Counselling in Exeter

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Photo of Dr Hannah Marie Galvin, Psychotherapist, PhD, ACP
Dr Hannah Marie Galvin
Psychotherapist, PhD, ACP
Exeter EX4
I'm a psychoanalytic psychotherapist trained to MA and Doctoral level respectively with adults and children and adolescents. I'm also a visiting lecturer at The Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust. I have experience of working across the age range with a wide variety of mild to moderate, sometimes more severe presenting problems. Some people see me because they're very unhappy, distressed or worried, others come because they want to understand themselves better and they're curious about why they encounter the same patterns.
I'm a psychoanalytic psychotherapist trained to MA and Doctoral level respectively with adults and children and adolescents. I'm also a visiting lecturer at The Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust. I have experience of working across the age range with a wide variety of mild to moderate, sometimes more severe presenting problems. Some people see me because they're very unhappy, distressed or worried, others come because they want to understand themselves better and they're curious about why they encounter the same patterns.
01392 321462 View 01392 321462
Photo of Patricia Oliveira, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Patricia Oliveira
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Online Only
Hello, I’m a psychotherapist. I qualified in Psychology in 2015 and completed my Master’s degree in the same field in 2017, both in Brazil. I am currently based in England and offer individual psychotherapy in both Portuguese and English. My practice is grounded in Jungian Psychology. In our sessions, I work through reflections and attentive listening to help deepen awareness of emotions, feelings, and patterns that often emerge unconsciously.
Hello, I’m a psychotherapist. I qualified in Psychology in 2015 and completed my Master’s degree in the same field in 2017, both in Brazil. I am currently based in England and offer individual psychotherapy in both Portuguese and English. My practice is grounded in Jungian Psychology. In our sessions, I work through reflections and attentive listening to help deepen awareness of emotions, feelings, and patterns that often emerge unconsciously.
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Photo of Rivka Jacobs, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Rivka Jacobs
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Exeter EX4
Making the first step on your counselling journey is often the hardest. So well done for getting here. As an integrative counsellor, I consider your individual circumstances and needs, using techniques from a person centred approach, Gestalt therapy, Cbt, and with a basis of trauma-informed work. These methods guide and inform my work with. I am committed to working with you, on your healing journey. Creating a safe and non judgemental space, where you can be free to talk about what is going of you, I am here to listen to your life story, or we can explore what is going on for you in the here and now.
Making the first step on your counselling journey is often the hardest. So well done for getting here. As an integrative counsellor, I consider your individual circumstances and needs, using techniques from a person centred approach, Gestalt therapy, Cbt, and with a basis of trauma-informed work. These methods guide and inform my work with. I am committed to working with you, on your healing journey. Creating a safe and non judgemental space, where you can be free to talk about what is going of you, I am here to listen to your life story, or we can explore what is going on for you in the here and now.
01392 542111 View 01392 542111
Photo of Justine Fitzgerald, Psychotherapist, HCPC-Art Therap.
Justine Fitzgerald
Psychotherapist, HCPC-Art Therap.
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, I am really pleased you are here, it takes courage to seek change. I'm a State Registered and Accredited Art & EMDR Psychotherapist. I am trained to work with both adults and children; I see people of all ages in my online practice. You don't have to be good at art to do Art Therapy, it's another way of exploring and expressing that helps us view things from a different perspective. EMDR, a specialist trauma technique, blends really well within this work. I work with low self esteem and low mood, trauma (single incidents or complex) as well as issues such as anxiety, phobia and OCD. Therapy times often vary depending on need.
Hello, I am really pleased you are here, it takes courage to seek change. I'm a State Registered and Accredited Art & EMDR Psychotherapist. I am trained to work with both adults and children; I see people of all ages in my online practice. You don't have to be good at art to do Art Therapy, it's another way of exploring and expressing that helps us view things from a different perspective. EMDR, a specialist trauma technique, blends really well within this work. I work with low self esteem and low mood, trauma (single incidents or complex) as well as issues such as anxiety, phobia and OCD. Therapy times often vary depending on need.
