Counselling in Bristol

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Photo of Alan Stoddart, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Alan Stoddart
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
1 Endorsed
Bristol BS8
Hello. I am a psychotherapist and supervisor working in Clifton, Bristol. The space I offer is held with positive regard where all of your experience is welcome. Good therapy can help us to trust out hearts more. In sharing those parts of us that do not feel ok and are hard to be with, we can find more ground in relation to our difficulties. In so doing we become clearer about our needs and more able to live a happy and fulfilled life. I am currently offering low cost supervision to counsellors and psychotherapists. Please contact me for more information.
Hello. I am a psychotherapist and supervisor working in Clifton, Bristol. The space I offer is held with positive regard where all of your experience is welcome. Good therapy can help us to trust out hearts more. In sharing those parts of us that do not feel ok and are hard to be with, we can find more ground in relation to our difficulties. In so doing we become clearer about our needs and more able to live a happy and fulfilled life. I am currently offering low cost supervision to counsellors and psychotherapists. Please contact me for more information.
07904 019645 View 07904 019645
Photo of Shaun Featherstone, Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Shaun Featherstone
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
1 Endorsed
Bristol BS1
I offer psychotherapy as a gentle, collaborative, and trauma-informed process grounded in compassion and mindfulness. Together, we create a safe, non-judgmental space where you control the pace and direction of our work. Nothing is forced or rushed. I offer a warm, steady presence, supporting you to explore thoughts, emotions, and experiences when they feel manageable. This approach honours your resilience, supports nervous system safety, and helps you reconnect with inner resources, self-compassion, and trust at your own pace.
I offer psychotherapy as a gentle, collaborative, and trauma-informed process grounded in compassion and mindfulness. Together, we create a safe, non-judgmental space where you control the pace and direction of our work. Nothing is forced or rushed. I offer a warm, steady presence, supporting you to explore thoughts, emotions, and experiences when they feel manageable. This approach honours your resilience, supports nervous system safety, and helps you reconnect with inner resources, self-compassion, and trust at your own pace.
0117 463 4602 View 0117 463 4602
Photo of Dr Maria R. Thompson, Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Maria R. Thompson
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Bristol BS32
I assist adults and older adults to reduce distress, improve awareness, connection, functioning and QoL through face-to-face and online counselling and psychological therapy. You can explore and address your concerns safely with session materials to take away for future reference. I offer evidenced approaches. Since 1998 I have worked with many people in their recovery from a range of emotional, behavioural, personality and mental health issues across various settings to Consultant level. Hopefully, I maybe of assistance to you also. Dr Maria Thompson BSc (Hons) MSc Post-MSc DCounsPsych CPsychol AFBPsS. Desideratum P&C Services Ltd.
I assist adults and older adults to reduce distress, improve awareness, connection, functioning and QoL through face-to-face and online counselling and psychological therapy. You can explore and address your concerns safely with session materials to take away for future reference. I offer evidenced approaches. Since 1998 I have worked with many people in their recovery from a range of emotional, behavioural, personality and mental health issues across various settings to Consultant level. Hopefully, I maybe of assistance to you also. Dr Maria Thompson BSc (Hons) MSc Post-MSc DCounsPsych CPsychol AFBPsS. Desideratum P&C Services Ltd.
0117 313 6822 View 0117 313 6822
Photo of Ellis Owen - Ellis Owen Counselling, Counsellor, BACP
Ellis Owen Counselling
Counsellor, BACP
Bristol BS32
At times, life can feel confusing & overwhelming. I offer online and in-person sessions in a confidential & safe space for people struggling with life’s challenges. I have a wealth of lived experience and specialist training to help guide you to find your way through your problems.
At times, life can feel confusing & overwhelming. I offer online and in-person sessions in a confidential & safe space for people struggling with life’s challenges. I have a wealth of lived experience and specialist training to help guide you to find your way through your problems.
01954 776332 View 01954 776332
Photo of Björg Sigríður Hermannsdóttir, Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Björg Sigríður Hermannsdóttir
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Online Only
