Eating Disorders Counselling in Buxton

Photo of Gill Sweeting, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Gill Sweeting
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
1 Endorsed
Buxton SK17
My main areas of specialism are relationship and sexual issues, disordered eating, and recovery from adverse experiences, at any age, including sexual abuse.
Sometimes the difficulties you have in the present are influenced by how things have been for you in the past. How you have coped with the tough experiences, the beliefs you have developed about yourself and the world, your habitual responses. You want to improve things for yourself but you can't see a way through. Maybe you have tried other ways of getting better, maybe with some success, but the underlying problems just turn up in different ways. You are here because you know that you are not out of options. Psychotherapy has helped many people like you. And with me, you are in a safe pair of hands. EMDR is an option for you too.
My main areas of specialism are relationship and sexual issues, disordered eating, and recovery from adverse experiences, at any age, including sexual abuse.
Sometimes the difficulties you have in the present are influenced by how things have been for you in the past. How you have coped with the tough experiences, the beliefs you have developed about yourself and the world, your habitual responses. You want to improve things for yourself but you can't see a way through. Maybe you have tried other ways of getting better, maybe with some success, but the underlying problems just turn up in different ways. You are here because you know that you are not out of options. Psychotherapy has helped many people like you. And with me, you are in a safe pair of hands. EMDR is an option for you too.
01298 608404 View 01298 608404
Photo of Amy Dunkley, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Amy Dunkley
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
1 Endorsed
Buxton SK17
I work for a small private practice called Light of Mind, specialising in trauma and eating disorders.
Life is complex and ever-changing. It can leave you feeling unsatisfied or in distress without really knowing why. You may have turned to ways of coping that you would like to change or explore. Therapy provides a safe space for you to unravel your thoughts and make sense of your world. I believe you are the expert of your experience; I will listen and assist you in exploring and understanding your world, to find a way back to your innate healed self. I draw on a range of psychological theories, nature and spirituality to guide therapy in a way that honours the uniqueness of each human being.
I work for a small private practice called Light of Mind, specialising in trauma and eating disorders.
Life is complex and ever-changing. It can leave you feeling unsatisfied or in distress without really knowing why. You may have turned to ways of coping that you would like to change or explore. Therapy provides a safe space for you to unravel your thoughts and make sense of your world. I believe you are the expert of your experience; I will listen and assist you in exploring and understanding your world, to find a way back to your innate healed self. I draw on a range of psychological theories, nature and spirituality to guide therapy in a way that honours the uniqueness of each human being.
01298 608992 View 01298 608992
Photo of Maisie Kirk - Maisie Kirk Art Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Maisie Kirk Art Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Buxton SK17
I am a High Peak based Art Psychotherapist. I work with children, young people and adults. I also offer therapy to Art Psychotherapy trainees. I believe that we all have the capacity to thrive if we are given the right conditions to do so. Beginning therapy can be a daunting experience, and so my aim is to always ensure to put you at ease, and that whatever you bring to therapy is done so at your pace and in a way that feels right for you. Creativity is a wonderful way to explore your feelings and thoughts, and you don't even have to be good at art. Just a willingness to see where it can take you and to trust the process.
I am a High Peak based Art Psychotherapist. I work with children, young people and adults. I also offer therapy to Art Psychotherapy trainees. I believe that we all have the capacity to thrive if we are given the right conditions to do so. Beginning therapy can be a daunting experience, and so my aim is to always ensure to put you at ease, and that whatever you bring to therapy is done so at your pace and in a way that feels right for you. Creativity is a wonderful way to explore your feelings and thoughts, and you don't even have to be good at art. Just a willingness to see where it can take you and to trust the process.
01538 710729 View 01538 710729
Photo of Anne Shipley - Anne Therapy Services, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Anne Therapy Services
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Online Only
Hi, I have been a Counsellor for 26 yrs and Supervisor for 16 yrs, working with adults and young people. My focus is very much on the client's needs and working at your pace, in a caring and safe way, looking at a wide range of short term, on-going and/or long term issues around trauma, stress, anxiety, phobias etc. which can affect your everyday life. I am also an Accredited Certified EFT Practitioner, which is known as a tapping tool, that can help you to overcome and let go of negative beliefs, emotions and thought patterns, and reduce anxiety that allows you to feel more relaxed and able to cope with every day life.
