Counselling in EN11

Photo of Juhi Neyland, MA
Juhi Neyland
Verified Verified
Hoddesdon EN11
I am an experienced, professionally trained, and BAPT-accredited Play Therapist, Filial Therapist, and EMDR Therapist, working with children and adults across all age groups. With many years in clinical practice, I provide focused, one-on-one therapy in a safe and confidential setting. My in-depth experience encompasses a wide range of concerns and difficulties. I supervise professionals in related helping fields and have worked with individuals from diverse social and cultural backgrounds. I also have experience in providing Play Therapy and therapeutic life story work for looked-after children and pre- and post-adoption.
I am an experienced, professionally trained, and BAPT-accredited Play Therapist, Filial Therapist, and EMDR Therapist, working with children and adults across all age groups. With many years in clinical practice, I provide focused, one-on-one therapy in a safe and confidential setting. My in-depth experience encompasses a wide range of concerns and difficulties. I supervise professionals in related helping fields and have worked with individuals from diverse social and cultural backgrounds. I also have experience in providing Play Therapy and therapeutic life story work for looked-after children and pre- and post-adoption.
01992 932722 View 01992 932722
Photo of Heather Brennan, Counsellor, MBACP
Heather Brennan
Counsellor, MBACP
Hoddesdon EN11
Hello and welcome. My approach to counselling is respectful, sensitive, thoughtful and underpinned by a psychodynamic training. I offer a private, safe and confidential setting to explore and help you manage your feelings and thoughts that may be overwhelming, confusing or even frightening. This may enable you to gain a deeper understanding of yourself and explore deep rooted beliefs and assumptions in order to resolve them. Together we can find your strengths, build your confidence and self esteem, enabling you to make choices where previously you may have felt there were none.
Hello and welcome. My approach to counselling is respectful, sensitive, thoughtful and underpinned by a psychodynamic training. I offer a private, safe and confidential setting to explore and help you manage your feelings and thoughts that may be overwhelming, confusing or even frightening. This may enable you to gain a deeper understanding of yourself and explore deep rooted beliefs and assumptions in order to resolve them. Together we can find your strengths, build your confidence and self esteem, enabling you to make choices where previously you may have felt there were none.
01992 945325 View 01992 945325
Photo of Angela Connoley, Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Angela Connoley
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Serves Area
I appreciate it may have taken a great deal of courage to arrive at my profile today and I extend a warm welcome to you. I understand and value highly the support that counselling provides, particularly at a time when it feels as though you are struggling alone with few options. Maybe you're feeling a bit lost, anxious, stressed, depressed or confused. Struggling with something and could use some support to help explore and resolve it? Are you ready to make some changes to improve the quality of your life? Let's take the journey together to find understanding, clarity and relief as you gain improvement to the quality of your life.
I appreciate it may have taken a great deal of courage to arrive at my profile today and I extend a warm welcome to you. I understand and value highly the support that counselling provides, particularly at a time when it feels as though you are struggling alone with few options. Maybe you're feeling a bit lost, anxious, stressed, depressed or confused. Struggling with something and could use some support to help explore and resolve it? Are you ready to make some changes to improve the quality of your life? Let's take the journey together to find understanding, clarity and relief as you gain improvement to the quality of your life.
01707 938845 View 01707 938845
Photo of Liz White, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Liz White
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Serves Area
I am a highly qualified and experienced Chartered Consultant Clinical Psychologist. I have spent 16 years working in NHS mental health services, and now focus on my private practice full time. With a high level of expertise, I am able to create a bespoke therapeutic experience that helps clients move towards their goals. I focus on providing high quality, evidence based therapy that enables clients to feel empowered and understood, enabling them to learn the skills needed to make positive and long lasting changes in their lives.
I am a highly qualified and experienced Chartered Consultant Clinical Psychologist. I have spent 16 years working in NHS mental health services, and now focus on my private practice full time. With a high level of expertise, I am able to create a bespoke therapeutic experience that helps clients move towards their goals. I focus on providing high quality, evidence based therapy that enables clients to feel empowered and understood, enabling them to learn the skills needed to make positive and long lasting changes in their lives.