If you are ready to show up as your honest self and face what is standing in your way, I would love to work with you! I have helped people with a wide range of difficulties, including depression, anxiety, stress, low confidence, and past trauma. I particularly enjoy assisting individuals break free from dysfunctional relationship patterns that can lead to anxiety, frustration, and exhaustion. This can include experiences of relationships not working out, dissatisfaction with a long-term partner, abusive relationships, difficult dynamics with family members, social isolation, and challenges with colleagues or managers at work.
If you are ready to show up as your honest self and face what is standing in your way, I would love to work with you! I have helped people with a wide range of difficulties, including depression, anxiety, stress, low confidence, and past trauma. I particularly enjoy assisting individuals break free from dysfunctional relationship patterns that can lead to anxiety, frustration, and exhaustion. This can include experiences of relationships not working out, dissatisfaction with a long-term partner, abusive relationships, difficult dynamics with family members, social isolation, and challenges with colleagues or managers at work.
01275 403058 View 01275 403058
Photo of Uschi Rigby, Counsellor, MBACP
Uschi Rigby
Counsellor, MBACP
Bristol BS6
Not accepting new clients
I am passionate about giving people the opportunity to live the life they want to live, instead of being hampered by negative thought patterns, beliefs and behaviours. Being qualified as person-centred integrative counsellor I work in a relational, intuitive way, giving you a safe, confidential space to be heard and understood. I see my work as walking alongside with you through crises and self-exploration to help you discover your inner strengths, competence, resilience and joy.
I am passionate about giving people the opportunity to live the life they want to live, instead of being hampered by negative thought patterns, beliefs and behaviours. Being qualified as person-centred integrative counsellor I work in a relational, intuitive way, giving you a safe, confidential space to be heard and understood. I see my work as walking alongside with you through crises and self-exploration to help you discover your inner strengths, competence, resilience and joy.
0117 456 2118 View 0117 456 2118
Photo of Remona Jenkins - Soul Connection Counselling, Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Soul Connection Counselling
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Bristol BS6
Hello and welcome, I'm Remona. It can be really hard choosing a Therapist when life feels so very difficult already, hopefully I can help you make up your mind. Are you feeling helpless, hopeless and disconnected from life?  Lonely, depressed or struggling with your relationships? Perhaps you’re experiencing anxiety, stress or PTSD symptoms that impact you on a daily basis. Maybe you’re just feeling stuck in a rut and not sure where to go. Life can often feel messy, but no matter how big or how small your problem feels, we can work together to help you reach a more stable place.
Hello and welcome, I'm Remona. It can be really hard choosing a Therapist when life feels so very difficult already, hopefully I can help you make up your mind. Are you feeling helpless, hopeless and disconnected from life?  Lonely, depressed or struggling with your relationships? Perhaps you’re experiencing anxiety, stress or PTSD symptoms that impact you on a daily basis. Maybe you’re just feeling stuck in a rut and not sure where to go. Life can often feel messy, but no matter how big or how small your problem feels, we can work together to help you reach a more stable place.
0117 325 2866 View 0117 325 2866
Photo of Joanna Solazzo - Joanna Solazzo Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Joanna Solazzo Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Bristol BS5
Psychotherapy can meet our innate need to be heard and deeply understood. Together we can explore your sense of being in the world and process difficult emotions, recurring difficulties or questions. Working with safety and sensitivity we can also process early life experience, past trauma and complex relational dynamics. My holistic approach aims to work with the whole of a person - I work relationally and openly with you to build awareness of psyche, body, memory, energy. As you deepen your understanding of self, you may start to let go of old patterns, restore a sense of balance and begin to build foundations for growth.
Psychotherapy can meet our innate need to be heard and deeply understood. Together we can explore your sense of being in the world and process difficult emotions, recurring difficulties or questions. Working with safety and sensitivity we can also process early life experience, past trauma and complex relational dynamics. My holistic approach aims to work with the whole of a person - I work relationally and openly with you to build awareness of psyche, body, memory, energy. As you deepen your understanding of self, you may start to let go of old patterns, restore a sense of balance and begin to build foundations for growth.
01454 801459 View 01454 801459
