Counselling in Barling

Photo of Emma Plappert, BACP, Counsellor
Emma Plappert
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Emma provided me with counselling when I was going through a very challenging time in my life. Emma gave me a safe space to talk openly and supported me to navigate my emotions in a way that was productive. Through weekly sessions I was able to tackle difficult emotions and learnt how to "sit with my emotions" which continues to be a valuable tool, after years of pushing things down. I am grateful for Emma's guidance and would return to Emma if I needed to in the future :) - (Client 'H' testimonial)
Emma provided me with counselling when I was going through a very challenging time in my life. Emma gave me a safe space to talk openly and supported me to navigate my emotions in a way that was productive. Through weekly sessions I was able to tackle difficult emotions and learnt how to "sit with my emotions" which continues to be a valuable tool, after years of pushing things down. I am grateful for Emma's guidance and would return to Emma if I needed to in the future :) - (Client 'H' testimonial)
01702 967203 View 01702 967203

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Karen Tottman-Napier, MBACP, Counsellor
Karen Tottman-Napier
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Corringham SS17
Life can be difficult, and counselling can help explore your thoughts and feelings. I am an Integrative Counsellor and Psychotherapist. I have over 18 years of experience working with individuals, couples and families, children, young people and adults up to any age. I completed my placement hours at St Luke's Hospice and also volunteered after I qualified. I feel I use my skills to help you explore your difficult times to help you understand your situation. I offer counselling, short term or long term. I have worked with many different issues such as depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts and difficulties with relationship issues.
Life can be difficult, and counselling can help explore your thoughts and feelings. I am an Integrative Counsellor and Psychotherapist. I have over 18 years of experience working with individuals, couples and families, children, young people and adults up to any age. I completed my placement hours at St Luke's Hospice and also volunteered after I qualified. I feel I use my skills to help you explore your difficult times to help you understand your situation. I offer counselling, short term or long term. I have worked with many different issues such as depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts and difficulties with relationship issues.
01268 214451 View 01268 214451
Photo of Kirstie Eames, DCounsPsych, BACP, Counsellor
Kirstie Eames
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, BACP
Verified Verified
Online Only
My name is Kirstie Eames and I’m here to help and support you to gain the skills you need to make a positive move forward. I offer one to one Integrative and Trauma counselling in a safe, confidential, Empathetic, non-judgemental space for you to be able to promote healing, build self-awareness, build self-esteem and to be heard to help you move forward in your life. As a trauma informed therapist I can provide a grounded presence where you can begin to explore your trauma while feeling safe, listened to, and held. I also work with more generalised mental health such as depression, all anxiety, PD's, behaviour disorders and OCD
My name is Kirstie Eames and I’m here to help and support you to gain the skills you need to make a positive move forward. I offer one to one Integrative and Trauma counselling in a safe, confidential, Empathetic, non-judgemental space for you to be able to promote healing, build self-awareness, build self-esteem and to be heard to help you move forward in your life. As a trauma informed therapist I can provide a grounded presence where you can begin to explore your trauma while feeling safe, listened to, and held. I also work with more generalised mental health such as depression, all anxiety, PD's, behaviour disorders and OCD
01268 202997 View 01268 202997
Photo of Debbie L Wilson, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Debbie L Wilson
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brentwood CM15
Thank you for visiting my page. I am an adult and young person counsellor and an accredited member of the NCPS. My compassion, insightful approach, enable me to use a range of therapeutic models to tailor therapy to suit you. I support my clients to lead the way toward their goals, at their pace, not mine. I specialise in support for stress management, anxiety, grief and loss, depression, relationship issues, anger, bullying, and todays social pressures. In addition to private practice, I work with young people in schools supporting them through the challenges they face, building resilience and reducing anxiety.
