Psychodynamic Counselling in Bamber Bridge

Photo of Paul Robinson, Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Paul Robinson
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Hi, my name is Paul Robinson, a psychotherapist and counsellor based in Preston, Lancashire. I have always enjoyed working with people, helping them to overcome their difficulties and distress and to develop and grow. People have always described me as "easy to talk to" and I use this as the foundation to the friendly, empathic and non-judgemental approach I offer to my clients. It is my sincere hope that the relationship we create together becomes the space in which we can explore the challenges and distress that brings you to consider seeing a therapist, and to then be able to move on in life in a much better way.
Hi, my name is Paul Robinson, a psychotherapist and counsellor based in Preston, Lancashire. I have always enjoyed working with people, helping them to overcome their difficulties and distress and to develop and grow. People have always described me as "easy to talk to" and I use this as the foundation to the friendly, empathic and non-judgemental approach I offer to my clients. It is my sincere hope that the relationship we create together becomes the space in which we can explore the challenges and distress that brings you to consider seeing a therapist, and to then be able to move on in life in a much better way.
01924 667367 View 01924 667367
Photo of Jacqueline Branfield - Jacqueline Branfield | Forever Growing , Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Jacqueline Branfield | Forever Growing
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Serves Area
A warm welcome to Forever Growing Counselling & Wellbeing Specialist, I am Jacqueline a highly skilled Psychotherapist, Counsellor, Hypnotherapist and RTT Practitioner. I also hold experience has a school counsellor and therapeutic practitioner. Together we create a safe calming space, reducing overwhelm, promoting self exploration and expression, gaining deep understanding of challenges faced. At your pace we work towards soothing the nervous system, moving away from anxiety, being your own biggest critic, creating a new updated communication style, compassionate, one that works for you, stepping into being your own best friend.
A warm welcome to Forever Growing Counselling & Wellbeing Specialist, I am Jacqueline a highly skilled Psychotherapist, Counsellor, Hypnotherapist and RTT Practitioner. I also hold experience has a school counsellor and therapeutic practitioner. Together we create a safe calming space, reducing overwhelm, promoting self exploration and expression, gaining deep understanding of challenges faced. At your pace we work towards soothing the nervous system, moving away from anxiety, being your own biggest critic, creating a new updated communication style, compassionate, one that works for you, stepping into being your own best friend.
01257 448241 View 01257 448241

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Sarah Lee, Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Sarah Lee
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
I'm a Psychotherapist ( Psychodynamic Trained) and I've been in practice for 17 + years.
I offer various therapeutic options either face to face sessions, telephone sessions or Zoom. If you live within Blackpool, Fylde and Wyre I may also be able to provide home sessions. I offer special rates for block bookings / a course of 4 sessions for £150 or 8 sessions for £300 alternatively I charge £50 per individual session.
I'm a Psychotherapist ( Psychodynamic Trained) and I've been in practice for 17 + years.
I offer various therapeutic options either face to face sessions, telephone sessions or Zoom. If you live within Blackpool, Fylde and Wyre I may also be able to provide home sessions. I offer special rates for block bookings / a course of 4 sessions for £150 or 8 sessions for £300 alternatively I charge £50 per individual session.
01253 835346 View 01253 835346
Photo of Lee Rowland, Counsellor, MBACP
Lee Rowland
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
I am a trusted Psychodynamic/CBT Therapist.
I also have many years experience working in illicit drug and alcohol recovery and with young and adult clients with complex needs, social/health anxieties and stress related issues in both one to one and group therapy sessions.
I am a trusted Psychodynamic/CBT Therapist.
I also have many years experience working in illicit drug and alcohol recovery and with young and adult clients with complex needs, social/health anxieties and stress related issues in both one to one and group therapy sessions.
0151 453 6765 View 0151 453 6765
Photo of Judith Marie Williams - Great Holme House Counselling Service, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Great Holme House Counselling Service
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Colne BB8
As a professional trained in person centred integrative psychotherapy, I use tools from many different therapy models, including CBT, transactional analysis, psychodynamic and hypnotherapy where appropriate.
Great Holme House Counselling Service offers professional, and compassionate support for individuals facing life's challenges. As an experienced person centred therapist I aim to provide a safe and welcoming space to explore your thoughts and emotions. My practice office is a set aside work room within my home which is wheelchair accessible. WE have ample roadside parking outside the property. It is cool in hot weather and has a cosy log burner to ensure that it is both warm and welcoming in the colder months. I am happy to offer telephone or online counselling sessions, or home visits should this prove appropriate.