01626 241960 View 01626 241960
Photo of Karen Jones, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Karen Jones
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
1 Endorsed
Exeter EX1
Having the time and space within counselling to explore your thoughts and feelings in a safe and confidential environment is often the first step in making positive change in someone’s life. Our problems can sometimes feel too big or heavy to carry ourselves. Often it’s hard to pinpoint what’s actually wrong, but that low mood, and anxiety over powers us. Counselling will help you understand your behaviours and emotions that little bit better and give you insight into why you may be finding things difficult. With this understanding, it is often the catalyst for positive change leading to a more balanced and healthy future.
Having the time and space within counselling to explore your thoughts and feelings in a safe and confidential environment is often the first step in making positive change in someone’s life. Our problems can sometimes feel too big or heavy to carry ourselves. Often it’s hard to pinpoint what’s actually wrong, but that low mood, and anxiety over powers us. Counselling will help you understand your behaviours and emotions that little bit better and give you insight into why you may be finding things difficult. With this understanding, it is often the catalyst for positive change leading to a more balanced and healthy future.
01392 321049 View 01392 321049
Photo of Hayley Louise Moll - Hayley Moll - Acorn to Oak Therapy , Psychotherapist, MBACP
Hayley Moll - Acorn to Oak Therapy
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Exeter EX1
Hi, I'm Hayley, a warm and intuitive Therapist. I specialise in relationship, communication, identity, self esteem and confidence issues. You may experience negative/critical self talk. You may be feeling overwhelmed but struggling with boundaries and prioritising your needs. You may be feeling stuck, confused, lost or struggling with your relationships. Many of us have unmet childhood needs. Our past can affect how we think, feel and behave in the present. It can influence our perceptions, expectations, view of the world and others. Therapy can find your voice, facilitate self acceptance, healing, transformation and growth,
Hi, I'm Hayley, a warm and intuitive Therapist. I specialise in relationship, communication, identity, self esteem and confidence issues. You may experience negative/critical self talk. You may be feeling overwhelmed but struggling with boundaries and prioritising your needs. You may be feeling stuck, confused, lost or struggling with your relationships. Many of us have unmet childhood needs. Our past can affect how we think, feel and behave in the present. It can influence our perceptions, expectations, view of the world and others. Therapy can find your voice, facilitate self acceptance, healing, transformation and growth,
01392 321916 View 01392 321916
Photo of Dr Anabelle Denney, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Anabelle Denney
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Exeter EX4
Many people seek a sense of peace in their lives. You may experience emotional issues causing distress or you wish to make important changes in your life. Perhaps you have a desire to develop greater balance and calm in your daily life. Discovering where your focus is and reconnecting with yourself is always a good way to begin a journey of change. You will gain clarity and confidence that helps you move through a process of transformation while feeling understood and supported as key to enhancing this experience of personal growth.
Many people seek a sense of peace in their lives. You may experience emotional issues causing distress or you wish to make important changes in your life. Perhaps you have a desire to develop greater balance and calm in your daily life. Discovering where your focus is and reconnecting with yourself is always a good way to begin a journey of change. You will gain clarity and confidence that helps you move through a process of transformation while feeling understood and supported as key to enhancing this experience of personal growth.
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Photo of Shem Lopez - Progressive Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist
Progressive Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist
Exeter EX4
As an integrative psychotherapist I utilise several therapeutic approaches and draw on their interventions to support my clients in achieving their goals. I meet each client as the unique individual you are. My focus is on finding the most beneficial way for you to achieve your outcomes. I'm here to help you get results not just to listen. I offer a safe, comfortable and protective environment in which we can explore concerns to do with your future, past or present that are affecting you. Therapy is about making sense of your internal world and developing a greater awareness of Self allowing you to form more meaningful connections.
