Counselling in Exning

Photo of Nicholas Cook, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Nicholas Cook
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Serves Area
Right now you might find it almost impossible to believe life will work out for the best. Sometimes change just comes along but most of the time it's up to us to get started. That's tough at the best of times. Maybe staying as you are just seems easier or, perhaps, you've now reached a point where you want to change but don't know how to go about it. Starting out can seem daunting, a risk even. That's where therapy comes in.
Right now you might find it almost impossible to believe life will work out for the best. Sometimes change just comes along but most of the time it's up to us to get started. That's tough at the best of times. Maybe staying as you are just seems easier or, perhaps, you've now reached a point where you want to change but don't know how to go about it. Starting out can seem daunting, a risk even. That's where therapy comes in.
01223 734685 View 01223 734685
Photo of Heather Oglesby, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Heather Oglesby
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Serves Area
I work both in-person and online where we can safely explore any issues that you may have in confidence. I strongly believe that everyone can benefit from counselling, provided they have a good connection with their counsellor. That is why the relationship is at the heart of my work. I work with a wide range of people, I am passionate about working with those who identify as LGBTQ+ and those who may be questioning their sexual orientation and/or gender identity. Being queer myself, I have a deep understanding of the different struggles and discrimination we face day to day. I am also kink, poly/open relationship friendly.
I work both in-person and online where we can safely explore any issues that you may have in confidence. I strongly believe that everyone can benefit from counselling, provided they have a good connection with their counsellor. That is why the relationship is at the heart of my work. I work with a wide range of people, I am passionate about working with those who identify as LGBTQ+ and those who may be questioning their sexual orientation and/or gender identity. Being queer myself, I have a deep understanding of the different struggles and discrimination we face day to day. I am also kink, poly/open relationship friendly.
01638 591586 View 01638 591586

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Edwina Hawkridge, Counsellor, MBACP
Edwina Hawkridge
Counsellor, MBACP
Serves Area
Welcome, sorry you or someone you know is going through a difficult time in life. Perhaps struggling with an eating disorder, anxiety, stress, or depression. I provide a warm & supportive relationship, to help you get your life back. Counselling is a collaboration, we'll figure out what you need, how you would like things to be different and implement change to help you move forward feeling happier.
Welcome, sorry you or someone you know is going through a difficult time in life. Perhaps struggling with an eating disorder, anxiety, stress, or depression. I provide a warm & supportive relationship, to help you get your life back. Counselling is a collaboration, we'll figure out what you need, how you would like things to be different and implement change to help you move forward feeling happier.
01780 430839 View 01780 430839
Photo of Elizabeth Mary Prior - Elizabeth Cross , Counsellor, BACP
Elizabeth Cross
Counsellor, BACP
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Abuse is so much more than just a word—it’s an experience that can feel overwhelming, like a shadow that never fades. But while the scars may run deep, healing is possible. Hi, I’m Beth, a trauma-trained psychotherapeutic counsellor. As someone who has experienced multiple traumas and abuse and a diagnoses of ADHD later in life I understand the profound impact these experiences have, and the complexity of coping with trauma. I create a personalised, supportive space for healing that is unique to you. Tailored Approach: No two people’s experiences or needs are the same—I meet you exactly where you are.
Abuse is so much more than just a word—it’s an experience that can feel overwhelming, like a shadow that never fades. But while the scars may run deep, healing is possible. Hi, I’m Beth, a trauma-trained psychotherapeutic counsellor. As someone who has experienced multiple traumas and abuse and a diagnoses of ADHD later in life I understand the profound impact these experiences have, and the complexity of coping with trauma. I create a personalised, supportive space for healing that is unique to you. Tailored Approach: No two people’s experiences or needs are the same—I meet you exactly where you are.