Hi, I have been a Counsellor for 26 yrs and Supervisor for 16 yrs, working with adults and young people. My focus is very much on the client's needs and working at your pace, in a caring and safe way, looking at a wide range of short term, on-going and/or long term issues around trauma, stress, anxiety, phobias etc. which can affect your everyday life. I am also an Accredited Certified EFT Practitioner, which is known as a tapping tool, that can help you to overcome and let go of negative beliefs, emotions and thought patterns, and reduce anxiety that allows you to feel more relaxed and able to cope with every day life.
0161 696 8429 View 0161 696 8429
Photo of Amanda Robinson, Psychologist, MA, GMBPsS
Amanda Robinson
Psychologist, MA, GMBPsS
Buxton SK17
Greetings, I am a psychologist with 27 years of counselling experience. I am passionate to support you if you are finding life difficult and experiencing inner pain that goes round and round. Life can be tough and asking for help when you are feeling down, desperate and discouraged even tougher. Well done for having the courage to reach out, you are worth it, even if it does not feel that way right now. I love working with individuals who are hurting, but want to heal and make a difference in the world. I am a also a believer in the healing power of nature to physically, emotionally and spiritually inspire and balance our lives.
Greetings, I am a psychologist with 27 years of counselling experience. I am passionate to support you if you are finding life difficult and experiencing inner pain that goes round and round. Life can be tough and asking for help when you are feeling down, desperate and discouraged even tougher. Well done for having the courage to reach out, you are worth it, even if it does not feel that way right now. I love working with individuals who are hurting, but want to heal and make a difference in the world. I am a also a believer in the healing power of nature to physically, emotionally and spiritually inspire and balance our lives.
01298 608430 View 01298 608430
Photo of Jeanette Claire Groombridge - Peakland Therapy, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Peakland Therapy
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Hi, my name is Jeanette. Life can be challenging, difficult & stressful at times, affecting how we feel emotionally. We can become anxious, worried, stressed, depressed or just generally feel overwhelmed. In order to manage how we are feeling, we can develop unhelpful thinking & behaviours which can hinder our growth, leading to us becoming stuck in vicious cycles. By understanding & recognising our unhelpful thinking & behaviours we can start to look at ways to modify these to improve how we feel. Therapy can help you gain control over thoughts & behaviours; develop healthier coping strategies; build self-confidence & resilience.
Hi, my name is Jeanette. Life can be challenging, difficult & stressful at times, affecting how we feel emotionally. We can become anxious, worried, stressed, depressed or just generally feel overwhelmed. In order to manage how we are feeling, we can develop unhelpful thinking & behaviours which can hinder our growth, leading to us becoming stuck in vicious cycles. By understanding & recognising our unhelpful thinking & behaviours we can start to look at ways to modify these to improve how we feel. Therapy can help you gain control over thoughts & behaviours; develop healthier coping strategies; build self-confidence & resilience.
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Photo of Lucy Wainwright, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Lucy Wainwright
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Art Therap.
Serves Area
Hello, & thank you for reading. I'm glad you're here. You may long for closeness but find relationships complicated, painful, or overwhelming. Perhaps you’ve learned to keep parts of yourself hidden, or you’ve felt “too much” or “not enough” for others. You might also notice how past experiences linger in the present, affecting how safe you feel with people, with your own body, or even with life itself. If you’re neurodivergent, you may carry the added weight of not feeling fully understood in the world, or of needing to navigate sensory and social landscapes that others take for granted.
Hello, & thank you for reading. I'm glad you're here. You may long for closeness but find relationships complicated, painful, or overwhelming. Perhaps you’ve learned to keep parts of yourself hidden, or you’ve felt “too much” or “not enough” for others. You might also notice how past experiences linger in the present, affecting how safe you feel with people, with your own body, or even with life itself. If you’re neurodivergent, you may carry the added weight of not feeling fully understood in the world, or of needing to navigate sensory and social landscapes that others take for granted.
