Counselling in Cornwall

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Photo of Jay Treryth, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Jay Treryth
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Bodmin PL31
Hi, I’m Jay, a counsellor working from Bodmin in Cornwall & online with people all over the UK. I work with a variety of issues, including anxiety, depression and loss. I've trained in a variety range of therapeutic approaches which means I our time together will be as individual to you and what you need from counselling.
Hi, I’m Jay, a counsellor working from Bodmin in Cornwall & online with people all over the UK. I work with a variety of issues, including anxiety, depression and loss. I've trained in a variety range of therapeutic approaches which means I our time together will be as individual to you and what you need from counselling.
01726 219675 View 01726 219675
Photo of Sarah Waters, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Sarah Waters
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
I am an approachable, experienced Integrative therapist with over 15 years experience whose aim is to help alleviate anxiety and get to the roots of the disharmony that you may currently experience in your life. My core training was Person Centred Therapy however I incorporate extensive knowledge of Attachment Theory and Childhood Trauma into my approach.This acknowledges the huge impact our early months/years can have on our emotional (and physical) health and well-being. You may be struggling because of the stress of the past 4 years, a specific incident or relationship(s) or because of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE's).
I am an approachable, experienced Integrative therapist with over 15 years experience whose aim is to help alleviate anxiety and get to the roots of the disharmony that you may currently experience in your life. My core training was Person Centred Therapy however I incorporate extensive knowledge of Attachment Theory and Childhood Trauma into my approach.This acknowledges the huge impact our early months/years can have on our emotional (and physical) health and well-being. You may be struggling because of the stress of the past 4 years, a specific incident or relationship(s) or because of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE's).
01872 308683 View 01872 308683
Photo of Amy Raczkowski, MBACP, Counsellor
Amy Raczkowski
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Saint Austell PL26  (Online Only)
Do you need a place where you can be heard or listened to? I am an Insured qualified person-centred counsellor that offers a safe and non- judgement environment, providing a space where you do not need to wear a mask or hide your true self, and somewhere you are able to express yourself freely.
Do you need a place where you can be heard or listened to? I am an Insured qualified person-centred counsellor that offers a safe and non- judgement environment, providing a space where you do not need to wear a mask or hide your true self, and somewhere you are able to express yourself freely.
01495 364488 View 01495 364488
Photo of Anna Davis, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Counsellor
Anna Davis
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
Helston TR12  (Online Only)
We each have the potential for happiness and confidence but sometimes life can feel stressful or relentlessly tough. We may struggle with complex anxiety, have experienced trauma, depression, confusion, fear, anger, grief or feeling stuck. Through counselling it is possible to recover and gain confidence and the skills to move forwards with a greater sense of wellbeing.I appreciate the courage it can take to engage in counselling, and how helpful it is to speak to someone who is not a family member or friend. Through this professional relationship we work together to safely explore and resolve any difficult feelings and experiences.
We each have the potential for happiness and confidence but sometimes life can feel stressful or relentlessly tough. We may struggle with complex anxiety, have experienced trauma, depression, confusion, fear, anger, grief or feeling stuck. Through counselling it is possible to recover and gain confidence and the skills to move forwards with a greater sense of wellbeing.I appreciate the courage it can take to engage in counselling, and how helpful it is to speak to someone who is not a family member or friend. Through this professional relationship we work together to safely explore and resolve any difficult feelings and experiences.
01326 331306 View 01326 331306
Photo of Jane Gough - Stepping Stones Counselling, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Stepping Stones Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I specialise working with couples, families, parents, children and young people. Relationships can sometimes be difficult, and counselling can help to unpick what is happening to those involved. Maybe your child is struggling and failing to live life to the full, maybe anxiety is holding them back or they are lashing out at those around them. Adult relationships can also experience difficulties such as conflict or miscommunication. Having a safe, non-judgemental and confidential space to help explore and make sense of what is going on can help individuals and couples find resolve and move forward in their lives.
