Counselling in Cambridge

Photo of Deborah Meyler, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Deborah Meyler
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Underpinning psychoanalytic psychotherapy is a vast body of work that began with Freud, but the theory doesn't have an overt presence in the room. Psychotherapy in practice is more a process of discovery for both therapist and client. It can be challenging, exciting, frightening – even funny – as we both try to better understand the circumstances and patterns that have brought you to therapy. I offer an initial session for £40, which of course holds no obligation to continue.
Underpinning psychoanalytic psychotherapy is a vast body of work that began with Freud, but the theory doesn't have an overt presence in the room. Psychotherapy in practice is more a process of discovery for both therapist and client. It can be challenging, exciting, frightening – even funny – as we both try to better understand the circumstances and patterns that have brought you to therapy. I offer an initial session for £40, which of course holds no obligation to continue.
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Photo of Ian Francis Mncs Accred, Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Ian Francis Mncs Accred
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
1 Endorsed
I love working with people who are openminded & looking to improve their lives & explore some of their blocks. I have a lot of experience as an addiction therapist in the field of mental health working with depression, anxiety, abuse, addiction and low self esteem. If you aren't happy with yourself or your life, I would love to help you find out why & help you to explore ways of making positive changes. I have transformed my life in a positive way so I speak from experience when I say radical transformation is possible if you are open to it. I offer a safe, non-judgemental space to talk about the things that are important to you.
I love working with people who are openminded & looking to improve their lives & explore some of their blocks. I have a lot of experience as an addiction therapist in the field of mental health working with depression, anxiety, abuse, addiction and low self esteem. If you aren't happy with yourself or your life, I would love to help you find out why & help you to explore ways of making positive changes. I have transformed my life in a positive way so I speak from experience when I say radical transformation is possible if you are open to it. I offer a safe, non-judgemental space to talk about the things that are important to you.
01223 658135 View 01223 658135
Photo of Rina Benari, Counsellor, MBACP
Rina Benari
Counsellor, MBACP
Cambridge CB22
I’m a fully qualified therapist, supporting adults, young adults, couples and families in person or online. My approach to counselling is integrative, meaning I tailor my methods to each individual’s needs. Drawing from Person-Centred Therapy, Gestalt, Psychosynthesis, CBT and Psychodynamic, I ensure that our work together is suited to you . I also work with families and couples, using a systemic approach to help those in close relationships better understand and support one another. This method creates a safe space to express themselves gain insight into each other’s experiences, and appreciate one another's needs.
I’m a fully qualified therapist, supporting adults, young adults, couples and families in person or online. My approach to counselling is integrative, meaning I tailor my methods to each individual’s needs. Drawing from Person-Centred Therapy, Gestalt, Psychosynthesis, CBT and Psychodynamic, I ensure that our work together is suited to you . I also work with families and couples, using a systemic approach to help those in close relationships better understand and support one another. This method creates a safe space to express themselves gain insight into each other’s experiences, and appreciate one another's needs.
01223 912116 View 01223 912116
Photo of Geraldine Dufour - Geraldine Dufour - Therapeutic Consultations, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Geraldine Dufour - Therapeutic Consultations
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Online Only
I work with people from diverse backgrounds and nationalities, bringing a global perspective to my practice. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, relationships, work stress, life transitions or other personal issues, together, we can identify what you need moving forward and develop approaches that make things more manageable. Having worked in universities for over 20 years, including 8 years as Head of Counselling at the University of Cambridge, I have a deep understanding of the pressures people face in demanding environments.
I work with people from diverse backgrounds and nationalities, bringing a global perspective to my practice. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, relationships, work stress, life transitions or other personal issues, together, we can identify what you need moving forward and develop approaches that make things more manageable. Having worked in universities for over 20 years, including 8 years as Head of Counselling at the University of Cambridge, I have a deep understanding of the pressures people face in demanding environments.