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Photo of Helen Joy Green, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Helen Joy Green
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Serves Area
Hello and welcome, We all deserve a helping hand. Someone to lead us through the dark times. I believe I can offer this, by sharing my 16 years of practice. This has provided me with a vast experience/knowledge of working with adults, couples and young people. My passion is in the belief that we have the ability to grow and reach our potential. I work with compassion, genuineness and have a real passion for the effectiveness of the counselling process. I am a highly a sensitive person which helps me to empathise with others deeply. I value indifference and work in a non judgemental way.
Hello and welcome, We all deserve a helping hand. Someone to lead us through the dark times. I believe I can offer this, by sharing my 16 years of practice. This has provided me with a vast experience/knowledge of working with adults, couples and young people. My passion is in the belief that we have the ability to grow and reach our potential. I work with compassion, genuineness and have a real passion for the effectiveness of the counselling process. I am a highly a sensitive person which helps me to empathise with others deeply. I value indifference and work in a non judgemental way.
01782 983552 View 01782 983552

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Rachel Burgon - Dr Rachel Burgon Therapies , Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Rachel Burgon Therapies
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Online Only
Having completed a Masters in Eating Disorders and Nutrition, I also specialise in supporting those with eating difficulties/disorders.
As a Clinical Psychologist, I will work with you to get a thorough understanding of your difficulties and goals. Together, we'll select the most appropriate intervention to suit your preferences and needs. I offer different therapies but primarily use EMDR, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Compassion Focused Therapy and Acceptance & Commitment Therapy.
Having completed a Masters in Eating Disorders and Nutrition, I also specialise in supporting those with eating difficulties/disorders.
As a Clinical Psychologist, I will work with you to get a thorough understanding of your difficulties and goals. Together, we'll select the most appropriate intervention to suit your preferences and needs. I offer different therapies but primarily use EMDR, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Compassion Focused Therapy and Acceptance & Commitment Therapy.
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Photo of Fiona Mead - Fiona Mead - Eating Disorder Recovery, Counsellor
Eating disorders affect people in many ways and accessing support is not dependent on looking a certain way (people with food and body image difficulties vary widely in terms of weight, shape, age, gender and background).
I am a specialist occupational therapist and have been working with individuals with eating disorders since 2014. I work with anyone who has a difficult relationship with food and body image as well as individuals with a diagnosed eating disorder (including ARFID). Sessions focus on collaborative goal setting to facilitate behaviour change.
Eating disorders affect people in many ways and accessing support is not dependent on looking a certain way (people with food and body image difficulties vary widely in terms of weight, shape, age, gender and background).
I am a specialist occupational therapist and have been working with individuals with eating disorders since 2014. I work with anyone who has a difficult relationship with food and body image as well as individuals with a diagnosed eating disorder (including ARFID). Sessions focus on collaborative goal setting to facilitate behaviour change.
01246 956428 View 01246 956428
Photo of Emma Kenmuir, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Emma Kenmuir
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Heanor DE75
I help with anxiety, depression, trauma, PTSD, low self-esteem, grief, stress, addictions, eating disorders, neurodiversity, and abuse.
Many of the people I work with feel stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure how to navigate life’s challenges. You might be experiencing anxiety, low self-esteem, grief, relationship difficulties, or past trauma, and are looking for a safe, non-judgmental space to explore your feelings. My clients come to me seeking understanding, clarity around situations that have been weighing them down, and support in moving forward to feel more settled in their daily lives.
I help with anxiety, depression, trauma, PTSD, low self-esteem, grief, stress, addictions, eating disorders, neurodiversity, and abuse.
Many of the people I work with feel stuck, overwhelmed, or unsure how to navigate life’s challenges. You might be experiencing anxiety, low self-esteem, grief, relationship difficulties, or past trauma, and are looking for a safe, non-judgmental space to explore your feelings. My clients come to me seeking understanding, clarity around situations that have been weighing them down, and support in moving forward to feel more settled in their daily lives.