I specialise working with couples, families, parents, children and young people. Relationships can sometimes be difficult, and counselling can help to unpick what is happening to those involved. Maybe your child is struggling and failing to live life to the full, maybe anxiety is holding them back or they are lashing out at those around them. Adult relationships can also experience difficulties such as conflict or miscommunication. Having a safe, non-judgemental and confidential space to help explore and make sense of what is going on can help individuals and couples find resolve and move forward in their lives.
01869 227457 View 01869 227457
Photo of Emma White, PNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Emma White
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Welcome, I am an integrative counsellor and psychotherapist, providing a supportive, intuitive approach to therapy. I hold a person centered, humanistic and holistic outlook and have experience and training in working with trauma. We simply start with where you are now, and work together, even when things are difficult, to find ways forward. My intention is for us to work together to establish day to day coping strategies as well as exploring underlying issues. Enabling you to live life more fully, feel more at ease and make decisions that feel right for you.
Welcome, I am an integrative counsellor and psychotherapist, providing a supportive, intuitive approach to therapy. I hold a person centered, humanistic and holistic outlook and have experience and training in working with trauma. We simply start with where you are now, and work together, even when things are difficult, to find ways forward. My intention is for us to work together to establish day to day coping strategies as well as exploring underlying issues. Enabling you to live life more fully, feel more at ease and make decisions that feel right for you.
01566 708762 View 01566 708762
Photo of Karen Piper, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Karen Piper
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Hayle TR27
I have provided a therapeutic space for adults of all ages across NHS, charity, community, and private settings since completing doctorate level training in 2006. I have supported individuals facing significant life challenges, offering a relationship in which experiences have been shared, clarified, and understood, and where the holistic impact of those experiences on all parts of the person, and their external connections, has been acknowledged. I work collaboratively with all clients to establish therapeutic aims and suitable approaches to enable the reduction of distress and identify actions to re-establish ownership in living.
I have provided a therapeutic space for adults of all ages across NHS, charity, community, and private settings since completing doctorate level training in 2006. I have supported individuals facing significant life challenges, offering a relationship in which experiences have been shared, clarified, and understood, and where the holistic impact of those experiences on all parts of the person, and their external connections, has been acknowledged. I work collaboratively with all clients to establish therapeutic aims and suitable approaches to enable the reduction of distress and identify actions to re-establish ownership in living.
01726 213032 View 01726 213032
Photo of Colette Anne Hartgill - Lightwithin Therapy and Training Ltd, MA, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Lightwithin Therapy and Training Ltd
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Redruth TR15
I can help clients to free themselves from limiting mindsets and negative patterning by exploring early history and wounding. This makes space for clients to explore their deeper potential and begin to create a life they truly love. I work with individuals, couples and groups. I am also a senior faculty member at the Institute of Psychosynthesis where I teach psychotherapy students.
I can help clients to free themselves from limiting mindsets and negative patterning by exploring early history and wounding. This makes space for clients to explore their deeper potential and begin to create a life they truly love. I work with individuals, couples and groups. I am also a senior faculty member at the Institute of Psychosynthesis where I teach psychotherapy students.
01209 704199 View 01209 704199
Photo of Jo Beesley, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Jo Beesley
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Redruth TR15  (Online Only)
I have worked with individuals in NHS primary mental health care services, private healthcare, and also within substance misuses services in both prisons and the community. My approach is empathic, intuitive, calm and supportive. I offer treatment and interventions drawn from evidence based protocols, to support individuals experiencing a range of difficulties. Within my practice, I utilise CBT, EMDR and ACT therapy as appropriate. I have lived experience of the armed forces community as well as professional experience supporting current service personnel, veterans and military spouses.