01223 679795 View 01223 679795
Photo of Harbans Nagpal, Psychotherapist, MBBS
Harbans Nagpal
Psychotherapist, MBBS
I am a Lacanian psychotherapist and psychoanalyst with 25 years of experience. I treat eating disorders such as bulimia, anorexia and obesity, and addictions such as to nicotine, cannabis, gambling, sex, chocolate, tea and coffee. After my training in medicine (Oxford, Cambridge) I worked in London and at the American Hospital of Paris. To specialize, I trained in psychiatry and psychoanalysis (with Jacques Lacan at the École Freudienne) in Paris. For many years I was a Consultant Psychiatrist at Saint Anne’s Hospital in Paris. For the last twenty years I have worked as a specialised psychotherapist. Do take a look at my website.
I am a Lacanian psychotherapist and psychoanalyst with 25 years of experience. I treat eating disorders such as bulimia, anorexia and obesity, and addictions such as to nicotine, cannabis, gambling, sex, chocolate, tea and coffee. After my training in medicine (Oxford, Cambridge) I worked in London and at the American Hospital of Paris. To specialize, I trained in psychiatry and psychoanalysis (with Jacques Lacan at the École Freudienne) in Paris. For many years I was a Consultant Psychiatrist at Saint Anne’s Hospital in Paris. For the last twenty years I have worked as a specialised psychotherapist. Do take a look at my website.
01223 679756 View 01223 679756
Photo of Mark Gawlinski - Cambridge Counselling Service, Counsellor, MSc, MUKCP
Cambridge Counselling Service
Counsellor, MSc, MUKCP
3 Endorsed
Cambridge Counselling Service is the largest private counselling service in Cambridge. Counselling is for anyone who wants to invest in getting their life on track. Typical problems that people bring to counselling include low-mood, depression, feeling stuck or trapped, anxiety, stress, feeling unhappy at work, eating issues, over-doing drink, drugs, gambling, gaming or social media, relationship issues (work or personal), identity issues, family problems, bereavement, career uncertainty, life-stage issues or personal development. We have private, comfortable and light-filled consulting rooms near Stourbridge Common, Cambridge.
Cambridge Counselling Service is the largest private counselling service in Cambridge. Counselling is for anyone who wants to invest in getting their life on track. Typical problems that people bring to counselling include low-mood, depression, feeling stuck or trapped, anxiety, stress, feeling unhappy at work, eating issues, over-doing drink, drugs, gambling, gaming or social media, relationship issues (work or personal), identity issues, family problems, bereavement, career uncertainty, life-stage issues or personal development. We have private, comfortable and light-filled consulting rooms near Stourbridge Common, Cambridge.
01223 658271 View 01223 658271
Photo of Han Bestwick, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
Han Bestwick
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hello, my name is Han and I use they/them pronouns. I welcome anyone to my therapy room who wants a safe space to talk things through. I have supported people to explore their identities, navigate coming out, and to get to know who they are. I have worked with people who are already out and those who have yet to find the language to name their experience. You may be someone who already knows who you are but are experiencing some other difficulties in your life. If this is you, it can be helpful to have a therapist who already accepts your identity so that you can you can explore these other topics without having to explain it.
Hello, my name is Han and I use they/them pronouns. I welcome anyone to my therapy room who wants a safe space to talk things through. I have supported people to explore their identities, navigate coming out, and to get to know who they are. I have worked with people who are already out and those who have yet to find the language to name their experience. You may be someone who already knows who you are but are experiencing some other difficulties in your life. If this is you, it can be helpful to have a therapist who already accepts your identity so that you can you can explore these other topics without having to explain it.
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Photo of Lizzie Felter, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Lizzie Felter
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Waitlist for new clients
I am an HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist with over 10 years' experience of working with adults in NHS secondary care mental health services, as well as working in private practice. I am experienced in delivering psychological therapy for a wide range of difficulties including depression, generalised anxiety, health anxiety, social anxiety, panic disorder, OCD, and PTSD and other long term consequences of trauma. I also offer therapy to people who do not have a mental health diagnosis but who would like help to understand, cope with, and change emotional difficulties they are experiencing.
