clear insights from each session to digest and support processing. Tailored Weekly Exercises to deepen self-awareness between sessions, support self discovery, focus and integrating new learnings. Final review and action plan
01926 963152 View 01926 963152
Photo of Ben Phillips, Counsellor, MSc, BACP
Ben Phillips
Counsellor, MSc, BACP
“Most men lead lives of quiet desperation and die with their song still inside them” Men don’t suffer more psychological disorders than women overall, however, the way men suffer them can be more destructive and problematic as they tend to externalise their suffering in the form of violence, substance abuse, anger, aggression, etc. Moreover, men’s psychological suffering is further compounded by men often hiding their issues and being reluctant to report symptoms. My mission is to work with men to help them become the type of man they want to be and so to lead their 'best lives'.
“Most men lead lives of quiet desperation and die with their song still inside them” Men don’t suffer more psychological disorders than women overall, however, the way men suffer them can be more destructive and problematic as they tend to externalise their suffering in the form of violence, substance abuse, anger, aggression, etc. Moreover, men’s psychological suffering is further compounded by men often hiding their issues and being reluctant to report symptoms. My mission is to work with men to help them become the type of man they want to be and so to lead their 'best lives'.
01926 963078 View 01926 963078

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Leamington Spa

100+

Average cost per session

£65

Counsellors in Leamington Spa who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Self Esteem
85% Depression
79% Stress
70% Trauma and PTSD
69% Relationship Issues
63% Bereavement

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Aviva
65% Bupa
59% AXA PPP

How Counsellors in Leamington Spa see their clients

94% In Person and Online
6% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Leamington Spa?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.