As an integrative psychotherapist I utilise several therapeutic approaches and draw on their interventions to support my clients in achieving their goals. I meet each client as the unique individual you are. My focus is on finding the most beneficial way for you to achieve your outcomes. I'm here to help you get results not just to listen. I offer a safe, comfortable and protective environment in which we can explore concerns to do with your future, past or present that are affecting you. Therapy is about making sense of your internal world and developing a greater awareness of Self allowing you to form more meaningful connections.
01392 321421 View 01392 321421
Photo of Miriam Berry, Counsellor, MBACP
Miriam Berry
Counsellor, MBACP
2 Endorsed
Exeter EX4
I commonly work with anxiety, depression, loss, family issues and low self-confidence. I particularly focus on people who are neurodiverse, whether with a diagnosis or not. I also work closely within the LGBTQ+ community. People will often come to me at a crisis point in their lives and our work is to make sense of where they are now and how to move forward.
I commonly work with anxiety, depression, loss, family issues and low self-confidence. I particularly focus on people who are neurodiverse, whether with a diagnosis or not. I also work closely within the LGBTQ+ community. People will often come to me at a crisis point in their lives and our work is to make sense of where they are now and how to move forward.
01923 961272 View 01923 961272
Photo of Katie Robertson, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Katie Robertson
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Exeter EX1
A very warm welcome. I understand that reaching out and going to therapy can often be a big and daunting step. My approach is down-to-earth, warm, compassionate, and supportive of your individual needs. When we feel understood and heard, we can then begin to heal. As a qualified psychotherapist, I will be alongside you on your journey. Therefore, creating a trusting relationship that gives you the support, validation, and safety you may need is central to the way I work.
A very warm welcome. I understand that reaching out and going to therapy can often be a big and daunting step. My approach is down-to-earth, warm, compassionate, and supportive of your individual needs. When we feel understood and heard, we can then begin to heal. As a qualified psychotherapist, I will be alongside you on your journey. Therefore, creating a trusting relationship that gives you the support, validation, and safety you may need is central to the way I work.
01392 542592 View 01392 542592
Photo of Dr Jennifer Mbanu, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Jennifer Mbanu
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Online Only
I offer compassionate, trauma-informed support for personal growth and healing. I'll support you to not only recognise the ways in which trauma is impacting the ways you relate to yourself and others, but also to uncover new strengths and opportunities for personal growth beyond the challenges you've have faced. I have often found that understanding people's diagnoses and symptoms as responses to what they have lived through is valuable in helping them shed the self-blame they might carry. Often, people find themselves stuck in cycles of behaviour that no longer serve them, yet feel at a loss for how to make meaningful change.
I offer compassionate, trauma-informed support for personal growth and healing. I'll support you to not only recognise the ways in which trauma is impacting the ways you relate to yourself and others, but also to uncover new strengths and opportunities for personal growth beyond the challenges you've have faced. I have often found that understanding people's diagnoses and symptoms as responses to what they have lived through is valuable in helping them shed the self-blame they might carry. Often, people find themselves stuck in cycles of behaviour that no longer serve them, yet feel at a loss for how to make meaningful change.
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Photo of Jade Hounslow, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Jade Hounslow
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Exeter EX1
Life can be challenging, and sometimes these challenges can feel overwhelming. If you're seeking support or a deeper understanding of your experiences, counselling can provide a safe, non-judgmental space to explore past and present difficulties. I believe our earliest relationships and past experiences play a significant role in shaping who we are today.
Life can be challenging, and sometimes these challenges can feel overwhelming. If you're seeking support or a deeper understanding of your experiences, counselling can provide a safe, non-judgmental space to explore past and present difficulties. I believe our earliest relationships and past experiences play a significant role in shaping who we are today.
01392 542729 View 01392 542729
Photo of Paul Brennan, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Paul Brennan
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Exeter EX2
I support people dealing with all forms of grief, loss and change. This may be bereavement, loss of a job, relationship difficulties or endings or just feeling lost or overwhelmed in life itself. This may lead you to struggle with anxiety, stress or sadness. I also work with men struggling to understand their place. I support gay clients and those with LGBT concerns. I offer a safe, confidential and non-judgemental space to unpack and explore your feelings and better understand what is going on. You may be feeling lost, anxious, uncertain or scared. That's understandable. Let's work together to find a way forward for you.