Thank you for visiting my page. I am an adult and young person counsellor and an accredited member of the NCPS. My compassion, insightful approach, enable me to use a range of therapeutic models to tailor therapy to suit you. I support my clients to lead the way toward their goals, at their pace, not mine. I specialise in support for stress management, anxiety, grief and loss, depression, relationship issues, anger, bullying, and todays social pressures. In addition to private practice, I work with young people in schools supporting them through the challenges they face, building resilience and reducing anxiety.
01277 674150 View 01277 674150
Photo of Lucinda Josephine Lidstone - Sustenance for the Soul, MA, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Sustenance for the Soul
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Westcliff-on-Sea SS0
I am Lucinda Lidstone. I have a Masters Degree in Transpersonal Psychotherapy and run a busy clinic. I am a campaigner for the lived experience of individuals who have had a life crisis, that is often referred to as 'psychosis'. I have recently trained in the benefits of psychedelics for mental health and offer integration sessions. I have worked as a Spiritual Consultant since 1992, trained in Hypnotherapy in 2005, presenter of 'Talking Tealeaves' podcast (a blend of psychology, spirituality and philosophy) and regular guest on TNT radio . I am experienced in working with voice hearing, visions and non-ordinary phenomena.
I am Lucinda Lidstone. I have a Masters Degree in Transpersonal Psychotherapy and run a busy clinic. I am a campaigner for the lived experience of individuals who have had a life crisis, that is often referred to as 'psychosis'. I have recently trained in the benefits of psychedelics for mental health and offer integration sessions. I have worked as a Spiritual Consultant since 1992, trained in Hypnotherapy in 2005, presenter of 'Talking Tealeaves' podcast (a blend of psychology, spirituality and philosophy) and regular guest on TNT radio . I am experienced in working with voice hearing, visions and non-ordinary phenomena.
01702 967952 View 01702 967952
Photo of Jacqui Beasley, MSc, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Jacqui Beasley
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Rawreth SS11
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or out of sync with yourself and your relationships? While pain and challenges are an inescapable part of life, you don’t have to navigate them alone. I’m here to work with you on your journey, to lighten the load as we work together to create the life you’ve always envisioned. I believe there’s no one-size-fits-all solution; my goal is to collaborate with you to uncover personalised strategies and insights that resonate with your unique needs and aspirations. Let's embark on this transformative journey together, empowering you to break free from limitations and embrace a more fulfilling life.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or out of sync with yourself and your relationships? While pain and challenges are an inescapable part of life, you don’t have to navigate them alone. I’m here to work with you on your journey, to lighten the load as we work together to create the life you’ve always envisioned. I believe there’s no one-size-fits-all solution; my goal is to collaborate with you to uncover personalised strategies and insights that resonate with your unique needs and aspirations. Let's embark on this transformative journey together, empowering you to break free from limitations and embrace a more fulfilling life.
01268 203883 View 01268 203883
Photo of Jon Costello, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Jon Costello
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Romford RM3
I am an integrative humanistic counsellor, mainly person centred but also using a combination of cognitive behavioural therapy, solution focused brief therapy and motivational interviewing where appropriate. For more than 20 years, I have worked with clients from many backgrounds, ages and identities and with a wide range of issues and concerns. I work with people offering short and long term counselling. I listen carefully and with empathy, providing a safe place for you to explore your feelings and experiences.
I am an integrative humanistic counsellor, mainly person centred but also using a combination of cognitive behavioural therapy, solution focused brief therapy and motivational interviewing where appropriate. For more than 20 years, I have worked with clients from many backgrounds, ages and identities and with a wide range of issues and concerns. I work with people offering short and long term counselling. I listen carefully and with empathy, providing a safe place for you to explore your feelings and experiences.