01702 967147 View 01702 967147
Photo of Louise Jones
Louise Jones
Verified Verified
Online Only
Online Support for Trauma Recovery. Even the most successful lives can be touched by trauma. Whether you’ve experienced a life-threatening event, serious injury, or the emotional shock of something that’s happened to someone close, the impact can be profound—and deeply personal. I specialise in working with individuals who have experienced trauma or abuse, helping them navigate a path back to clarity, stability, and self-connection. For many, this is about returning to the life they once knew. For others, it’s about discovering who they truly are. You may experience nightmares, flashbacks, hypervigilance, irritability and much more.
Online Support for Trauma Recovery. Even the most successful lives can be touched by trauma. Whether you’ve experienced a life-threatening event, serious injury, or the emotional shock of something that’s happened to someone close, the impact can be profound—and deeply personal. I specialise in working with individuals who have experienced trauma or abuse, helping them navigate a path back to clarity, stability, and self-connection. For many, this is about returning to the life they once knew. For others, it’s about discovering who they truly are. You may experience nightmares, flashbacks, hypervigilance, irritability and much more.
01752 982164 View 01752 982164
Photo of Olivia Mattick, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Olivia Mattick
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Waitlist for new clients
I’m Olivia, a qualified psychodynamic counsellor and psychotherapist. I offer a calm, compassionate space where you can feel understood, and begin to make sense of what’s going on beneath the surface. I welcome all clients from all backgrounds and ways of being, Together we can explore what feels out of step in your life, and help you to gain more understanding of yourself and your world. I work from a psychodynamic perspective, which means we’ll explore how your past may be shaping your present - not to dwell, but to help you gain insight, shift patterns, and feel more in control of your story.
I’m Olivia, a qualified psychodynamic counsellor and psychotherapist. I offer a calm, compassionate space where you can feel understood, and begin to make sense of what’s going on beneath the surface. I welcome all clients from all backgrounds and ways of being, Together we can explore what feels out of step in your life, and help you to gain more understanding of yourself and your world. I work from a psychodynamic perspective, which means we’ll explore how your past may be shaping your present - not to dwell, but to help you gain insight, shift patterns, and feel more in control of your story.
01638 591484 View 01638 591484
Photo of Sue Gray, Psychotherapist, MSc, MHGI
Sue Gray
Psychotherapist, MSc, MHGI
Serves Area
I offer a free 15' explore/intro call so you can check me out! If we meet I will ask you what you want to achieve and we will work towards that as quickly as possible. When someone’s daily life becomes bogged down by a personal difficulty, and they often cannot find a way through it for themselves, they can suffer from distressing feelings of insecurity and loss of control. HG psychotherapy aims to restore that control in the shortest time possible by working with effective tools and modern knowledge to resolve most difficulties, whether expressed as trauma, anxiety, phobia, depression, addiction, or other obstacles to well-being.
I offer a free 15' explore/intro call so you can check me out! If we meet I will ask you what you want to achieve and we will work towards that as quickly as possible. When someone’s daily life becomes bogged down by a personal difficulty, and they often cannot find a way through it for themselves, they can suffer from distressing feelings of insecurity and loss of control. HG psychotherapy aims to restore that control in the shortest time possible by working with effective tools and modern knowledge to resolve most difficulties, whether expressed as trauma, anxiety, phobia, depression, addiction, or other obstacles to well-being.
07481 360643 View 07481 360643
Photo of Colin McMorran, Counsellor, MBACP
Colin McMorran
Counsellor, MBACP
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Hi, I’m Colin. At CMCTalk, I offer counselling, mentoring, and coaching to guide you on your journey toward growth, purpose, and fulfilment. Together, we’ll work to unlock your potential and create meaningful transformation in your life. Whether you're experiencing anxiety, depression, loss, relationship issues, or simply want to better understand yourself, I will support you to explore your thoughts and feelings at your own pace. I'm a BACP-registered counsellor working online across the UK. Real change starts from within. If you’re feeling ready to take that first step, I’m here to support you.​
Hi, I’m Colin. At CMCTalk, I offer counselling, mentoring, and coaching to guide you on your journey toward growth, purpose, and fulfilment. Together, we’ll work to unlock your potential and create meaningful transformation in your life. Whether you're experiencing anxiety, depression, loss, relationship issues, or simply want to better understand yourself, I will support you to explore your thoughts and feelings at your own pace. I'm a BACP-registered counsellor working online across the UK. Real change starts from within. If you’re feeling ready to take that first step, I’m here to support you.​
01722 548905 View 01722 548905
Photo of Fiona Knowles - Fiona Knowles Counselling & Supervision, Counsellor, MBACP
Are you suffering from anxiety, panic attacks, felling generally low, or facing challenges that are preventing you from moving forward and leading a full and happy life? At times life can be very difficult leaving you feeling confused, unhappy, unheard, and restricting you from leading the life you want. Counselling can be the first step towards change, regaining a sense of control in your life, and a better, more positive future for you. I work around a wide variety of issues, problems and complex situations providing you with support, empathy and a space for you to share your concerns.