I support people dealing with all forms of grief, loss and change. This may be bereavement, loss of a job, relationship difficulties or endings or just feeling lost or overwhelmed in life itself. This may lead you to struggle with anxiety, stress or sadness. I also work with men struggling to understand their place. I support gay clients and those with LGBT concerns. I offer a safe, confidential and non-judgemental space to unpack and explore your feelings and better understand what is going on. You may be feeling lost, anxious, uncertain or scared. That's understandable. Let's work together to find a way forward for you.
01572 491312 View 01572 491312
Photo of Anne-Marie Lorenzo, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Anne-Marie Lorenzo
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
1 Endorsed
Exeter EX4
Hi! Welcome to Embark Exeter - Canine Assisted Therapy. You've made a huge leap towards investigating what's troubling you, just by being here and reading this. I see my job as helping you to "unpack" and explore your past and present, and look to the future. I can promise you that I won't judge you, and will treat you with care, sensitivity, compassion and honesty. I have a wealth of lived experiences that have brought me to where I am today, and I am passionate about the empowerment, healing and personal growth that the counselling relationship can bring.
Hi! Welcome to Embark Exeter - Canine Assisted Therapy. You've made a huge leap towards investigating what's troubling you, just by being here and reading this. I see my job as helping you to "unpack" and explore your past and present, and look to the future. I can promise you that I won't judge you, and will treat you with care, sensitivity, compassion and honesty. I have a wealth of lived experiences that have brought me to where I am today, and I am passionate about the empowerment, healing and personal growth that the counselling relationship can bring.
01392 321719 View 01392 321719
Photo of Jay Dudley, Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Jay Dudley
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Exeter EX4
I am a Psychotherapist, Supervisor, & Group Analyst in Training with many years’ experience working as a Psychotherapist in mental health services in the NHS, and in drug rehabilitation services in West London. I was lead for the Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) Service in Somerset NHS Trust, before moving to Devon to take up work as a Psychotherapist in a Specialist Therapeutic Community within the Personality Disorder Service. I worked there for 10 years, and then as Professional Lead at The Haldon Specialist Eating Disorder Service. I am undertaking further training as a Group Analyst with the Institute of Group Analysis.
I am a Psychotherapist, Supervisor, & Group Analyst in Training with many years’ experience working as a Psychotherapist in mental health services in the NHS, and in drug rehabilitation services in West London. I was lead for the Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) Service in Somerset NHS Trust, before moving to Devon to take up work as a Psychotherapist in a Specialist Therapeutic Community within the Personality Disorder Service. I worked there for 10 years, and then as Professional Lead at The Haldon Specialist Eating Disorder Service. I am undertaking further training as a Group Analyst with the Institute of Group Analysis.
01489 359948 View 01489 359948
Photo of Jennifer Gledhill, Counsellor, MA, BACP
Jennifer Gledhill
Counsellor, MA, BACP
Exeter EX3
Making the first move to see a counsellor can feel like a big step, especially if this is the first time you've done it. Perhaps you feel like you’re worrying more than usual at the moment? Or maybe there is a specific issue on your mind that you can't seem to get past. Perhaps you've had enough of feeling anxious, or you're feeling low and 'stuck'. When we have the opportunity to share how we feel in a safe, confidential environment it can help us to develop a toolkit of coping strategies to deal with times when things get tough.
Making the first move to see a counsellor can feel like a big step, especially if this is the first time you've done it. Perhaps you feel like you’re worrying more than usual at the moment? Or maybe there is a specific issue on your mind that you can't seem to get past. Perhaps you've had enough of feeling anxious, or you're feeling low and 'stuck'. When we have the opportunity to share how we feel in a safe, confidential environment it can help us to develop a toolkit of coping strategies to deal with times when things get tough.
