Counselling in Chester

Photo of Dr Sophie Foster, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Sophie Foster
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Chester CH2
I work with children, young people, families, and adults who might be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or in need of some extra support. Many people come to me wanting to better understand themselves or their child and find a way forward. I provide a safe, welcoming space to explore what’s going on, build on strengths, and feel more connected, whether that’s through therapy or support for parents and carers.
I work with children, young people, families, and adults who might be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or in need of some extra support. Many people come to me wanting to better understand themselves or their child and find a way forward. I provide a safe, welcoming space to explore what’s going on, build on strengths, and feel more connected, whether that’s through therapy or support for parents and carers.
0151 453 9846 View 0151 453 9846
Photo of Louise Barraclough, Counsellor, MBACP
Louise Barraclough
Counsellor, MBACP
Chester CH3
Hi, I’m Lou. I understand how daunting it can feel to begin counselling, especially if you’re new to it. You’ve taken your first step! Thank you for taking the time to check out my profile. You are safe to be yourself when you are in therapy with me; I am compassionate, fully accepting of who you are, empathic and non-judgemental. I am a registered member of the BACP and I am an Integrative Counsellor. This means that I am trained and experienced in different therapeutic approaches which I can draw on to meet your needs.
Hi, I’m Lou. I understand how daunting it can feel to begin counselling, especially if you’re new to it. You’ve taken your first step! Thank you for taking the time to check out my profile. You are safe to be yourself when you are in therapy with me; I am compassionate, fully accepting of who you are, empathic and non-judgemental. I am a registered member of the BACP and I am an Integrative Counsellor. This means that I am trained and experienced in different therapeutic approaches which I can draw on to meet your needs.
01244 727710 View 01244 727710
Photo of Leih Steggall - Us Psychotherapy, Counsellor, MBACP
Us Psychotherapy
Counsellor, MBACP
Chester CH2
Hello, I’m Leih. Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or disconnected from those around you? Perhaps you're struggling with depression, navigating the complexities of midlife, or dealing with the painful experience of family estrangement. You don’t have to face these challenges alone—I’m here to help .As a trauma-informed psychotherapist and clinical hypnotherapist, I specialize in helping individuals like you who are seeking understanding, healing, and a path forward. My approach is warm and non-judgmental, creating a space where you can feel safe to explore your emotions and experiences at your own
Hello, I’m Leih. Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or disconnected from those around you? Perhaps you're struggling with depression, navigating the complexities of midlife, or dealing with the painful experience of family estrangement. You don’t have to face these challenges alone—I’m here to help .As a trauma-informed psychotherapist and clinical hypnotherapist, I specialize in helping individuals like you who are seeking understanding, healing, and a path forward. My approach is warm and non-judgmental, creating a space where you can feel safe to explore your emotions and experiences at your own
01244 727036 View 01244 727036
Photo of Sonia Westwood - Sonia Westwood Psychotherapy: In-person & Online, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
I believe that developing a trusting relationship is fundamental to any therapeutic journey. I offer a safe, collaborative and compassionate environment, to support clients in achieving meaningful change in their lives. My aim in therapy is to support individuals to become healthier in their mental wellbeing and develop resilience for their own, long term mental health self-management.
I believe that developing a trusting relationship is fundamental to any therapeutic journey. I offer a safe, collaborative and compassionate environment, to support clients in achieving meaningful change in their lives. My aim in therapy is to support individuals to become healthier in their mental wellbeing and develop resilience for their own, long term mental health self-management.