01992 351093 View 01992 351093
Photo of Tina Rawlings, Counsellor, MBACP
Tina Rawlings
Counsellor, MBACP
Serves Area
I am a qualified counsellor and supervisor with 20+ years experience in treating addictions and mental health, including disordered eating patterns and relationship difficulties, and any underlying issues such as depression and anxiety disorders. I have worked in various settings such as; GP Surgeries, and Group Treatment Therapies. I help you to uncover and process any underlying emotional and psychological blocks so that you can achieve full recovery and a happy future, living out your full potential.
I am a qualified counsellor and supervisor with 20+ years experience in treating addictions and mental health, including disordered eating patterns and relationship difficulties, and any underlying issues such as depression and anxiety disorders. I have worked in various settings such as; GP Surgeries, and Group Treatment Therapies. I help you to uncover and process any underlying emotional and psychological blocks so that you can achieve full recovery and a happy future, living out your full potential.
01920 452585 View 01920 452585
Photo of Gary Aldridge, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Gary Aldridge
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Serves Area
I am a qualified, experienced counsellor and have trained in various approaches to therapy. This means that I use a range of counselling theories and methods within my work, ensuring that I work with you to tailor our sessions to suit your needs. I cover all areas of counselling, including, addiction, anxiety, depression, stress, couples/ relationships. I also specialise in working with trauma, addiction and alcoholism, having worked in the field of addiction for over 10 years. My current mentor is Rachel Fairhurst who is my supervisor and trainer.  Within this model of working i have been trained in trauma focussed therapy.
I am a qualified, experienced counsellor and have trained in various approaches to therapy. This means that I use a range of counselling theories and methods within my work, ensuring that I work with you to tailor our sessions to suit your needs. I cover all areas of counselling, including, addiction, anxiety, depression, stress, couples/ relationships. I also specialise in working with trauma, addiction and alcoholism, having worked in the field of addiction for over 10 years. My current mentor is Rachel Fairhurst who is my supervisor and trainer.  Within this model of working i have been trained in trauma focussed therapy.
01992 352163 View 01992 352163
Photo of Liam Carney, Counsellor, MBACP
Liam Carney
Counsellor, MBACP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am a integrative counsellor, which means I use different counselling approaches and theories in my work. I aim to create a space that puts you and what you need at the centre of my counselling work. This means my approach to counselling work varies from person to person but I always take a client led approach, meaning that you take the lead on what it is you want to bring into the counselling room. I believe that having the space to reflect, give time to any issues we face and be heard, is essential for us to thrive as people.
I am a integrative counsellor, which means I use different counselling approaches and theories in my work. I aim to create a space that puts you and what you need at the centre of my counselling work. This means my approach to counselling work varies from person to person but I always take a client led approach, meaning that you take the lead on what it is you want to bring into the counselling room. I believe that having the space to reflect, give time to any issues we face and be heard, is essential for us to thrive as people.
01279 744573 View 01279 744573
Photo of Dr Reena Devi Ali, Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Reena Devi Ali
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Serves Area
Hi, my name is Reena and I am a Senior Chartered Counselling Psychologist. My therapeutic approach is integrative, drawing on compassionate focused therapy and trauma informed therapy (including EMDR). In our sessions we work collaboratively to help make sense of your distress and therapy is tailored to your needs. My clinical experience spans across all ages and I have worked within the NHS (Specialist Neuro Developmental CAMHS, CAMHS, Substance use), private sector and charities offering diagnostic assessments, therapy, supervision and training. I have extensive experience supporting people towards their goals and hopes.
Hi, my name is Reena and I am a Senior Chartered Counselling Psychologist. My therapeutic approach is integrative, drawing on compassionate focused therapy and trauma informed therapy (including EMDR). In our sessions we work collaboratively to help make sense of your distress and therapy is tailored to your needs. My clinical experience spans across all ages and I have worked within the NHS (Specialist Neuro Developmental CAMHS, CAMHS, Substance use), private sector and charities offering diagnostic assessments, therapy, supervision and training. I have extensive experience supporting people towards their goals and hopes.
01582 377620 View 01582 377620
Photo of Dr John Fawole - RDA Autism and ADHD Practice , Psychiatrist, MBBS
RDA Autism and ADHD Practice
Psychiatrist, MBBS
Serves Area
Are you looking for an Autism and/or ADHD diagnosis and struggling where to begin your journey? Our team includes Consultant Psychiatrists, Practitioner Psychologists, Nurses, Occupational and Speech and Language Therapists offering holistic care. We see you as experts of your lived experiences and offer collaboration to ensure we are offering you a service that is neuro-inclusive, trauma informed and individualised. We are passionate about delivering high quality assessments and care packages to people to improve their overall health and wellbeing, as well as recommendations for education and work or family/couple sessions.