020 3826 8039 View 020 3826 8039
Photo of Wayne Murray, MHGI, Psychotherapist
Wayne Murray
Psychotherapist, MHGI
Verified Verified
Westcliff-on-Sea SS0
As a Human Givens therapist, I specialize in providing straightforward, practical solutions to help men overcome life’s toughest challenges, including: Gambling and internet addiction Drug and alcohol addiction Work-related stress Jealousy and relationship struggles Suicidal thoughts Relationship Issues
As a Human Givens therapist, I specialize in providing straightforward, practical solutions to help men overcome life’s toughest challenges, including: Gambling and internet addiction Drug and alcohol addiction Work-related stress Jealousy and relationship struggles Suicidal thoughts Relationship Issues
01702 967874 View 01702 967874
Photo of Jo Perry, MA, Psychotherapist
Jo Perry
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Southend-on-Sea SS2
Hi, I'm Jo. I'm a qualified Play Therapist who loves to help children, and their families, live happier lives. I believe play therapy builds self awareness, resilience, self-confidence, and empathy. Children can find it hard to explain their feelings in adult words; using play, the child can express themselves more clearly. As I help the child to understand what is happening within them, the child can begin to develop new coping strategies. I practice in a systemic manner, which means I like to work closely with the adults around the child. This helps me to support not just the child, but the family as a whole.
Hi, I'm Jo. I'm a qualified Play Therapist who loves to help children, and their families, live happier lives. I believe play therapy builds self awareness, resilience, self-confidence, and empathy. Children can find it hard to explain their feelings in adult words; using play, the child can express themselves more clearly. As I help the child to understand what is happening within them, the child can begin to develop new coping strategies. I practice in a systemic manner, which means I like to work closely with the adults around the child. This helps me to support not just the child, but the family as a whole.
01702 655572 View 01702 655572
Photo of Paul McKew, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Paul McKew
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Benfleet SS7
Sometimes you need someone to understand, sometimes you just need someone to listen. Other times you may need someone to help you understand yourself, who you are and why you do what you do.
Sometimes you need someone to understand, sometimes you just need someone to listen. Other times you may need someone to help you understand yourself, who you are and why you do what you do.
01268 983108 View 01268 983108
Photo of Dr Sarah Chisholm, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Dr Sarah Chisholm
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Chelmsford CM2
Hi there! Thanks for taking a look at my profile-I hope that you feel able to contact me to arrange an appointment. My name is Sarah and I’m a Chartered Clinical Psychologist registered with the British Psychological Society and the Health and Care Professions Council. I have over 15 years of experience working within mental health services offering assessment and therapeutic intervention for a broad range of emotional difficulties. I offer specialist psychological assessment and intervention to adolescents and adults at my Chelmsford clinic or at their home address.
Hi there! Thanks for taking a look at my profile-I hope that you feel able to contact me to arrange an appointment. My name is Sarah and I’m a Chartered Clinical Psychologist registered with the British Psychological Society and the Health and Care Professions Council. I have over 15 years of experience working within mental health services offering assessment and therapeutic intervention for a broad range of emotional difficulties. I offer specialist psychological assessment and intervention to adolescents and adults at my Chelmsford clinic or at their home address.
01245 945412 View 01245 945412
Photo of Corinna Foster, MBACP, Counsellor
Corinna Foster
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colchester CO5
A creatively integrative Person-Centred therapist who has worked with a wide range of clients who struggle with issues such as anxiety, stress, depression, bereavement, loneliness, trauma, anger, low self-esteem, difficult relationships, and life transitions. I take pride in the progress and success of my clients and look forward to helping you. We all face difficulties in life from time to time and therapy can provide a safe setting in which to explore these issues. I work with my clients to help them discover new ways of being and to figure out who they are and how they respond to the world today.
A creatively integrative Person-Centred therapist who has worked with a wide range of clients who struggle with issues such as anxiety, stress, depression, bereavement, loneliness, trauma, anger, low self-esteem, difficult relationships, and life transitions. I take pride in the progress and success of my clients and look forward to helping you. We all face difficulties in life from time to time and therapy can provide a safe setting in which to explore these issues. I work with my clients to help them discover new ways of being and to figure out who they are and how they respond to the world today.