As a professional trained in person centred integrative psychotherapy, I use tools from many different therapy models, including CBT, transactional analysis, psychodynamic and hypnotherapy where appropriate.
Great Holme House Counselling Service offers professional, and compassionate support for individuals facing life's challenges. As an experienced person centred therapist I aim to provide a safe and welcoming space to explore your thoughts and emotions. My practice office is a set aside work room within my home which is wheelchair accessible. WE have ample roadside parking outside the property. It is cool in hot weather and has a cosy log burner to ensure that it is both warm and welcoming in the colder months. I am happy to offer telephone or online counselling sessions, or home visits should this prove appropriate.
01282 953298 View 01282 953298
Photo of Jessica Sarant, MA
Jessica Sarant
MA
Verified Verified
My therapeutic approach is rooted in Person-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Psychodynamic Therapy, allowing me to tailor the process to each client’s unique needs.
Through Person-Centered Therapy, I create a warm, nonjudgmental space where clients feel heard. Through CBT, I help individuals identify and shift unhelpful thought patterns, building practical skills for lasting change. By integrating Psychodynamic Therapy, we can explore patterns and past experiences that may be influencing present challenges.
My therapeutic approach is rooted in Person-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Psychodynamic Therapy, allowing me to tailor the process to each client’s unique needs.
Through Person-Centered Therapy, I create a warm, nonjudgmental space where clients feel heard. Through CBT, I help individuals identify and shift unhelpful thought patterns, building practical skills for lasting change. By integrating Psychodynamic Therapy, we can explore patterns and past experiences that may be influencing present challenges.
01253 835348 View 01253 835348
Photo of Uzma Ahmed, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Uzma Ahmed
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
In addition, a psychodynamic strategy is used while analysing childhood trauma.
I provide counselling to individuals with complex requirements as a fully qualified integrative psychotherapist. I have expertise working with clients who have a variety of issues, including self-harm, depression, anxiety and loss, relationship issues and breakups, PTSD, Autism, attachment issues, and child abuse. I have experience working with people who are also recovering addicts. Providing counselling in Urdu and Punjabi to clients has been my area of expertise, as I am a multilingual therapist.
In addition, a psychodynamic strategy is used while analysing childhood trauma.
I provide counselling to individuals with complex requirements as a fully qualified integrative psychotherapist. I have expertise working with clients who have a variety of issues, including self-harm, depression, anxiety and loss, relationship issues and breakups, PTSD, Autism, attachment issues, and child abuse. I have experience working with people who are also recovering addicts. Providing counselling in Urdu and Punjabi to clients has been my area of expertise, as I am a multilingual therapist.
01254 964028 View 01254 964028
Photo of Dr Steve Hoole, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Steve Hoole
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rochdale OL11
I am trained to doctoral level in a variety of therapies, however I draw predominantly on psychodynamic and attachment based therapies when working with individuals & couples, i
Are you struggling with anxiety or depression that has been a part of your life far too long? Have you tried other therapies that haven’t resolved your problems? Are you ready to explore your life experiences and relationship patterns? If so I’d love to hear from you. My name is Dr Steve Hoole, I’m a Clinical Psychologist with a decade’s experience of helping people just like you; in the NHS, charity sector and in private practice. I specialise in working with longstanding anxiety, depression and relationship difficulties, helping individuals and couples understand how their past impacts the life they want to live.
I am trained to doctoral level in a variety of therapies, however I draw predominantly on psychodynamic and attachment based therapies when working with individuals & couples, i
Are you struggling with anxiety or depression that has been a part of your life far too long? Have you tried other therapies that haven’t resolved your problems? Are you ready to explore your life experiences and relationship patterns? If so I’d love to hear from you. My name is Dr Steve Hoole, I’m a Clinical Psychologist with a decade’s experience of helping people just like you; in the NHS, charity sector and in private practice. I specialise in working with longstanding anxiety, depression and relationship difficulties, helping individuals and couples understand how their past impacts the life they want to live.
01706 335995 View 01706 335995
Photo of Karen Nolan, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Karen Nolan
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Wigan WN3
I work primarily using Transactional Analysis, which is effective as a psychodynamic approach for longterm and brief therapy.