0151 453 0594 View 0151 453 0594
Photo of Rachel Cooper, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Rachel Cooper
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Chester CH1
Do you feel stuck or lost for words to explain what has happened? Would you like to feel free from whatever seems to keep you stuck? I believe being creative connects us in a more powerful way than just using words. This is not about art, but creatively expressing our difficulties to bring freedom. As an art psychotherapist, we use creative ways to get to the root of a problem, allowing you to go at your own pace. us
Do you feel stuck or lost for words to explain what has happened? Would you like to feel free from whatever seems to keep you stuck? I believe being creative connects us in a more powerful way than just using words. This is not about art, but creatively expressing our difficulties to bring freedom. As an art psychotherapist, we use creative ways to get to the root of a problem, allowing you to go at your own pace. us
0151 453 0191 View 0151 453 0191
Photo of Rebeca Johnson - Sex and Relationship Therapy @ Trusting Heart, Psychotherapist, COSRT Reg.
Sex and Relationship Therapy @ Trusting Heart
Psychotherapist, COSRT Reg.
1 Endorsed
Online Only
As a Sex & Relationship Specialist, I aim to empower individuals & couples to resolve core challenges through short-term therapy. I specialise in concerns like Erection & Ejaculation issues. Problematic Sexual Behaviours, Low to No Sexual Desire. Painful Intercourse, & healing from Sexual Trauma. I'm Kink-aware, offering inclusive support with kink, fetishes and BDSM. Relationship therapy can address Mismatch Desire, Affairs, Communication Breakdowns, & Navigating Open Relationships. Online sessions: Tuesdays & Wednesdays until 7pm, Thursdays and Fridays until 3pm. I aim to respond to emails within 24 hrs, Monday to Friday.
As a Sex & Relationship Specialist, I aim to empower individuals & couples to resolve core challenges through short-term therapy. I specialise in concerns like Erection & Ejaculation issues. Problematic Sexual Behaviours, Low to No Sexual Desire. Painful Intercourse, & healing from Sexual Trauma. I'm Kink-aware, offering inclusive support with kink, fetishes and BDSM. Relationship therapy can address Mismatch Desire, Affairs, Communication Breakdowns, & Navigating Open Relationships. Online sessions: Tuesdays & Wednesdays until 7pm, Thursdays and Fridays until 3pm. I aim to respond to emails within 24 hrs, Monday to Friday.
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Photo of Lorraine Downs (Prev Carroll), Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Lorraine Downs (Prev Carroll)
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Online Only
I understand that taking the first step towards therapy can be challenging. I'm happy to connect with you by phone, Zoom, or email to answer any questions or discuss any concerns you may have before our first session. My aim is to support you in processing these difficult experiences, helping you to reduce their emotional impact and regain a sense of stability and well-being.
I understand that taking the first step towards therapy can be challenging. I'm happy to connect with you by phone, Zoom, or email to answer any questions or discuss any concerns you may have before our first session. My aim is to support you in processing these difficult experiences, helping you to reduce their emotional impact and regain a sense of stability and well-being.
01270 916181 View 01270 916181
Photo of Imogen Rendall - Lotus Art Therapy, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Lotus Art Therapy
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Online Only
You may be feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or unsure how to express what’s going on inside. Perhaps your child is struggling with big emotions, confidence, or changes at school or home. You want a gentle, creative space to explore feelings, build self-understanding, and find new ways of coping — a place where words aren’t the only way to communicate or be heard.
You may be feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or unsure how to express what’s going on inside. Perhaps your child is struggling with big emotions, confidence, or changes at school or home. You want a gentle, creative space to explore feelings, build self-understanding, and find new ways of coping — a place where words aren’t the only way to communicate or be heard.
0151 453 7130 View 0151 453 7130
Photo of Miriam Gilmore, Counsellor, MBACP
Miriam Gilmore
Counsellor, MBACP
Online Only
Is this what life was supposed to feel like? Perhaps you’ve hit some 'milestones' - your career, your relationships, your social life? From the outside, things might seem fine. But inside, something feels...off. You can’t shake the nagging feeling that life wasn’t supposed to feel this uncertain, this uninspiring, or this overwhelming. I'm here to say, life doesn't have to stay like this! Together we might work on: Decision-paralysis. Reduce feelings of 'stuckness'. Ease anxiety about time (running out or being wasted). Let go of comparison. So that you can feel clear about your future, and confident to start living your life again!