Are you suffering from anxiety, panic attacks, felling generally low, or facing challenges that are preventing you from moving forward and leading a full and happy life? At times life can be very difficult leaving you feeling confused, unhappy, unheard, and restricting you from leading the life you want. Counselling can be the first step towards change, regaining a sense of control in your life, and a better, more positive future for you. I work around a wide variety of issues, problems and complex situations providing you with support, empathy and a space for you to share your concerns.
07496 664515 View 07496 664515
Photo of Ian Rattray, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
Ian Rattray
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
Serves Area
Sometimes life can be difficult or challenging. Maybe you are struggling with feelings such as sadness, anxiety, anger, depression, stress, worry, guilt, or shame? Perhaps something has particularly knocked you sideways, your usual means to cope with life’s challenges no longer suffice or not the solution? Or do you find yourself feeling lost or empty, or caught up in a cycle of thinking or behaving that is affecting your emotional well being or making life, work or relationships difficult? Have you and your partner got into stuck ways of relating? Is this leaving you feeling hurt, sad or lonely? Are you hurting the ones you love?
Sometimes life can be difficult or challenging. Maybe you are struggling with feelings such as sadness, anxiety, anger, depression, stress, worry, guilt, or shame? Perhaps something has particularly knocked you sideways, your usual means to cope with life’s challenges no longer suffice or not the solution? Or do you find yourself feeling lost or empty, or caught up in a cycle of thinking or behaving that is affecting your emotional well being or making life, work or relationships difficult? Have you and your partner got into stuck ways of relating? Is this leaving you feeling hurt, sad or lonely? Are you hurting the ones you love?
01206 239995 View 01206 239995
Photo of Lena Zagel, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Lena Zagel
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Serves Area
Do you find yourself wanting to belong and are not sure how to fit in? Do you feel stuck and are unsure of how to move forwards? Have you found your tribe or community yet? Do you feel like an outsider or disconnected from others? These might just scratch the surface of the questions that may come up, and they are all important in gaining awareness of what might be lying underneath. We all want to feel a sense of belonging and being part of something other than ourselves, which is engrained in the way we interact with the world around us.
Do you find yourself wanting to belong and are not sure how to fit in? Do you feel stuck and are unsure of how to move forwards? Have you found your tribe or community yet? Do you feel like an outsider or disconnected from others? These might just scratch the surface of the questions that may come up, and they are all important in gaining awareness of what might be lying underneath. We all want to feel a sense of belonging and being part of something other than ourselves, which is engrained in the way we interact with the world around us.
01492 550787 View 01492 550787
Photo of José Rodríguez, Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
José Rodríguez
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Cambridge CB24
Are you experiencing, depression, anxiety or difficulties in form and maintain relationships? Are you feeling emotional for no reason, cannot keep up with life, have panic attacks, or struggling to deal with trauma? If so, I can help you. I work with people like you. I offer in person and online sessions. I also have experience of helping people who are having family problems, relationship difficulties, adjusting to life changes, bereavement, difficulties with anger expression, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) aiming to feel better and function well again.