01773 300953 View 01773 300953
Photo of Lucy Smith, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Lucy Smith
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I hold a Masters in counselling and have undergone other training in eating disorders and compassion focused therapy.
There are many difficulties in life that can feel overwhelming at times. Life circumstances or internal struggles can leave us feeling as if we are not getting what we should out of life and we want to be able to move forward. In all circumstances I believe passionately in the power of therapy to help enact positive change. The tools and skills you could learn with me can enable you to feel that you can live the rest of your life free from what has been holding you back. We would do this together working at your pace and always being in partnership.
I hold a Masters in counselling and have undergone other training in eating disorders and compassion focused therapy.
There are many difficulties in life that can feel overwhelming at times. Life circumstances or internal struggles can leave us feeling as if we are not getting what we should out of life and we want to be able to move forward. In all circumstances I believe passionately in the power of therapy to help enact positive change. The tools and skills you could learn with me can enable you to feel that you can live the rest of your life free from what has been holding you back. We would do this together working at your pace and always being in partnership.
0161 519 0839 View 0161 519 0839
Photo of Teri Spinks, Psychotherapist, PNCPS Acc.
Teri Spinks
Psychotherapist, PNCPS Acc.
I work with a specialist Eating Disorders and WeightLoss organisation in London with the HealthMatters Group.
Hi, I’m Teri. I offer relaxed, non-judgmental counselling tailored to your needs. My flexible approach allows me to provide immediate tools for managing anxiety, stress, overwhelm, or low mood, and I can teach relaxation techniques if needed. I also help you understand the root causes of these challenges, so you can recognise and address them in the future. Sometimes, we simply need a safe space to talk, and I’m here for that too. With compassion, sensitivity, and a little humour, I’m committed to supporting you through life’s challenges.
I work with a specialist Eating Disorders and WeightLoss organisation in London with the HealthMatters Group.
Hi, I’m Teri. I offer relaxed, non-judgmental counselling tailored to your needs. My flexible approach allows me to provide immediate tools for managing anxiety, stress, overwhelm, or low mood, and I can teach relaxation techniques if needed. I also help you understand the root causes of these challenges, so you can recognise and address them in the future. Sometimes, we simply need a safe space to talk, and I’m here for that too. With compassion, sensitivity, and a little humour, I’m committed to supporting you through life’s challenges.
0114 697 9484 View 0114 697 9484
Photo of Lisa D Burley, Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
Lisa D Burley
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP Accred
In the past I have specialized in eating disorders, anxiety and addictions; however, I have worked with many diversified client groups.
I am a counsellor and psychotherapist focusing my time, energy and considerations on the client and their needs. Being heard, trusted, understood, and feeling empathy without judgement are vital to the therapeutic relationship which we will build together. If you are feeling stressed, anxious or depressed or would like to work on your self-esteem, self-care or any other personal issues I am here for you. Bringing to light your hopes and goals in a personal, comfortable and non-judgemental space will give you the time and attention you need to focus on positive change.
In the past I have specialized in eating disorders, anxiety and addictions; however, I have worked with many diversified client groups.
I am a counsellor and psychotherapist focusing my time, energy and considerations on the client and their needs. Being heard, trusted, understood, and feeling empathy without judgement are vital to the therapeutic relationship which we will build together. If you are feeling stressed, anxious or depressed or would like to work on your self-esteem, self-care or any other personal issues I am here for you. Bringing to light your hopes and goals in a personal, comfortable and non-judgemental space will give you the time and attention you need to focus on positive change.
0115 697 2264 View 0115 697 2264
Photo of Ailsa Parsons, Psychotherapist, PhD, MBACP
Ailsa Parsons
Psychotherapist, PhD, MBACP
High Peak SK22
I specialise in trauma recovery, eating disorders, lifestyle difficulties, body-based concerns, creative/high-performance industries and neurodiversity‑affirming therapy.