Is this what life was supposed to feel like? Perhaps you’ve hit some 'milestones' - your career, your relationships, your social life? From the outside, things might seem fine. But inside, something feels...off. You can’t shake the nagging feeling that life wasn’t supposed to feel this uncertain, this uninspiring, or this overwhelming. I'm here to say, life doesn't have to stay like this! Together we might work on: Decision-paralysis. Reduce feelings of 'stuckness'. Ease anxiety about time (running out or being wasted). Let go of comparison. So that you can feel clear about your future, and confident to start living your life again!
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Photo of Ting-An Chen - Ann's Art Therapy, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Ann's Art Therapy
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Chester CH2
Hi, I’m Ann. I’m an art therapist, I offer individual and group therapy to young people and adults with needs such as anxiety, anger, and trauma. I aim to offer a safe and non-judgemental space so that you can feel comfortable to talk and express yourself through engaging in creative activities. Through the process of engaging in creative activity, reflect on the artwork with an art therapist, we can gain understanding of ourselves, build confident, and process difficult feelings, emotions, and experiences when words don't come easily.
Hi, I’m Ann. I’m an art therapist, I offer individual and group therapy to young people and adults with needs such as anxiety, anger, and trauma. I aim to offer a safe and non-judgemental space so that you can feel comfortable to talk and express yourself through engaging in creative activities. Through the process of engaging in creative activity, reflect on the artwork with an art therapist, we can gain understanding of ourselves, build confident, and process difficult feelings, emotions, and experiences when words don't come easily.
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Photo of Lucinda Milne, Counsellor, MBACP
Lucinda Milne
Counsellor, MBACP
Chester CH4
I know how important it is to look after our emotional well being irrespective of age. Stresses, strains and anxieties can hit at anytime. It maybe a current situation or something from our past which impacts on our ability to manage our current situation. Even anticipation of future events can impact on us at an emotional level. There are many reasons why counselling can be beneficial including low self-esteem, low self-confidence, bullying, family issues, bereavement, infant loss, relationship issues, and anger to name but a few, It takes strength and courage to acknowledge you may need help.
I know how important it is to look after our emotional well being irrespective of age. Stresses, strains and anxieties can hit at anytime. It maybe a current situation or something from our past which impacts on our ability to manage our current situation. Even anticipation of future events can impact on us at an emotional level. There are many reasons why counselling can be beneficial including low self-esteem, low self-confidence, bullying, family issues, bereavement, infant loss, relationship issues, and anger to name but a few, It takes strength and courage to acknowledge you may need help.
01244 470196 View 01244 470196
Photo of Sam Horton, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Sam Horton
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Chester CH2
Hello, I am Sam, a person-centred counsellor, registered member of the BACP (MBACP) and clinical supervisor. My predominant experience is with trauma, disability and anxiety, and working alongside individuals to re-find their sense of self after events or changes in circumstances, whether that be grief, diagnosis, retirement, anxiety, period of change, specific event etc. The pace and content of the sessions is client-led, and I know how important making a connection is to be able to provide the best support to you as an individual. I pride myself on a non-judgemental and individualised approach to counselling.
Hello, I am Sam, a person-centred counsellor, registered member of the BACP (MBACP) and clinical supervisor. My predominant experience is with trauma, disability and anxiety, and working alongside individuals to re-find their sense of self after events or changes in circumstances, whether that be grief, diagnosis, retirement, anxiety, period of change, specific event etc. The pace and content of the sessions is client-led, and I know how important making a connection is to be able to provide the best support to you as an individual. I pride myself on a non-judgemental and individualised approach to counselling.
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Photo of Lucy Okell, Counsellor, MBACP
Lucy Okell
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Chester CH2
Hello, my name is Lucy and I'm a qualified therapist offering a gentle, non-judgemental space to explore what's going on beneath the surface. I work with individuals who are often described as 'the strong one', the 'peace keeper' or the one 'who's always holding everything together' - even when it may not always feel like that on the inside. You might find yourself overthinking, being hard on yourself, people-pleasing or feeling emotionally disconnected. If this is the case, you're in the right place.