If you're thinking about therapy, you may have reached a stage in your life where you're ready to make some changes and don't know how to begin. Possibly you're experiencing anxiety, sleep difficulties, burnout or overwhelm. Your relationships may be under strain and your confidence has taken a knock. Maybe you're struggling to process a traumatic event or find painful experiences from your past prevent you from achieving your goals in the present. If any of this resonates with what you're feeling right now, please read on.
I work primarily using Transactional Analysis, which is effective as a psychodynamic approach for longterm and brief therapy.
If you're thinking about therapy, you may have reached a stage in your life where you're ready to make some changes and don't know how to begin. Possibly you're experiencing anxiety, sleep difficulties, burnout or overwhelm. Your relationships may be under strain and your confidence has taken a knock. Maybe you're struggling to process a traumatic event or find painful experiences from your past prevent you from achieving your goals in the present. If any of this resonates with what you're feeling right now, please read on.
0161 850 4082 View 0161 850 4082
Photo of Humera Patel, Counsellor, MBACP
Humera Patel
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Fulwood PR2
I work within the integrative approach, although I am mainly person centred in my work, I bring in elements of CBT, Gestalt, Mindfulness, Holistic Islamic approach, psychodynamic where appropriate to provide beneficial tools to support my clients.
Warm Welcome! I am a qualified counsellor, my aim is to offer a space for clients to grow and flourish in different areas of life; the experience of therapy aims to empower and explore difficult issues in a safe, warm, therapeutic space. It has become my passion and one of my life goals to create and offer tools needed to flourish; in result reach your full potential. I have completed a Diploma in Therapeutic Counselling, Islamic theology and jurisprudence, and a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Counselling. I am a registered member of the BACP which means that I follow an ethical framework and adhere to a professional governing body.
I work within the integrative approach, although I am mainly person centred in my work, I bring in elements of CBT, Gestalt, Mindfulness, Holistic Islamic approach, psychodynamic where appropriate to provide beneficial tools to support my clients.
Warm Welcome! I am a qualified counsellor, my aim is to offer a space for clients to grow and flourish in different areas of life; the experience of therapy aims to empower and explore difficult issues in a safe, warm, therapeutic space. It has become my passion and one of my life goals to create and offer tools needed to flourish; in result reach your full potential. I have completed a Diploma in Therapeutic Counselling, Islamic theology and jurisprudence, and a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Counselling. I am a registered member of the BACP which means that I follow an ethical framework and adhere to a professional governing body.
01772 285877 View 01772 285877
Photo of Peter Churchill, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Peter Churchill
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Online Only
I began my therapy practice in 2000 when training as a psychodynamic counsellor.
Hi. I'm Pete and I've been practicing as a therapist in the NHS for over 20 years. I now work as a Senior Lecturer in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and have a private therapy practice too, offering therapy and clinical supervision. Whatever it is that brings you to therapy, I will aim to build a safe place where we can work together to overcome whatever is causing you distress.
I began my therapy practice in 2000 when training as a psychodynamic counsellor.
Hi. I'm Pete and I've been practicing as a therapist in the NHS for over 20 years. I now work as a Senior Lecturer in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and have a private therapy practice too, offering therapy and clinical supervision. Whatever it is that brings you to therapy, I will aim to build a safe place where we can work together to overcome whatever is causing you distress.
01253 835738 View 01253 835738
Photo of Karen Kristine Ferguson, Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Karen Kristine Ferguson
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
I offer an individual, bespoke service which can incorporate the Psychodynamic approach to explore your lived experience, the Person-Centred approach which provides a safe space that is empathetic and non-judgemental and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy approach to support you to explore solutions to any challenges.
It is inevitable that we all experience bereavement, grief and loss at some point in our lives. The loss of a loved one or a different type of loss such as your job, a relationship, your future hopes and dreams or a pet can be devastating. You can feel many mixed emotions, and some of them are not always obvious or expected - sadness, shock, denial, anger, guilt, loneliness, relief, fear, yearning and anxiety. One minute you feel like you're coping and the next, you're feeling overwhelmed. You want to make sense of it all, gain control of how you're feeling and understand that there is hope beyond bereavement, grief and loss.
I offer an individual, bespoke service which can incorporate the Psychodynamic approach to explore your lived experience, the Person-Centred approach which provides a safe space that is empathetic and non-judgemental and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy approach to support you to explore solutions to any challenges.