I have worked with individuals in NHS primary mental health care services, private healthcare, and also within substance misuses services in both prisons and the community. My approach is empathic, intuitive, calm and supportive. I offer treatment and interventions drawn from evidence based protocols, to support individuals experiencing a range of difficulties. Within my practice, I utilise CBT, EMDR and ACT therapy as appropriate. I have lived experience of the armed forces community as well as professional experience supporting current service personnel, veterans and military spouses.
07703 371656 View 07703 371656
Photo of Sue Suddaby-Overton (Holisticsue), MBACP, Psychotherapist
Sue Suddaby-Overton (Holisticsue)
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Saltash PL12
Are you suffering with anxiety or feeling lonely? Are you feeling lost, uncertain or directionless in life? Have you experienced changes that are hard to manage, struggling to feel happiness or find purpose in life? As an Integrative Psychotherapeutic Counsellor, Sue explores mind, body, emotion and soul, believing if any of these parts of self are out of balance, our whole being is affected. Sue helps identify how connected / disconnected these parts of self are, aiding in the unravelling of root causes of problems. Issues may present through anxiety, depression, mental health, stress, and lack of fulfilment.
Are you suffering with anxiety or feeling lonely? Are you feeling lost, uncertain or directionless in life? Have you experienced changes that are hard to manage, struggling to feel happiness or find purpose in life? As an Integrative Psychotherapeutic Counsellor, Sue explores mind, body, emotion and soul, believing if any of these parts of self are out of balance, our whole being is affected. Sue helps identify how connected / disconnected these parts of self are, aiding in the unravelling of root causes of problems. Issues may present through anxiety, depression, mental health, stress, and lack of fulfilment.
01752 741080 View 01752 741080
Photo of Cressida Bhavan, MA, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Cressida Bhavan
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Truro TR4  (Online Only)
Psychotherapy can help you find a path through the tangled places we all sometimes find ourselves in. If you are struggling with a particular issue, such as anxiety, alienation, perfectionism, addiction or bereavement, approaching and accepting your unique experience and ways of being with compassion and mindfulness can lead to profound self-realisation, integration and healing. I offer a confidential space in which you can enquire into your history and patterning to awaken a shift in perspective and behaviour.
Psychotherapy can help you find a path through the tangled places we all sometimes find ourselves in. If you are struggling with a particular issue, such as anxiety, alienation, perfectionism, addiction or bereavement, approaching and accepting your unique experience and ways of being with compassion and mindfulness can lead to profound self-realisation, integration and healing. I offer a confidential space in which you can enquire into your history and patterning to awaken a shift in perspective and behaviour.
01872 303615 View 01872 303615
Photo of Louise Blenkinsop - Mounts Bay Counselling, DCounsPsych, MBACP, Counsellor
Mounts Bay Counselling
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
I'm Louise and I’m a qualified person-centred counsellor, and a registered member of the BACP. I work in a non-judgemental, warm mannered and confidential way, where we can safely explore the issues that are negatively impacting your well-being, because sometimes our problems can feel too much and too difficult to manage by ourselves. I am here to listen. Counselling can provide you with the space and time to explore how you fit in the world and help you to gain clarity, acceptance and authenticity.
I'm Louise and I’m a qualified person-centred counsellor, and a registered member of the BACP. I work in a non-judgemental, warm mannered and confidential way, where we can safely explore the issues that are negatively impacting your well-being, because sometimes our problems can feel too much and too difficult to manage by ourselves. I am here to listen. Counselling can provide you with the space and time to explore how you fit in the world and help you to gain clarity, acceptance and authenticity.
01872 306826 View 01872 306826
Photo of David Blass, PhD, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
David Blass
Psychotherapist, PhD, MUKCP
Verified Verified
I can be of help with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, and work and motivational problems. I believe that each of the people who comes to see me is a person, and not a case, and needs to be treated sympathetically and individually.
I can be of help with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, and work and motivational problems. I believe that each of the people who comes to see me is a person, and not a case, and needs to be treated sympathetically and individually.