I am an HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist with over 10 years' experience of working with adults in NHS secondary care mental health services, as well as working in private practice. I am experienced in delivering psychological therapy for a wide range of difficulties including depression, generalised anxiety, health anxiety, social anxiety, panic disorder, OCD, and PTSD and other long term consequences of trauma. I also offer therapy to people who do not have a mental health diagnosis but who would like help to understand, cope with, and change emotional difficulties they are experiencing.
01223 972859 View 01223 972859
Photo of Jo Brown, Counsellor, MBACP
Jo Brown
Counsellor, MBACP
2 Endorsed
Cambridge CB22
Hi, I'm Jo – how are you feeling today? Whatever is bringing you to counselling, you're welcome here. I offer a warm, supportive, and confidential space where you can explore what’s going on in your life — whether that’s anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, grief, or something you’re not quite sure how to name yet. You may be feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or simply in need of a space to pause and reflect. Counselling is your time — away from the noise and demands of daily life — to be truly heard, without judgement.
Hi, I'm Jo – how are you feeling today? Whatever is bringing you to counselling, you're welcome here. I offer a warm, supportive, and confidential space where you can explore what’s going on in your life — whether that’s anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, grief, or something you’re not quite sure how to name yet. You may be feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or simply in need of a space to pause and reflect. Counselling is your time — away from the noise and demands of daily life — to be truly heard, without judgement.
01223 867117 View 01223 867117
Photo of Asteryth Sloane, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Asteryth Sloane
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Online Only
I specialise in supporting people who have experienced abuse and complex trauma, those who are marginalised and silenced, and those impacted by the ecological and political crises of our world. These experiences can be hard to make sense of alone, and therapy can offer a space to explore and hold them. My work as a therapist is always evolving from the wounds and fractured places in my own experiences of living in a brutal, unjust world. The spaces I hold are anti-oppressive, neuro-affirming, and LGBTQ+-welcoming.
I specialise in supporting people who have experienced abuse and complex trauma, those who are marginalised and silenced, and those impacted by the ecological and political crises of our world. These experiences can be hard to make sense of alone, and therapy can offer a space to explore and hold them. My work as a therapist is always evolving from the wounds and fractured places in my own experiences of living in a brutal, unjust world. The spaces I hold are anti-oppressive, neuro-affirming, and LGBTQ+-welcoming.
01223 912279 View 01223 912279
Photo of Monika Kubaczewska-Szymanska, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Monika Kubaczewska-Szymanska
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Cambridge CB21
I am a qualified integrative counsellor ,CBT psychotherapist working towards accreditation and a EFT couples therapist . I work mainly in the humanistic approach, and I also use elements from other approaches such as CBT (cognitive-behavioural therapy) or psychodynamic therapy, which allows me to choose optimal therapeutic strategies for each client individually. The values ​​on which the humanistic approach is based, such as empathy, respect, authenticity and perception of values ​​in every human being, are very close to me. I firmly believe that being truly understood, heard and accepted the way you are can change our lives.
I am a qualified integrative counsellor ,CBT psychotherapist working towards accreditation and a EFT couples therapist . I work mainly in the humanistic approach, and I also use elements from other approaches such as CBT (cognitive-behavioural therapy) or psychodynamic therapy, which allows me to choose optimal therapeutic strategies for each client individually. The values ​​on which the humanistic approach is based, such as empathy, respect, authenticity and perception of values ​​in every human being, are very close to me. I firmly believe that being truly understood, heard and accepted the way you are can change our lives.
01223 869475 View 01223 869475
Photo of Sabina Rostampour, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Sabina Rostampour
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
I am an accredited EMDR Therapist and an integrative counsellor . Through my experience of working at the Cambridge University Staff Counselling Centre, in a GP practice, with Cambridge University students and for a community counselling organisation, I have gained experience addressing a variety of issues including: work related stress, self-confidence issues, grief, depression, anxiety, abuse, relationship issues, miscarriage, childhood sexual abuse, assault, emotional abuse, family issues, stress and trauma.