It is inevitable that we all experience bereavement, grief and loss at some point in our lives. The loss of a loved one or a different type of loss such as your job, a relationship, your future hopes and dreams or a pet can be devastating. You can feel many mixed emotions, and some of them are not always obvious or expected - sadness, shock, denial, anger, guilt, loneliness, relief, fear, yearning and anxiety. One minute you feel like you're coping and the next, you're feeling overwhelmed. You want to make sense of it all, gain control of how you're feeling and understand that there is hope beyond bereavement, grief and loss.
01253 835867 View 01253 835867
Photo of Lorraine McDonnell, Counsellor, MBACP
Lorraine McDonnell
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Online Only
Through a mix of therapeutic approaches, I use psychodynamic, person-centred and cognitive behaviour therapy to allow the process of self growth to start and I ensure you are always my priority.
Do you feel like you are not listened to or felt heard about your problems? I am here to provide you with a safe space where you can lighten the load of what is burdening you in a non-judgement and empathetic way. I believe you hold the key to your therapeutic journey as who knows themselves better than themselves. Are you feeling that life doesn't seem to get any easier, trying to navigate through bereavement and loss, or you are stood at a crossroads in your life and don’t know which way to turn ? Are you overwhelmed, lonely with changes in your life? Maybe you are experiencing anxiety, low self -esteem, depression.
Through a mix of therapeutic approaches, I use psychodynamic, person-centred and cognitive behaviour therapy to allow the process of self growth to start and I ensure you are always my priority.
Do you feel like you are not listened to or felt heard about your problems? I am here to provide you with a safe space where you can lighten the load of what is burdening you in a non-judgement and empathetic way. I believe you hold the key to your therapeutic journey as who knows themselves better than themselves. Are you feeling that life doesn't seem to get any easier, trying to navigate through bereavement and loss, or you are stood at a crossroads in your life and don’t know which way to turn ? Are you overwhelmed, lonely with changes in your life? Maybe you are experiencing anxiety, low self -esteem, depression.
01704 334157 View 01704 334157
Photo of Helen Louise Whale - Ribble Valley Therapies, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Ribble Valley Therapies
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
As well as using a psychodynamic approach looking at childhood trauma.
I am a fully qualified Integrative Psychotherapist offering high quality therapy to clients with complex needs. I have experience of working with clients with a wide range of issues such as depression, anxiety, grief and loss, relationship issues and breakdown, PTSD, isolation, attachment issues, child hood trauma and self harm. My specialism has focussed on supporting clients who also battle addiction and I also have specific training on supporting survivors of rape and sexual assault. I value myself as a therapist who can tailor my therapy to meet the needs of my clients and integrates many psychological schools to do this.
As well as using a psychodynamic approach looking at childhood trauma.
I am a fully qualified Integrative Psychotherapist offering high quality therapy to clients with complex needs. I have experience of working with clients with a wide range of issues such as depression, anxiety, grief and loss, relationship issues and breakdown, PTSD, isolation, attachment issues, child hood trauma and self harm. My specialism has focussed on supporting clients who also battle addiction and I also have specific training on supporting survivors of rape and sexual assault. I value myself as a therapist who can tailor my therapy to meet the needs of my clients and integrates many psychological schools to do this.
01580 234754 View 01580 234754
Photo of Damian Joseph Wilde - Wilde Psychology , Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Wilde Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
My main specialism is psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Hi, I'm Dr Damian Wilde, a Consultant Clinical Psychologist with several years experience of working with children and adults in the NHS and privately. I work with people who have unfortunately experienced trauma and other difficult life events. Adverse events often lead to psychological health problems, which can be very distressing and detrimental to a person.
My main specialism is psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Hi, I'm Dr Damian Wilde, a Consultant Clinical Psychologist with several years experience of working with children and adults in the NHS and privately. I work with people who have unfortunately experienced trauma and other difficult life events. Adverse events often lead to psychological health problems, which can be very distressing and detrimental to a person.
0151 453 2906 View 0151 453 2906
Photo of Robert Fielding - Robert Fielding, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Robert Fielding
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
My training combined psychodynamic methods (listening to subconscious drives and patterns) with the humanistic (providing ideal conditions for your unique psychological growth) and existential approaches (your whole being)
I provide compassionate, confidential, professionally accredited counselling psychotherapy for your unique Self... Strength to thrive ...embrace change with courage... An holistic approach
My training combined psychodynamic methods (listening to subconscious drives and patterns) with the humanistic (providing ideal conditions for your unique psychological growth) and existential approaches (your whole being)
I provide compassionate, confidential, professionally accredited counselling psychotherapy for your unique Self... Strength to thrive ...embrace change with courage... An holistic approach
01254 946861 View 01254 946861
Photo of Victoria Jane Postles - Vikki @ Prisma Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Vikki @ Prisma Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
CBT/Humanistic/inner child/ psychodynamic/RLT etc, that are adaptive to your unique needs & get the best out our sessions.