01488 504935 View 01488 504935
Photo of Diane Wills, MNCPS Acc., Psychotherapist
Diane Wills
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Saltash PL12
I believe that we are all perfect human beings trying our best to navigate the complexities of life. It’s my job to help you to make sense of how the past influences your present so that you can have a future which realises your full potential. I have many years experience of sitting in rooms with people and listening to their stories in a range of professional contexts. It is still the work I consider to be of the highest privilege. My main therapy training is psychodynamic. I also use person-centred, cognitive-behavioural therapy, brief solution-focused therapy, compassion-focused therapy, acceptance & commitment therapy.
I believe that we are all perfect human beings trying our best to navigate the complexities of life. It’s my job to help you to make sense of how the past influences your present so that you can have a future which realises your full potential. I have many years experience of sitting in rooms with people and listening to their stories in a range of professional contexts. It is still the work I consider to be of the highest privilege. My main therapy training is psychodynamic. I also use person-centred, cognitive-behavioural therapy, brief solution-focused therapy, compassion-focused therapy, acceptance & commitment therapy.
01503 770548 View 01503 770548
Photo of Nadine Callaghan, MSc, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Nadine Callaghan
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bude EX23  (Online Only)
I am a BABCP accredited cognitive behavioural Therapist (CBT) and have completed post graduate training in CBT. Prior to qualifying as a CBT therapist I worked as an Occupational Therapist (BSC) in various mental health settings for over 20 years. This experience has given me a wealth of knowledge and experience in helping people make meaningful recoveries. I am passionate about teaching people the skills they need, not only to recover, but to navigate the ups and downs of life and to continue their personal development journey. Please get in touch to know more about how I can help. I can offer evenings and weekends.
I am a BABCP accredited cognitive behavioural Therapist (CBT) and have completed post graduate training in CBT. Prior to qualifying as a CBT therapist I worked as an Occupational Therapist (BSC) in various mental health settings for over 20 years. This experience has given me a wealth of knowledge and experience in helping people make meaningful recoveries. I am passionate about teaching people the skills they need, not only to recover, but to navigate the ups and downs of life and to continue their personal development journey. Please get in touch to know more about how I can help. I can offer evenings and weekends.
01288 272844 View 01288 272844
Photo of Eamonn Carroll, MBACP, Counsellor
Eamonn Carroll
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I endeavour to provide a safe, comfortable, quiet space for clients to explore sensitive issues. The relationship between myself and the client is at the heart of my approach. I believe that being with a client and offering a compassionate holding presence while they share their story is essential to establish a working therapeutic alliance before offering insight and psycho education. I adapt my approach to suit the needs of each client and integrate suitable interventions or tools work with whatever issue the client is presenting.
I endeavour to provide a safe, comfortable, quiet space for clients to explore sensitive issues. The relationship between myself and the client is at the heart of my approach. I believe that being with a client and offering a compassionate holding presence while they share their story is essential to establish a working therapeutic alliance before offering insight and psycho education. I adapt my approach to suit the needs of each client and integrate suitable interventions or tools work with whatever issue the client is presenting.
01736 806380 View 01736 806380
Photo of Amanda Hall, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Amanda Hall
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Hayle TR27
Worried, troubled, confused, depressed, anxious, lacking confidence, direction or sense of purpose? Talk to a highly specialised Doctoral level Psychologist, with an excellent reputation. You may have a degree of complexity which you wish to unravel or quite a straightforward issue which you need to get to understand more cohesively. In any event - I can offer and integrate a range of approaches that is right for you. PLEASE NOTE - I charge between £100 - £150 per hour according to affordability. If I'm unable to answer your call immediately please leave a message or send an email and I shall get back to you as soon as possible.