I am an accredited EMDR Therapist and an integrative counsellor . Through my experience of working at the Cambridge University Staff Counselling Centre, in a GP practice, with Cambridge University students and for a community counselling organisation, I have gained experience addressing a variety of issues including: work related stress, self-confidence issues, grief, depression, anxiety, abuse, relationship issues, miscarriage, childhood sexual abuse, assault, emotional abuse, family issues, stress and trauma.
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Photo of Monika Sobczak, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Monika Sobczak
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Is anxiety taking pleasure out of your life? Finding it difficult to believe in yourself again? Life seems overwhelming? I assist you in unravelling your troubles. Through honest dialogue, I will provide you with a reliable, meaningful, supportive and ethically confidential relationship. There are several contrasting approaches in the counselling/therapy field where I integrate powerful ideas from most of them in order to meet your needs.
Is anxiety taking pleasure out of your life? Finding it difficult to believe in yourself again? Life seems overwhelming? I assist you in unravelling your troubles. Through honest dialogue, I will provide you with a reliable, meaningful, supportive and ethically confidential relationship. There are several contrasting approaches in the counselling/therapy field where I integrate powerful ideas from most of them in order to meet your needs.
01223 981512 View 01223 981512
Photo of Sarah Mackay, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Sarah Mackay
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Online Only
Are you feeling anxious, overwhelmed or just don't understand why you are not feeling "yourself" any more? We all face challenges and difficult situations in our daily lives. Sometimes, these personal difficulties can make us feel alone and unable to manage our feelings. Left unresolved, we can feel helpless to unravel these distressing feelings and emotions on our own.
Are you feeling anxious, overwhelmed or just don't understand why you are not feeling "yourself" any more? We all face challenges and difficult situations in our daily lives. Sometimes, these personal difficulties can make us feel alone and unable to manage our feelings. Left unresolved, we can feel helpless to unravel these distressing feelings and emotions on our own.
01223 912549 View 01223 912549
Photo of Adriana Rubio, Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Adriana Rubio
Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Online Only
Adriana Rubio is an Integrative Psychologist offering psychotherapy and counseling to adults, young people and couples. She has studied in different European Universities, obtaining an MSc in Psychology and Social Psychology and she is graduated in Gestalt Psychotherapy. Adriana is registered at the Health and Care Professional Council (HCPC) and the British Psychological Society (BPS). For over a decade, Adriana has worked therapeutically with adults and young people from different cultures within mental health and psychosocial support projects in international settings.
Adriana Rubio is an Integrative Psychologist offering psychotherapy and counseling to adults, young people and couples. She has studied in different European Universities, obtaining an MSc in Psychology and Social Psychology and she is graduated in Gestalt Psychotherapy. Adriana is registered at the Health and Care Professional Council (HCPC) and the British Psychological Society (BPS). For over a decade, Adriana has worked therapeutically with adults and young people from different cultures within mental health and psychosocial support projects in international settings.
01778 302877 View 01778 302877
Photo of Allan Fowlie - Allan Fowlie Relationship Counselling and Therapy, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
I work IN-PERSON and on ZOOM in central Cambridge and Central London (Euston) mainly with couples bringing the following issues:​ O Communication difficulties and chronic recurring conflict. O Infidelity, broken trust, and secrecy. O Parenting challenges and life transitions. O Intimacy issues, including changes in sexual connection. O The impact of neurodivergent traits on individuals and relationships. O Dynamics within blended or extended families. O Unresolved trauma or recurring patterns. O Domestic abuse and coercive control. You'll find client testimonials and more at my website
I work IN-PERSON and on ZOOM in central Cambridge and Central London (Euston) mainly with couples bringing the following issues:​ O Communication difficulties and chronic recurring conflict. O Infidelity, broken trust, and secrecy. O Parenting challenges and life transitions. O Intimacy issues, including changes in sexual connection. O The impact of neurodivergent traits on individuals and relationships. O Dynamics within blended or extended families. O Unresolved trauma or recurring patterns. O Domestic abuse and coercive control. You'll find client testimonials and more at my website