Hello, my name is Lucy and I'm a qualified therapist offering a gentle, non-judgemental space to explore what's going on beneath the surface. I work with individuals who are often described as 'the strong one', the 'peace keeper' or the one 'who's always holding everything together' - even when it may not always feel like that on the inside. You might find yourself overthinking, being hard on yourself, people-pleasing or feeling emotionally disconnected. If this is the case, you're in the right place.
01244 727190 View 01244 727190
Photo of Dr Lisa Paul, Psychotherapist, PhD, BACP
Dr Lisa Paul
Psychotherapist, PhD, BACP
1 Endorsed
Chester CH1
Hi, I'm Lisa and I am a person-centred therapist. I initially trained as a psychologist but more recently I qualified as a counsellor and psychotherapist. I have worked with a variety of issues, including mental health problems, ADHD, autism, relationship issues, dementia, and learning disabilities amongst others. Often there might be a combination of several difficulties which is impacting upon someone, and I am experienced in working with people where there are more complex issues.
Hi, I'm Lisa and I am a person-centred therapist. I initially trained as a psychologist but more recently I qualified as a counsellor and psychotherapist. I have worked with a variety of issues, including mental health problems, ADHD, autism, relationship issues, dementia, and learning disabilities amongst others. Often there might be a combination of several difficulties which is impacting upon someone, and I am experienced in working with people where there are more complex issues.
01244 667281 View 01244 667281
Photo of Donna Paterson, Psychotherapist
Donna Paterson
Psychotherapist
1 Endorsed
Chester CH1
Hi I'm Donna, I am a BABCP accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) practitioner. I have over 10 years’ experience of working in mental health services within the NHS, and more recently 3.5 years of experience working in private practice. I hold a Post Graduate Diploma in CBT, and a Psychology BSc first class honours degree.
Hi I'm Donna, I am a BABCP accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) practitioner. I have over 10 years’ experience of working in mental health services within the NHS, and more recently 3.5 years of experience working in private practice. I hold a Post Graduate Diploma in CBT, and a Psychology BSc first class honours degree.
01244 667048 View 01244 667048
Photo of Neal Edwards - Counselling & Psychotherapy in Chester, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Counselling & Psychotherapy in Chester
Psychotherapist, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Chester CH2
Making sense of life and our relationships can be challenging at times. We might find ourselves contemplating if we are causing ourselves unnecessary unhappiness, or if this is 'just the way things are'? Should I just keep sticking at 'it', or is it time for things to change? Might we be living our lives in 'survival mode' when we could be 'thriving' instead?
Making sense of life and our relationships can be challenging at times. We might find ourselves contemplating if we are causing ourselves unnecessary unhappiness, or if this is 'just the way things are'? Should I just keep sticking at 'it', or is it time for things to change? Might we be living our lives in 'survival mode' when we could be 'thriving' instead?
01244 667419 View 01244 667419
Photo of Dr Lucy Flitton, Psychologist, PhD, FMBPsS
Dr Lucy Flitton
Psychologist, PhD, FMBPsS
Online Only
Do you struggle with anxiety and self-esteem that affects your day-to-day life, and your relationships? Do you feel overwhelmed by your emotions, and wonder whether you will ever be able to manage them? Do you hope to be able to gain a sense of control over your life? Now more than ever, people are feeling uncertain about their ability to connect to others and the world around them. If you can relate to these difficulties, I can help you develop healthy coping mechanisms to build a life of meaning and purpose. By working together, you will re-connect with your strengths to help you build greater resilience to help you flourish.
Do you struggle with anxiety and self-esteem that affects your day-to-day life, and your relationships? Do you feel overwhelmed by your emotions, and wonder whether you will ever be able to manage them? Do you hope to be able to gain a sense of control over your life? Now more than ever, people are feeling uncertain about their ability to connect to others and the world around them. If you can relate to these difficulties, I can help you develop healthy coping mechanisms to build a life of meaning and purpose. By working together, you will re-connect with your strengths to help you build greater resilience to help you flourish.