Are you experiencing, depression, anxiety or difficulties in form and maintain relationships? Are you feeling emotional for no reason, cannot keep up with life, have panic attacks, or struggling to deal with trauma? If so, I can help you. I work with people like you. I offer in person and online sessions. I also have experience of helping people who are having family problems, relationship difficulties, adjusting to life changes, bereavement, difficulties with anger expression, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) aiming to feel better and function well again.
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Photo of Gillian Louise Dubock, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Gillian Louise Dubock
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi! I am Gill and I am a psychotherapist and founder of The Therapy Space Chelmsford. I am here to support you through depression, anxiety, life stress and trauma. If you are reading this it is likely that you have had enough of feeling stressed, down or low. Perhaps worrying constantly or feeling panicky? Struggling to get out of bed and feeling exhausted? Or feeling like your past is affecting your present? If you relate to these feelings then cognitive behavioural therapy, counselling or EMDR can help. You do not have to continue suffering. Your life can have meaning again and your symptoms can improve.
Hi! I am Gill and I am a psychotherapist and founder of The Therapy Space Chelmsford. I am here to support you through depression, anxiety, life stress and trauma. If you are reading this it is likely that you have had enough of feeling stressed, down or low. Perhaps worrying constantly or feeling panicky? Struggling to get out of bed and feeling exhausted? Or feeling like your past is affecting your present? If you relate to these feelings then cognitive behavioural therapy, counselling or EMDR can help. You do not have to continue suffering. Your life can have meaning again and your symptoms can improve.
01245 945835 View 01245 945835
Photo of Edward Safo - New waves CBT, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
New waves CBT
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
I have 27 years working in mental health. I use predominately CBT but also elements of third wave therapies which include Dialectical Behavioral Therapy; Acceptance and commitment therapy; Meta cognitive therapy; Compassionate based therapy and Mindfulness. I am the founder of the CBT approach called the General Meta Formulation which stems from a range of cognitive and Behavioral Approaches. My work is known inside and outside of UK. I conduct Attentional Defect Hyperactive disorder (ADHD) assessment and work with a Consultant Psychiatrist.
I have 27 years working in mental health. I use predominately CBT but also elements of third wave therapies which include Dialectical Behavioral Therapy; Acceptance and commitment therapy; Meta cognitive therapy; Compassionate based therapy and Mindfulness. I am the founder of the CBT approach called the General Meta Formulation which stems from a range of cognitive and Behavioral Approaches. My work is known inside and outside of UK. I conduct Attentional Defect Hyperactive disorder (ADHD) assessment and work with a Consultant Psychiatrist.
01223 658327 View 01223 658327
Photo of Dr Kristine Abercrombie, Psychologist
Dr Kristine Abercrombie
Psychologist
3 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years experience training and working in the field of psychology and mental health. I specialise in providing psychological therapy online through video chat, telephone, email and instant messaging. As human beings we experience a wide array of emotions and often many struggles. None of us are meant to go through this alone and sometimes we need extra help in the form of therapy. As a fellow human being, I understand this journey. As a therapist, I feel honoured to be able to guide others during difficult parts of their life, whilst providing a space for them to be heard and understood.
I am a Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years experience training and working in the field of psychology and mental health. I specialise in providing psychological therapy online through video chat, telephone, email and instant messaging. As human beings we experience a wide array of emotions and often many struggles. None of us are meant to go through this alone and sometimes we need extra help in the form of therapy. As a fellow human being, I understand this journey. As a therapist, I feel honoured to be able to guide others during difficult parts of their life, whilst providing a space for them to be heard and understood.
028 9694 3152 View 028 9694 3152
Photo of Charlotte Kearsley Harkness - Dr Charlotte Harkness Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Hello, I’m Charlotte, a counsellor and psychotherapist providing private one-to-one sessions in person in Long Melford, Suffolk and via Zoom. I offer a non-judgmental and safe environment for you to talk and explore what is on your mind, your worries and concerns. Whatever you are going through, I can help you reflect on how you are living and make any changes, if that is what you want. I have more than 20 years experience counselling in a variety of different environments helping a wide range of people. I completed a doctorate in Psychotherapy NSPC/Middlesex University and I teach and provide clinical supervision.