01572 491356 View 01572 491356
Photo of Audaye Elesedy, Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Audaye Elesedy
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Exeter EX4
Waitlist for new clients
Often, the reasons given to me for arriving to therapy are feature one or more of the following: anxiety, depression, sadness, self confidence, life changing illnesses, self identity, early childhood, past or present relationships, bereavements, traumatic experiences, injury and mental health diagnosis. How these issues and difficult feelings manifest in people's lives are unique and so 'reasons' may be identified as problems or difficulties with: addictions; work; intimate or family relationships; children and parenting; personal or spiritual identity, or something existential. Therapy offers to solute and salve these issues.
Often, the reasons given to me for arriving to therapy are feature one or more of the following: anxiety, depression, sadness, self confidence, life changing illnesses, self identity, early childhood, past or present relationships, bereavements, traumatic experiences, injury and mental health diagnosis. How these issues and difficult feelings manifest in people's lives are unique and so 'reasons' may be identified as problems or difficulties with: addictions; work; intimate or family relationships; children and parenting; personal or spiritual identity, or something existential. Therapy offers to solute and salve these issues.
01392 321528 View 01392 321528
Photo of Karen Hedges, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Karen Hedges
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
1 Endorsed
Exeter EX4
Hello, I'm Karen. If you are looking for ways to make positive changes and move forward with your life, I can help you. I'm experienced in working alongside a range of people, and have a particular interest in helping people who may have ADHD (attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder) or be on the autistic spectrum. If you feel that your emotions, thoughts and behaviours are not serving you well, then I will help you to understand them so that you can identify what needs to change. Using approaches to suit you, I'll support you to overcome your difficulties.
Hello, I'm Karen. If you are looking for ways to make positive changes and move forward with your life, I can help you. I'm experienced in working alongside a range of people, and have a particular interest in helping people who may have ADHD (attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder) or be on the autistic spectrum. If you feel that your emotions, thoughts and behaviours are not serving you well, then I will help you to understand them so that you can identify what needs to change. Using approaches to suit you, I'll support you to overcome your difficulties.
01392 690594 View 01392 690594
Photo of Joanna Ruth Phillips, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Joanna Ruth Phillips
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Exeter EX1
Hello I am a Core Process Psychotherapist. I practice in Exeter and Crediton. I believe we have a longing to be truly seen and heard. In Core Process Psychotherapy, together, we slow down enough to see the ways in which the strategies we have used to cope can keep us stuck long after they are helpful. With this seeing you then have a choice to take another path and be in the world in a freer more satisfying way.
Hello I am a Core Process Psychotherapist. I practice in Exeter and Crediton. I believe we have a longing to be truly seen and heard. In Core Process Psychotherapy, together, we slow down enough to see the ways in which the strategies we have used to cope can keep us stuck long after they are helpful. With this seeing you then have a choice to take another path and be in the world in a freer more satisfying way.
01392 321547 View 01392 321547
Photo of George Petrou, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
George Petrou
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Exeter EX4
I'm a relational integrative therapist meaning, the relationship is the therapy. It also means I use different types of therapy to meet your needs because, you are unique. Integrative therapy helps you become a more integrated whole person, better able to experience the entire range of your behaviour, emotions and thoughts as well as improving your relationship with yourself and others. Neuroplasticity continues throughout the lifespan which means that change and improvement in the way we feel is always possible and therapy is the best way to achieve this.
I'm a relational integrative therapist meaning, the relationship is the therapy. It also means I use different types of therapy to meet your needs because, you are unique. Integrative therapy helps you become a more integrated whole person, better able to experience the entire range of your behaviour, emotions and thoughts as well as improving your relationship with yourself and others. Neuroplasticity continues throughout the lifespan which means that change and improvement in the way we feel is always possible and therapy is the best way to achieve this.
01392 321107 View 01392 321107

See more therapy options for Exeter

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Exeter

300+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Exeter who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
90% Depression
84% Self Esteem
82% Stress
77% Relationship Issues
72% Trauma and PTSD
68% Bereavement

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

46% AXA PPP
43% Aviva
43% Bupa

How Counsellors in Exeter see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Exeter?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.