Are you experiencing the effects of trauma, relational abuse, eating/body/lifestyle-related difficulties or neurodivergent overwhelm? These issues are my core specialisms, however I also support clients in creative and high‑pressure roles who are navigating burnout, identity shifts or chronic tension. Many clients come to me feeling stuck, burnt out or carrying long‑term stress as symptoms in their bodies. Some have tried to cope alone through research, journalling or self‑help but nothing has shifted enough. I offer a calm, grounded space where you can slow down, feel understood and begin to make sense of what is happening.
I specialise in trauma recovery, eating disorders, lifestyle difficulties, body-based concerns, creative/high-performance industries and neurodiversity‑affirming therapy.
Are you experiencing the effects of trauma, relational abuse, eating/body/lifestyle-related difficulties or neurodivergent overwhelm? These issues are my core specialisms, however I also support clients in creative and high‑pressure roles who are navigating burnout, identity shifts or chronic tension. Many clients come to me feeling stuck, burnt out or carrying long‑term stress as symptoms in their bodies. Some have tried to cope alone through research, journalling or self‑help but nothing has shifted enough. I offer a calm, grounded space where you can slow down, feel understood and begin to make sense of what is happening.
01663 790140 View 01663 790140
Photo of Natalie Knutton - The Psychotherapy Room, Psychotherapist, MBACP
The Psychotherapy Room
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Derby DE1
Here at The Psychotherapy Room our aim is to ensure that we provide an accessible service to those who may not be able to afford it in the heart of Derby City Centre. Counselling and psychotherapy is a different journey for each individual - you may be going through a time of transition in your life; you may need support through a period of hardship you have experienced or are experiencing or you may be seeking a greater self-understanding and awareness.
Here at The Psychotherapy Room our aim is to ensure that we provide an accessible service to those who may not be able to afford it in the heart of Derby City Centre. Counselling and psychotherapy is a different journey for each individual - you may be going through a time of transition in your life; you may need support through a period of hardship you have experienced or are experiencing or you may be seeking a greater self-understanding and awareness.
01332 402808 View 01332 402808
Photo of Mia Muscat - Mind Matters Online Therapy and Supervision , Counsellor, MBACP
Mind Matters Online Therapy and Supervision
Counsellor, MBACP
Online Only
Are you living with an eating disorder?
I have a passion for working with parts of self, helping clients to understand and gain control over their internal critic. This work is very powerful and can help with self confidence, anxiety, depression, eating disorders and many more issues. I offer a very relaxed, personal therapy space with a very down to earth way of being and working.
Are you living with an eating disorder?
I have a passion for working with parts of self, helping clients to understand and gain control over their internal critic. This work is very powerful and can help with self confidence, anxiety, depression, eating disorders and many more issues. I offer a very relaxed, personal therapy space with a very down to earth way of being and working.
0114 697 0910 View 0114 697 0910
Photo of Hannah Ilori, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Hannah Ilori
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Online Only
I am a licensed Psychotherapist (MSc) who works with adults (18+) and specializes in relationships, anxiety, depression, trauma, coping with grief and loss, and eating disorders.
As a person-centered therapist, I believe that the relationship facilitates healing. Here, you are offered a space where you are heard in a way that is non-judgmental, genuine, and compassionate. You're allowed to have a voice, an opinion, and be human -something that isn't often graced to us in our daily lives.
I am a licensed Psychotherapist (MSc) who works with adults (18+) and specializes in relationships, anxiety, depression, trauma, coping with grief and loss, and eating disorders.
As a person-centered therapist, I believe that the relationship facilitates healing. Here, you are offered a space where you are heard in a way that is non-judgmental, genuine, and compassionate. You're allowed to have a voice, an opinion, and be human -something that isn't often graced to us in our daily lives.
01782 493247 View 01782 493247
Photo of Nurjis Ahmed, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Nurjis Ahmed
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Serves Area
My experience has allowed me to help people who have suffered from a wide range of mental health conditions including eating disorders, self harm, substance abuse, gambling, depression, phobias and trauma.
I am a fully accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist working within IAPT and CAMHS. I have worked in Primary Care mental health services since 2010 in varying environments. Most recently I was a Senior Psychological Practitioner and CAMHS Specialist in Eating Disorders for the NHS, currently l am managing my own practice.