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Photo of Clare Neal, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Clare Neal
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Waitlist for new clients
I offer non-judgemental, compassionate listening in a calm space in-person or online, enabling you to explore anxieties and concerns safely while earning your trust to be heard, understood and supported. Free initial meeting.
I offer non-judgemental, compassionate listening in a calm space in-person or online, enabling you to explore anxieties and concerns safely while earning your trust to be heard, understood and supported. Free initial meeting.
07587 647427 View 07587 647427
Photo of Esthella Cortes, Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
Esthella Cortes
Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
I am a registered and insured psychoanalyst with extensive clinical experience in mental health. As well as being a clinician, I have spent years researching autism during my PhD in Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge. I am also an MD (Medical Doctor) with extensive experience in psychiatry placements, which has deeply informed my approach to psychoanalytic practice. I offer personalized psychoanalytic services in comfortable settings in Cambridge and London, or online via secure video sessions for anyone based in the UK. My services are available in both English and Spanish to ensure you can express yourself in the language
I am a registered and insured psychoanalyst with extensive clinical experience in mental health. As well as being a clinician, I have spent years researching autism during my PhD in Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge. I am also an MD (Medical Doctor) with extensive experience in psychiatry placements, which has deeply informed my approach to psychoanalytic practice. I offer personalized psychoanalytic services in comfortable settings in Cambridge and London, or online via secure video sessions for anyone based in the UK. My services are available in both English and Spanish to ensure you can express yourself in the language
01223 679836 View 01223 679836
Photo of Dilyana Iteva, Psychologist, MA, CPsychol
Dilyana Iteva
Psychologist, MA, CPsychol
Caring and analytical Psychologist with experience in caring out assessments and counseling patients. Expert at observing and interviewing, developing treatment, intervention, prevention and safety plans. In-depth knowledge in criminal behavior, victimology, mental health issues. Professional with solid experience in supporting people suffering from moderate to severe mental health problems e.g. anxiety, depression, suicidal ideations, bipolar disorder, BPD, challenging and antisocial behaviour, loneliness and isolation.
Caring and analytical Psychologist with experience in caring out assessments and counseling patients. Expert at observing and interviewing, developing treatment, intervention, prevention and safety plans. In-depth knowledge in criminal behavior, victimology, mental health issues. Professional with solid experience in supporting people suffering from moderate to severe mental health problems e.g. anxiety, depression, suicidal ideations, bipolar disorder, BPD, challenging and antisocial behaviour, loneliness and isolation.
01223 981478 View 01223 981478
Photo of Dr Lucia Roberta Russo, Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
Dr Lucia Roberta Russo
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
Hi, I am Roberta, an Italian psychologist providing psychological support to individuals dealing with emotional distress, self-esteem issues, relationship problems, and infertility treatments. My goal is to offer professional guidance to those seeking coping strategies, healthier relationships, and a positive self-image. I have worked with hundreds of people navigating significant life transitions, including infertility treatments, medically assisted reproduction (e.g., IVF, donor conception), pregnancy, and the transition to parenthood during my Ph.D. completion in a hospital.
Hi, I am Roberta, an Italian psychologist providing psychological support to individuals dealing with emotional distress, self-esteem issues, relationship problems, and infertility treatments. My goal is to offer professional guidance to those seeking coping strategies, healthier relationships, and a positive self-image. I have worked with hundreds of people navigating significant life transitions, including infertility treatments, medically assisted reproduction (e.g., IVF, donor conception), pregnancy, and the transition to parenthood during my Ph.D. completion in a hospital.
01223 653840 View 01223 653840

See more therapy options for Cambridge

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Cambridge

300+

Average cost per session

£70

Counsellors in Cambridge who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
83% Depression
81% Self Esteem
77% Stress
73% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
56% Bereavement

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aviva
63% AXA PPP
52% Bupa

How Counsellors in Cambridge see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Cambridge?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.