Photo of Alex Karban, Counsellor, MBACP
Alex Karban
Counsellor, MBACP
3 Endorsed
Bristol BS16
Hi, I’m Alex, a BACP-registered counsellor based in Bristol (BS1–BS16). I work with adults navigating anxiety, depression, identity questions, and life transitions, helping people find clarity, balance, and confidence in themselves. I often support young adults, men, and those in creative fields facing pressures from work, life, or self-expression. I also work with new fathers, explore the challenges of modern masculinity, and support anyone experiencing isolation, loneliness, or significant life changes.
Hi, I’m Alex, a BACP-registered counsellor based in Bristol (BS1–BS16). I work with adults navigating anxiety, depression, identity questions, and life transitions, helping people find clarity, balance, and confidence in themselves. I often support young adults, men, and those in creative fields facing pressures from work, life, or self-expression. I also work with new fathers, explore the challenges of modern masculinity, and support anyone experiencing isolation, loneliness, or significant life changes.
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Photo of Ana Szopa, Counsellor, MBACP
Ana Szopa
Counsellor, MBACP
Bristol BS2
I am an Integrative Counsellor with a warm, empathic and collaborative approach, working in both BS2 and BS5. My humanistic training means that I am led by you with regards to the topics we discuss and the pace at which we work. I endeavour to empower, give you agency and am able to integrate different therapeutic theories and approaches to best suit you as an individual. While working as a therapist, I have supported clients exploring issues such as trauma, bereavement, gender and sexual identity, relationship issues, depression, anxiety and sexual assault.
I am an Integrative Counsellor with a warm, empathic and collaborative approach, working in both BS2 and BS5. My humanistic training means that I am led by you with regards to the topics we discuss and the pace at which we work. I endeavour to empower, give you agency and am able to integrate different therapeutic theories and approaches to best suit you as an individual. While working as a therapist, I have supported clients exploring issues such as trauma, bereavement, gender and sexual identity, relationship issues, depression, anxiety and sexual assault.
0117 463 7151 View 0117 463 7151
Photo of Dr Ian Ensum, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Ian Ensum
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Bristol BS6
I’m a consultant clinical psychologist with 30 years’ experience in frontline mental health services. I've created, developed and run a leading NHS service from scratch, and until recently I was a national specialty adviser to NHS England – the most senior clinical role in my field. I also have a small private practice, with a limited amount of slots available, open to people - often in midlife - who are feeling stuck in their work or relationships, and who want to change their lives for the better.
I’m a consultant clinical psychologist with 30 years’ experience in frontline mental health services. I've created, developed and run a leading NHS service from scratch, and until recently I was a national specialty adviser to NHS England – the most senior clinical role in my field. I also have a small private practice, with a limited amount of slots available, open to people - often in midlife - who are feeling stuck in their work or relationships, and who want to change their lives for the better.
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Photo of Ellie Johnson, Counsellor, MBACP
Ellie Johnson
Counsellor, MBACP
Bristol BS1
A warm hello. I’m Ellie, an Integrative Therapist, an accredited registrant with the NCPS, and a registered member of the BACP. The purpose of my work is to help clients build trust in who they are, from an honest and collaborative space. My work centres on exploring different parts of the self through curiosity and compassion. When we can accept who we are, we can begin to address the things which cause us pain, keep us stuck or no longer serve us. My integrative approach draws on a range of therapeutic modalities, based on the belief that every person is unique, so our way of working should reflect this.
A warm hello. I’m Ellie, an Integrative Therapist, an accredited registrant with the NCPS, and a registered member of the BACP. The purpose of my work is to help clients build trust in who they are, from an honest and collaborative space. My work centres on exploring different parts of the self through curiosity and compassion. When we can accept who we are, we can begin to address the things which cause us pain, keep us stuck or no longer serve us. My integrative approach draws on a range of therapeutic modalities, based on the belief that every person is unique, so our way of working should reflect this.
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Photo of Robert Holman, Counsellor, BACP
Robert Holman
Counsellor, BACP
Bristol BS1