Hi my name is Vikki and I work with Individuals, Couples & Children supporting a range of concerns as a result of loss, trauma, complex grief, depression/anxiety, chronic shame, relationship issues, significant life changes that cause confusion or feeling stuck. Working with the clients needs in mind we’ll work at your pace that is towards a deeper understanding & self acceptance. I understand how important finding a suitable therapist match is, hence why I offer a free introduction so you are able to gain a sense of our working relationship.
CBT/Humanistic/inner child/ psychodynamic/RLT etc, that are adaptive to your unique needs & get the best out our sessions.
Hi my name is Vikki and I work with Individuals, Couples & Children supporting a range of concerns as a result of loss, trauma, complex grief, depression/anxiety, chronic shame, relationship issues, significant life changes that cause confusion or feeling stuck. Working with the clients needs in mind we’ll work at your pace that is towards a deeper understanding & self acceptance. I understand how important finding a suitable therapist match is, hence why I offer a free introduction so you are able to gain a sense of our working relationship.
01253 542151 View 01253 542151
Photo of Alison Bamforth - Motivate the Mind, Counsellor, MBACP
Motivate the Mind
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Preston PR4
I often use Psychodynamic therapy to gain an understanding of what is causing individual issues.
I am a professional therapist that's trained to work with children, adults and couples. If you or your child are experiencing difficulties with their well-being, relationships or mental health etc., then hopefully I will be be able to support you/them. I am adaptive in my practice and work on a client led basis, using lots of different therapy types in order to support personal growth.
I often use Psychodynamic therapy to gain an understanding of what is causing individual issues.
I am a professional therapist that's trained to work with children, adults and couples. If you or your child are experiencing difficulties with their well-being, relationships or mental health etc., then hopefully I will be be able to support you/them. I am adaptive in my practice and work on a client led basis, using lots of different therapy types in order to support personal growth.
01772 503097 View 01772 503097
Photo of Stephen Pattinson - Counselling Psychotherapy Services, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Stephen Pattinson - Counselling Psychotherapy Services
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
Online Only
I have worked for mental health services including NHS as a cognitive behavioural/ Psychodynamic therapist treating depression, anxiety, confidence, self esteem, bereavement , phobia disorders and relationship/marital breakdowns.
I specialise in the treatment of all common and complexed metal health disorders including addiction disorders with a personalised treatment plan. I have written/ developed and delivered many successful treatment programmes over the past 25 years that are used in the community, prisons, and rehabs and one to one settings through cutting edge therapy .
I have worked for mental health services including NHS as a cognitive behavioural/ Psychodynamic therapist treating depression, anxiety, confidence, self esteem, bereavement , phobia disorders and relationship/marital breakdowns.
I specialise in the treatment of all common and complexed metal health disorders including addiction disorders with a personalised treatment plan. I have written/ developed and delivered many successful treatment programmes over the past 25 years that are used in the community, prisons, and rehabs and one to one settings through cutting edge therapy .
07380 316751 View 07380 316751
Photo of Richard Curtis, Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Richard Curtis
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
I am a Group Analyst, Psychodynamic Psychotherapist and Counsellor, working in the NHS and in private practice.
Are you experiencing difficulties in negotiating challenging life events? Are you struggling with long standing problems that impact your mental health or your relationships with others? Are you trying to make sense of bewildering emotions that sometimes seem out of control or seem difficult to connect with? Are you looking to develop a greater fuller sense of yourself and who you are and how you relate to others?
I am a Group Analyst, Psychodynamic Psychotherapist and Counsellor, working in the NHS and in private practice.
Are you experiencing difficulties in negotiating challenging life events? Are you struggling with long standing problems that impact your mental health or your relationships with others? Are you trying to make sense of bewildering emotions that sometimes seem out of control or seem difficult to connect with? Are you looking to develop a greater fuller sense of yourself and who you are and how you relate to others?
0151 453 6372 View 0151 453 6372
Psychodynamic Counsellors

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.