Worried, troubled, confused, depressed, anxious, lacking confidence, direction or sense of purpose? Talk to a highly specialised Doctoral level Psychologist, with an excellent reputation. You may have a degree of complexity which you wish to unravel or quite a straightforward issue which you need to get to understand more cohesively. In any event - I can offer and integrate a range of approaches that is right for you. PLEASE NOTE - I charge between £100 - £150 per hour according to affordability. If I'm unable to answer your call immediately please leave a message or send an email and I shall get back to you as soon as possible.
01326 334551 View 01326 334551
Photo of Jo Clayton, MBACP, Counsellor
Jo Clayton
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
There are many reasons for seeking out therapy, although we often associate counselling with trauma, loss or coming to terms with difficult events or emotions. Sometimes we may feel 'stuck', replaying events in our mind or even in our relationships. By exploring our story in a safe, confidential space, we can unpick what's holding us back, process, heal and move towards acceptance. At times we may experience a general feeling of dissatisfaction we don't understand. Life isn't so bad so we 'shouldn't' feel this way, should we? We twist ourselves out of shape to live up to the ideals of others. We lose touch with our authentic self.
There are many reasons for seeking out therapy, although we often associate counselling with trauma, loss or coming to terms with difficult events or emotions. Sometimes we may feel 'stuck', replaying events in our mind or even in our relationships. By exploring our story in a safe, confidential space, we can unpick what's holding us back, process, heal and move towards acceptance. At times we may experience a general feeling of dissatisfaction we don't understand. Life isn't so bad so we 'shouldn't' feel this way, should we? We twist ourselves out of shape to live up to the ideals of others. We lose touch with our authentic self.
01637 808421 View 01637 808421
Photo of Grace Weigel - StJohn, MA, BACP, Psychotherapist
StJohn
Psychotherapist, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
I am a qualified mental health psychotherapist who has 10 years of experience and is passionate about helping people grow and change. So often we feel stuck and unable to grow and change the way we want to. I believe by having the courage to look at our stories and to examine our inner life we can find ways to experience transformation and growth. I offer a safe, compassionate space with insight and questions that will help you develop a different way to see yourself and your story. I have a deep understanding of trauma and the impact it has on our brains and bodies and also child development and attachment.
I am a qualified mental health psychotherapist who has 10 years of experience and is passionate about helping people grow and change. So often we feel stuck and unable to grow and change the way we want to. I believe by having the courage to look at our stories and to examine our inner life we can find ways to experience transformation and growth. I offer a safe, compassionate space with insight and questions that will help you develop a different way to see yourself and your story. I have a deep understanding of trauma and the impact it has on our brains and bodies and also child development and attachment.
01726 219672 View 01726 219672
Photo of Kathryn Spedding, MBACP, Counsellor
Kathryn Spedding
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
At my core I am a Person-centred Counsellor following an humanistic approach. The theory is, that with the right set of conditions: empathy, honesty, and non-judgementally, in a safe place, a person is able to reconcile and mend emotionally. The counsellor client bond of trust is crucial. As a qualified counsellor I accept whatever a client brings into the room.  I have experience working with Domestic Abuse (DA) in a leading DA agency supporting woman with catastrophic life circumstances. Consequently, I have particular experience with domestic violence (both physical and psychological) and long term sexual abuse.
At my core I am a Person-centred Counsellor following an humanistic approach. The theory is, that with the right set of conditions: empathy, honesty, and non-judgementally, in a safe place, a person is able to reconcile and mend emotionally. The counsellor client bond of trust is crucial. As a qualified counsellor I accept whatever a client brings into the room.  I have experience working with Domestic Abuse (DA) in a leading DA agency supporting woman with catastrophic life circumstances. Consequently, I have particular experience with domestic violence (both physical and psychological) and long term sexual abuse.
01637 808423 View 01637 808423
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See more therapy options for Cornwall

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Cornwall

200+

Average cost per session

£50

Counsellors in Cornwall who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
90% Depression
82% Self Esteem
79% Stress
74% Relationship Issues
71% Trauma and PTSD
65% Bereavement

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Aviva
63% AXA PPP
58% Bupa

How Counsellors in Cornwall see their clients

83% In Person and Online
17% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Cornwall?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.