There are many reasons why people seek time and space to talk and reflect. You might want to talk about thoughts and feelings that are difficult to discuss with others, or consider what has happened to bring you to this point in your life. This can be a space for exploration and discovery, a protected hour in which you will be listened to. My focus is on listening openly, without judgment, to whatever you bring. I will listen to your experiences and your point of view and together we can look at different perspectives which can help you to live more freely.
There are many reasons why people seek time and space to talk and reflect. You might want to talk about thoughts and feelings that are difficult to discuss with others, or consider what has happened to bring you to this point in your life. This can be a space for exploration and discovery, a protected hour in which you will be listened to. My focus is on listening openly, without judgment, to whatever you bring. I will listen to your experiences and your point of view and together we can look at different perspectives which can help you to live more freely.
020 3984 8654 View 020 3984 8654
Photo of Kirsty Fraser, Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Drama Therap.
Kirsty Fraser
Psychotherapist, MA, HCPC-Drama Therap.
Bristol BS34
If you are struggling with your mental health, would like to better understand yourself and your needs or would like support to find ways to improve your life, then I am here to help. I aim to creatively and compassionately work alongside my clients to make sense of their difficulties, challenges and strengths and offer effective intervention to improve their lives in the ways that matter to them.
If you are struggling with your mental health, would like to better understand yourself and your needs or would like support to find ways to improve your life, then I am here to help. I aim to creatively and compassionately work alongside my clients to make sense of their difficulties, challenges and strengths and offer effective intervention to improve their lives in the ways that matter to them.
0117 463 7758 View 0117 463 7758
Photo of Monica Stanescu, Psychotherapist, MSc, GMBPsS
Monica Stanescu
Psychotherapist, MSc, GMBPsS
Online Only
My interest in psychology and therapeutical approaches sparked about twenty years ago. Going through various adverse childhood experiences, being surrounded by unhealthy behaviours, and displaying unhealthy behaviours, understanding the mind and behaviours become something of high interest. Hence, I went to study psychology. Years later, after much academic training and personal development, I understand that growing is a process that takes time and effort. Still, we can learn to manage it if we become curious about ourselves. Feeling safe and contained with our therapist is essential for our transformative process.
My interest in psychology and therapeutical approaches sparked about twenty years ago. Going through various adverse childhood experiences, being surrounded by unhealthy behaviours, and displaying unhealthy behaviours, understanding the mind and behaviours become something of high interest. Hence, I went to study psychology. Years later, after much academic training and personal development, I understand that growing is a process that takes time and effort. Still, we can learn to manage it if we become curious about ourselves. Feeling safe and contained with our therapist is essential for our transformative process.
0117 463 9741 View 0117 463 9741
Photo of Emma Reeves, Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
Emma Reeves
Psychotherapist, MSc, HCPC-Art Therap.
Bristol BS6
I am Art Psychotherapist providing art therapy sessions to adults and young adults in Bristol. I have 15 years experience practicing as an Art Psychotherapist with children, young people and adults in the voluntary sector. I am currently working within the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service. I am familiar with working with the wide range of symptoms arising from trauma such as: anxiety, depression, self harm, behavioural difficulties, dissociation, hyperactivity, hypervigilance, eating difficulties, social difficulties, anger, aggression, etc. I am specialised in working with trauma.
I am Art Psychotherapist providing art therapy sessions to adults and young adults in Bristol. I have 15 years experience practicing as an Art Psychotherapist with children, young people and adults in the voluntary sector. I am currently working within the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service. I am familiar with working with the wide range of symptoms arising from trauma such as: anxiety, depression, self harm, behavioural difficulties, dissociation, hyperactivity, hypervigilance, eating difficulties, social difficulties, anger, aggression, etc. I am specialised in working with trauma.
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Photo of Sophie Ollin, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Sophie Ollin
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Bristol BS6