01245 967114 View 01245 967114
Photo of Samanta Vance, MHGI, Psychotherapist
Samanta Vance
Psychotherapist, MHGI
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Abridge RM4
After becoming a mum myself, I started working with pregnant women, mums and parents. I specialise in anxiety, post natal depression, miscarriage and birth trauma. I’m also an advocate of positive therapy. I help people change their behaviour, start a new habit, increase their confidence and learn new skills, public speaking, for example. I also work with addictions and phobias. It’s a solution-focused therapy, with as few sessions as possible. I offer a warm, friendly and non-judgmental space where we can work together to co-create a life that works better for you.
After becoming a mum myself, I started working with pregnant women, mums and parents. I specialise in anxiety, post natal depression, miscarriage and birth trauma. I’m also an advocate of positive therapy. I help people change their behaviour, start a new habit, increase their confidence and learn new skills, public speaking, for example. I also work with addictions and phobias. It’s a solution-focused therapy, with as few sessions as possible. I offer a warm, friendly and non-judgmental space where we can work together to co-create a life that works better for you.
01992 932866 View 01992 932866
Photo of Helen Stephens, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Helen Stephens
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tilbury RM18
If you’re struggling with anxiety, depression, low self esteem, relationships with others, feeling isolated or alone in relationships, feeling never ‘good enough’ or battling with addiction this could be due to your attachment pattern. How we view ourself in relation to others and the world around us affects us in everyday life. I am a qualified BA (hons) Integrative Counsellor. This means I draw from different theories such as Humanistic, CBT and Psychodynamic including attachment, which enables me to tailor every session specifically for each individual. I have many years experience working for the NHS and in private practice.
If you’re struggling with anxiety, depression, low self esteem, relationships with others, feeling isolated or alone in relationships, feeling never ‘good enough’ or battling with addiction this could be due to your attachment pattern. How we view ourself in relation to others and the world around us affects us in everyday life. I am a qualified BA (hons) Integrative Counsellor. This means I draw from different theories such as Humanistic, CBT and Psychodynamic including attachment, which enables me to tailor every session specifically for each individual. I have many years experience working for the NHS and in private practice.
01375 807166 View 01375 807166
Photo of Danielle Rowe, MBACP, Counsellor
Danielle Rowe
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Colchester CO1
Counselling will provide a confidential and non-judgemental environment to allow you to take back control of your life. Counselling will empower you to gain insights and develop coping strategies that are most effective for your specific situations and needs. You can then take these away and enjoy all the things important to you. Every person is unique and different, and I ensure that I work with clients based on this as I do not believe that a blanket approach works. I can help you get in touch with inner child issues such as abandonment, loss, grief, low self-worth, neglect, betrayal, shame and guilt.
Counselling will provide a confidential and non-judgemental environment to allow you to take back control of your life. Counselling will empower you to gain insights and develop coping strategies that are most effective for your specific situations and needs. You can then take these away and enjoy all the things important to you. Every person is unique and different, and I ensure that I work with clients based on this as I do not believe that a blanket approach works. I can help you get in touch with inner child issues such as abandonment, loss, grief, low self-worth, neglect, betrayal, shame and guilt.
01473 943910 View 01473 943910
Photo of Robin Lefever - Promis Clinics
Promis Clinics
Verified Verified
Serves Area
We offer intensive residential treatment with 24-hour nursing and medical care alongside psychological, psychotherapeutic and psychiatric services all within a caring and stylish homely environment.
We offer intensive residential treatment with 24-hour nursing and medical care alongside psychological, psychotherapeutic and psychiatric services all within a caring and stylish homely environment.
020 3958 4322 View 020 3958 4322
Photo of Kirsty Georgieff - Kirsty - Echo Counselling, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Kirsty - Echo Counselling
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Online Only
I specialise in narcissistic abuse in relationships and the workplace. I work with anxiety and trauma alongside the dissociation from emotions this can cause. I have worked with survivors of domestic violence and bereaved families within a hospice setting. I also work for a society with worldwide clients recovering from narcissistic abuse. Exploring variations from your personal life within therapy is hugely important as I believe that no client is the same; regardless of whether they are experiencing loss, anxiety or an abusive narcissistic relationship.