My experience has allowed me to help people who have suffered from a wide range of mental health conditions including eating disorders, self harm, substance abuse, gambling, depression, phobias and trauma.
I am a fully accredited Cognitive Behavioural Therapist working within IAPT and CAMHS. I have worked in Primary Care mental health services since 2010 in varying environments. Most recently I was a Senior Psychological Practitioner and CAMHS Specialist in Eating Disorders for the NHS, currently l am managing my own practice.
0161 524 1101 View 0161 524 1101
Photo of Abbie Fuller, Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Abbie Fuller
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I have substantial experience and specialist knowledge of working with eating disorders.
Warm, grounded, and collaborative counsellor who works with clients to effect meaningful change. I create a safe, non-judgemental space where you can explore your own thoughts, emotions, and experiences at your own pace. Together, we will work towards helping you understand yourself more deeply, work on your emotional resilience, and move towards a more fulfilling and balanced life. My practice is rooted in a person-centred foundation, drawing on a variety of therapeutic approaches and creative techniques to suit your individual needs.
I have substantial experience and specialist knowledge of working with eating disorders.
Warm, grounded, and collaborative counsellor who works with clients to effect meaningful change. I create a safe, non-judgemental space where you can explore your own thoughts, emotions, and experiences at your own pace. Together, we will work towards helping you understand yourself more deeply, work on your emotional resilience, and move towards a more fulfilling and balanced life. My practice is rooted in a person-centred foundation, drawing on a variety of therapeutic approaches and creative techniques to suit your individual needs.
01283 368376 View 01283 368376
Eating Disorders Counsellors
What happens in therapy for eating disorders?
In therapy for eating disorders, patients typically describe their eating and exercise behaviours, their patterns of eating in relation to stress, their beliefs about their body, the ways their eating behaviour affects their relationships, and their desire (or lack of it) to change. Such information helps the therapist understand the origins of the disorder and the role it plays in the patient’s life, important for guiding treatment. Attitudes and feelings about food and eating, body weight, and physical appearance are common topics of discussion throughout treatment.

What therapy types help with eating disorders?
Once any acute medical or psychiatric emergency is resolved, psychoactive medication is often prescribed, requiring the supervision of a psychiatrist. In addition, patients receive some form of nutritional counselling along with one or more forms of psychotherapy. For adolescents, family-based treatment is empirically validated and considered the first line of treatment; parents and their children meet weekly with a clinician as the adults are coached on how to nourish and psychologically support the young patient. Adults typically receive some form of individual psychotherapy, intended to resolve the cognitive and behavioural disturbances that underlie the disorder and to relieve the mood disturbances that accompany it. In addition, patients may also be helped by group therapy.

What is the goal of therapy for eating disorders?
The most immediate goal of treatment for eating disorders is to save the life of people who are on a path of starving themselves to death or engaging in eating patterns that are doing irreparable physical harm to their body. Once the acute medical danger is past, therapy is required to understand the nature of the disordered eating and/or exercise patterns, establish healthy eating behaviour, and to tackle the many erroneous beliefs and distorted self-perceptions that underlie eating disorders and continue to pose a threat to health and life. Therapy also addresses the impaired mood that not only accompanies eating disorders but intensifies the danger to health and life.

What are the limitations of therapy for eating disorders?
Therapy can be very helpful for eating disorders—but that can happen only after people recognise they have a condition that must be treated. Especially with anorexia, the distortions in self-image that accompany the disorder can keep people from acknowledging they have a problem. Individuals may in fact see their eating disorder as a badge of self-control. Those with binge-eating disorder may feel too ashamed to seek help. Therapy cannot help those who do not avail themselves of it.

How long does therapy last for eating disorders?
Because of their complexity, recovery from eating disorders is usually a long-term process—measured in months and years— often marked by setbacks and relapse. Some form of help, such as individual or group therapy, may be advisable for much of that time. It is a general rule of thumb that the longer the illness has endured and the dysregulated eating behaviour has taken root, the longer treatment is likely to be needed.