01244 564148 View 01244 564148
Photo of Timothy S Quick - Apex Therapy & Coaching , Psychotherapist, MSc
Apex Therapy & Coaching
Psychotherapist, MSc
Chester CH2
Worldwide Online / Chester/ Flintshire / Wirral - Feeling lost or stuck? You're not alone. Even the strongest among us can experience moments of uncertainty, ambivalence, or unhappiness. Life throws curveballs, and sometimes it feels like we're constantly navigating challenges. As an empathetic, non-judgmental, and professional Therapist & Coach, I understand these struggles first-hand. Since beginning my own practice, I've had the privilege of guiding individuals like you through their own unique journeys of self-discovery and growth. I believe that within each of us lies an incredible reservoir of strength and resilience.
Worldwide Online / Chester/ Flintshire / Wirral - Feeling lost or stuck? You're not alone. Even the strongest among us can experience moments of uncertainty, ambivalence, or unhappiness. Life throws curveballs, and sometimes it feels like we're constantly navigating challenges. As an empathetic, non-judgmental, and professional Therapist & Coach, I understand these struggles first-hand. Since beginning my own practice, I've had the privilege of guiding individuals like you through their own unique journeys of self-discovery and growth. I believe that within each of us lies an incredible reservoir of strength and resilience.
01244 727625 View 01244 727625
Photo of Dr Jenny Bowe, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Jenny Bowe
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Chester CH2
I'm a Clinical Psychologist offering therapy for individuals who are struggling with their relationships—whether that's with other people, food, alcohol, their work, their past, or their own sense of self. I work with people who are experiencing difficulties in romantic relationships, or who find themselves struggling to form or sustain meaningful romantic connections. My approach helps people make sense of these patterns and understand what may be getting in the way of the relationships they want. I also specialise in Eating Disorders and Weight Management, helping people understand their relationships with their bodies and food.
I'm a Clinical Psychologist offering therapy for individuals who are struggling with their relationships—whether that's with other people, food, alcohol, their work, their past, or their own sense of self. I work with people who are experiencing difficulties in romantic relationships, or who find themselves struggling to form or sustain meaningful romantic connections. My approach helps people make sense of these patterns and understand what may be getting in the way of the relationships they want. I also specialise in Eating Disorders and Weight Management, helping people understand their relationships with their bodies and food.
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Photo of Jamie Holmes, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Jamie Holmes
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Chester CH3
Jamie Holmes is a psychotherapist and accredited EMDR consultant who specialises in the treatment of anxiety disorders, PTSD & complex PTSD, obsessive compulsive difficulties (OCD), behavioural couples therapy, clinical depression, low self-esteem, and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). His training is in psychology, cognitive behavioural therapy and EMDR therapy and he is accredited with the BABCP and EMDR Association UK and Ireland. Jamie has over 18 years experience of working in the field of mental health and has been a lecturer for the University of Chester where he presented on CBT and trauma focused CBT.
Jamie Holmes is a psychotherapist and accredited EMDR consultant who specialises in the treatment of anxiety disorders, PTSD & complex PTSD, obsessive compulsive difficulties (OCD), behavioural couples therapy, clinical depression, low self-esteem, and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). His training is in psychology, cognitive behavioural therapy and EMDR therapy and he is accredited with the BABCP and EMDR Association UK and Ireland. Jamie has over 18 years experience of working in the field of mental health and has been a lecturer for the University of Chester where he presented on CBT and trauma focused CBT.
01244 727037 View 01244 727037

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Chester

100+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Chester who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
85% Depression
83% Self Esteem
76% Stress
69% Trauma and PTSD
66% Relationship Issues
61% Bereavement

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

54% Aviva
52% Bupa
48% AXA PPP

How Counsellors in Chester see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Chester?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.