Experienced counsellor offering individual counselling sessions in a warm, non-judgemental space. 15+ years supporting adults with wide-ranging issues. I'm Sophie, a qualified counsellor and accredited member of NCPS. I work one-to-one with adults from practices in BS6 and BS3, as well as online. I work integratively, drawing on different therapeutic approaches. This allows me to work in response to you rather than taking a set approach. I offer a non-judgemental space for you to explore your inner world.
Experienced counsellor offering individual counselling sessions in a warm, non-judgemental space. 15+ years supporting adults with wide-ranging issues. I'm Sophie, a qualified counsellor and accredited member of NCPS. I work one-to-one with adults from practices in BS6 and BS3, as well as online. I work integratively, drawing on different therapeutic approaches. This allows me to work in response to you rather than taking a set approach. I offer a non-judgemental space for you to explore your inner world.
01254 963047 View 01254 963047
Photo of Asa Sanderson, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Asa Sanderson
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
1 Endorsed
Bristol BS1
I am a BACP Accredited Psychotherapist specialising in anxiety, depression, ADHD and couples therapy. In psychotherapy sessions I provide a confidential setting that encourages you to reflect on your journey. We will explore the feelings, emotions and impact significant events have had on the way you experience day-to-day life. We will work through your thought process moving towards the version of you that you've always wanted to be. Who is that person? Are they confident in themselves? And, do they allow themselves to smile, laugh and be happy?
I am a BACP Accredited Psychotherapist specialising in anxiety, depression, ADHD and couples therapy. In psychotherapy sessions I provide a confidential setting that encourages you to reflect on your journey. We will explore the feelings, emotions and impact significant events have had on the way you experience day-to-day life. We will work through your thought process moving towards the version of you that you've always wanted to be. Who is that person? Are they confident in themselves? And, do they allow themselves to smile, laugh and be happy?
020 3389 5222 View 020 3389 5222
Photo of Dr Melissa Hoban, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Melissa Hoban
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Bristol BS5
There are many experiences that can lead us to start therapy. Perhaps you have been experiencing uncomfortable emotions like anxiety / low mood; difficult or traumatic life events or bereavement; find yourself stuck in relational or behavioural patterns that are no longer serving you; or are struggling with the relationship you have with yourself. These are heavy experiences to carry on our own and in doing so, we may feel stuck in a cycle beyond our control. I am here to help you make sense of what you are experiencing, move towards your valued direction / change and support you to reclaim your life.
There are many experiences that can lead us to start therapy. Perhaps you have been experiencing uncomfortable emotions like anxiety / low mood; difficult or traumatic life events or bereavement; find yourself stuck in relational or behavioural patterns that are no longer serving you; or are struggling with the relationship you have with yourself. These are heavy experiences to carry on our own and in doing so, we may feel stuck in a cycle beyond our control. I am here to help you make sense of what you are experiencing, move towards your valued direction / change and support you to reclaim your life.
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Photo of Tadeja Duncan, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Tadeja Duncan
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Bristol BS1
A lot of our emotional wounds stem from difficult relationships we've had with others, and I believe they can be best healed within a supportive, empathic, and attuned therapeutic relationship. That’s why I place trust, safety, and deep personal understanding at the core of my approach, helping clients foster healing, personal growth, and emotional resilience.
A lot of our emotional wounds stem from difficult relationships we've had with others, and I believe they can be best healed within a supportive, empathic, and attuned therapeutic relationship. That’s why I place trust, safety, and deep personal understanding at the core of my approach, helping clients foster healing, personal growth, and emotional resilience.
0117 463 7553 View 0117 463 7553

See more therapy options for Bristol

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Bristol

900+

Average cost per session

£64

Counsellors in Bristol who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
84% Depression
82% Self Esteem
77% Stress
76% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
58% Bereavement

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% Aviva
61% AXA PPP
51% Bupa

How Counsellors in Bristol see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

72% Female
27% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Bristol?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.