I specialise in narcissistic abuse in relationships and the workplace. I work with anxiety and trauma alongside the dissociation from emotions this can cause. I have worked with survivors of domestic violence and bereaved families within a hospice setting. I also work for a society with worldwide clients recovering from narcissistic abuse. Exploring variations from your personal life within therapy is hugely important as I believe that no client is the same; regardless of whether they are experiencing loss, anxiety or an abusive narcissistic relationship.
01277 289640 View 01277 289640
Photo of Carmen Rachel Y, DCounsPsych, BACP, Counsellor
Carmen Rachel Y
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, BACP
Verified Verified
Upminster RM14
Are you experiencing feelings of depression, anxiety or stress? Are you feeling lost or that you are struggling in some way? My name is Carmen and I offer a safe, welcoming and confidential space to explore any difficulties you are having and help to provide you with the support and guidance you need. As a qualified counsellor with over 20yrs of experience, I have worked with both young people and adults, across a wide range of backgrounds. My services are available face to face or remotely, so feel free to get in touch to see how I can help.
Are you experiencing feelings of depression, anxiety or stress? Are you feeling lost or that you are struggling in some way? My name is Carmen and I offer a safe, welcoming and confidential space to explore any difficulties you are having and help to provide you with the support and guidance you need. As a qualified counsellor with over 20yrs of experience, I have worked with both young people and adults, across a wide range of backgrounds. My services are available face to face or remotely, so feel free to get in touch to see how I can help.
01708 985542 View 01708 985542
Photo of Diane Michelle Starling, MBACP, Counsellor
Diane Michelle Starling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Online Only
Do you go through everyday life just wishing you felt better than you do? Life is a struggle at times and we can become completely overwhelmed by challenges that are thrown at us when we least expect it! Sometimes we are able to brush our problems aside and carry on enjoying life but at others we can become totally consumed about what it is that we are worried about. Perhaps you are feeling anxious or depressed about certain life events or maybe you don't even know why you are feeling this way! Perhaps you are feeling betrayed, angry or lonely and until now have not been ready to make that first step to make positive changes.
Do you go through everyday life just wishing you felt better than you do? Life is a struggle at times and we can become completely overwhelmed by challenges that are thrown at us when we least expect it! Sometimes we are able to brush our problems aside and carry on enjoying life but at others we can become totally consumed about what it is that we are worried about. Perhaps you are feeling anxious or depressed about certain life events or maybe you don't even know why you are feeling this way! Perhaps you are feeling betrayed, angry or lonely and until now have not been ready to make that first step to make positive changes.
01268 203037 View 01268 203037
Photo of Chevair Leeding, MBACP, Counsellor
Chevair Leeding
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Online Only
We all are individuals and experience life uniquely. There are times in our life when we find we are struggling with emotions, thoughts, patterns of behaviour and relationships. Maybe you are experiencing anxiety and struggling to manage the thoughts which are stopping you from achieving goals in your life? Or low mood that can feel like there is no pleasure in life? Are there relationship issues with family, partners or friends? You may have just had a diagnosis and are unsure what this means for you? I offer an individual tailored therapy known as integrative therapy which incorporates person centred, CBT and DBT online.
We all are individuals and experience life uniquely. There are times in our life when we find we are struggling with emotions, thoughts, patterns of behaviour and relationships. Maybe you are experiencing anxiety and struggling to manage the thoughts which are stopping you from achieving goals in your life? Or low mood that can feel like there is no pleasure in life? Are there relationship issues with family, partners or friends? You may have just had a diagnosis and are unsure what this means for you? I offer an individual tailored therapy known as integrative therapy which incorporates person centred, CBT and DBT online.
01702 680412 View 01702 680412

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Barling

< 10

Counsellors in Barling who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Addiction
100% ADHD
100% Domestic Abuse
100% Eating Disorders

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Counsellors in Barling see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Barling?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.