Hello, I’m Charlotte, a counsellor and psychotherapist providing private one-to-one sessions in person in Long Melford, Suffolk and via Zoom. I offer a non-judgmental and safe environment for you to talk and explore what is on your mind, your worries and concerns. Whatever you are going through, I can help you reflect on how you are living and make any changes, if that is what you want. I have more than 20 years experience counselling in a variety of different environments helping a wide range of people. I completed a doctorate in Psychotherapy NSPC/Middlesex University and I teach and provide clinical supervision.
01787 320955 View 01787 320955
Photo of Dr Owen Richardson, Psychologist, CPsychol
Dr Owen Richardson
Psychologist, CPsychol
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
Throughout our lives, we are often confronted with experiences and/or difficulties that challenge us. Sometimes, these challenges can leave us struggling and in need of a space in which we we can safely explore, understand, and learn how to overcome these issues. ​ Through careful exploration, not only is it possible to learn how to overcome these challenges, we can also begin to understand how they can in fact offer us new opportunities to learn and grow. I take a open and collaborative approach to therapy and am keen to support you with any challenges you are facing
Throughout our lives, we are often confronted with experiences and/or difficulties that challenge us. Sometimes, these challenges can leave us struggling and in need of a space in which we we can safely explore, understand, and learn how to overcome these issues. ​ Through careful exploration, not only is it possible to learn how to overcome these challenges, we can also begin to understand how they can in fact offer us new opportunities to learn and grow. I take a open and collaborative approach to therapy and am keen to support you with any challenges you are facing
01234 676607 View 01234 676607
Photo of Louise Lancaster, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Louise Lancaster
Psychotherapist, MBACP
You are struggling with difficult feelings which you may or may not understand or be able to explain. You may be feeling overwhelmed or out of control or unable to function as you always have before or you believe you 'should'. You are unhappy, depressed, anxious, having family or relationship issues, suffering from low self-esteem, body image or weight issues. You are addicted, abused, coping with loss, worried about getting old, lonely......
You are struggling with difficult feelings which you may or may not understand or be able to explain. You may be feeling overwhelmed or out of control or unable to function as you always have before or you believe you 'should'. You are unhappy, depressed, anxious, having family or relationship issues, suffering from low self-esteem, body image or weight issues. You are addicted, abused, coping with loss, worried about getting old, lonely......
01799 619827 View 01799 619827
Photo of Anna P Johnson, Counsellor, BACP
Anna P Johnson
Counsellor, BACP
Serves Area
Firstly I want you to know that I love my job! I consider it a privilege to work with people, who are open minded enough to recognise that together, we can find tools to help improve their lives and get to the root of troubling issues, I have 15 years experience in a listening and counselling role.
Firstly I want you to know that I love my job! I consider it a privilege to work with people, who are open minded enough to recognise that together, we can find tools to help improve their lives and get to the root of troubling issues, I have 15 years experience in a listening and counselling role.
01761 258890 View 01761 258890
Photo of Fiona Daniels, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Fiona Daniels
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Serves Area
Imagine getting the support you need. Maybe life feels busy, overwhelming or uncertain. You might notice you are running on autopilot, struggling with anxiety, sadness or grief or watching your child find things hard emotionally. Deep down what you really want is to feel calmer, more balanced and better able to cope with whatever life brings. You want a safe space to talk, someone to really listen and support to help you make sense of your feelings and build strength for the future.
Imagine getting the support you need. Maybe life feels busy, overwhelming or uncertain. You might notice you are running on autopilot, struggling with anxiety, sadness or grief or watching your child find things hard emotionally. Deep down what you really want is to feel calmer, more balanced and better able to cope with whatever life brings. You want a safe space to talk, someone to really listen and support to help you make sense of your feelings and build strength for the future.
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How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Exning

< 10

Counsellors in Exning who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Stress
50% Relationship Issues
50% Addiction
50% Bereavement
50% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

17 Years

Gender breakdown

34% Female
33% Male
33% Non-Binary

How Counsellors in Exning see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Exning?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.