Are you looking for an Autism and/or ADHD diagnosis and struggling where to begin your journey? Our team includes Consultant Psychiatrists, Practitioner Psychologists, Nurses, Occupational and Speech and Language Therapists offering holistic care. We see you as experts of your lived experiences and offer collaboration to ensure we are offering you a service that is neuro-inclusive, trauma informed and individualised. We are passionate about delivering high quality assessments and care packages to people to improve their overall health and wellbeing, as well as recommendations for education and work or family/couple sessions.
01279 744926 View 01279 744926

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Helen Louise Coombes, Counsellor, DCounsPsych, BACP
Helen Louise Coombes
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, BACP
London SE20
Life isn't straightforward and often we experience difficulties and challenges that throw us off kilter. This might be a relationship breakup, a bereavement or a redundancy. During these times you may find it helpful to talk through these difficulties with an independent, non-judgmental counsellor, such as myself.  I am an integrative counsellor meaning I offer a range of skills and techniques when working with clients, derived from a range of psychotherapeutic theories, such as Person Centred and psychodynamic. I am client led and therefore work at your pace.
Life isn't straightforward and often we experience difficulties and challenges that throw us off kilter. This might be a relationship breakup, a bereavement or a redundancy. During these times you may find it helpful to talk through these difficulties with an independent, non-judgmental counsellor, such as myself.  I am an integrative counsellor meaning I offer a range of skills and techniques when working with clients, derived from a range of psychotherapeutic theories, such as Person Centred and psychodynamic. I am client led and therefore work at your pace.
020 4572 1497 View 020 4572 1497
Photo of Shyama Thanabalasingam, Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Shyama Thanabalasingam
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
London E5
Hello and welcome. My name is Shyama and I am dedicated to providing a safe space that is respectful and warm. If you would like to talk about what is happening in your life, give words to your feelings and express those silent unspoken thoughts, I am here to support and provide a safe space for you to be yourself. I work with individuals navigating anxiety, mood disorders, emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD/BPD), chronic illness, shame, childhood and attachment-based trauma, exploring racial identity and its intersections with culture and the experiences of living with autism.
Hello and welcome. My name is Shyama and I am dedicated to providing a safe space that is respectful and warm. If you would like to talk about what is happening in your life, give words to your feelings and express those silent unspoken thoughts, I am here to support and provide a safe space for you to be yourself. I work with individuals navigating anxiety, mood disorders, emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD/BPD), chronic illness, shame, childhood and attachment-based trauma, exploring racial identity and its intersections with culture and the experiences of living with autism.
020 4572 2794 View 020 4572 2794
Photo of Ricardo Dans, Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Ricardo Dans
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
London SE15
Imagine a person called "Alex" a high-functioning professional, creative, or student. • The Struggle: Alex looks "fine" on the outside but is exhausted on the inside. They are over-thinkers (Anxiety) who criticize themselves constantly (Low Self-Esteem). They might be going through a breakup or fear one (Endings). • The Frustration: Alex has tried therapy where they just "vented" and felt no change, OR they tried apps/CBT and felt it was too surface-level. • What They Want: To understand why they are this way, but also to stop feeling this way today. Does this "Alex" sound familiar to you?
Imagine a person called "Alex" a high-functioning professional, creative, or student. • The Struggle: Alex looks "fine" on the outside but is exhausted on the inside. They are over-thinkers (Anxiety) who criticize themselves constantly (Low Self-Esteem). They might be going through a breakup or fear one (Endings). • The Frustration: Alex has tried therapy where they just "vented" and felt no change, OR they tried apps/CBT and felt it was too surface-level. • What They Want: To understand why they are this way, but also to stop feeling this way today. Does this "Alex" sound familiar to you?
020 4572 2008 View 020 4572 2008
Photo of Gabriella Maceiras, Psychotherapist, MA
Gabriella Maceiras
Psychotherapist, MA
London SE2
I offer a service to children, adolescents, and young adults to allow them to begin to understand and explore how their past experiences have impacted on their lives, to be able to regulate their emotions and behaviours in order to cope with life’s challenges. Often the problems experienced are related to or are the result of past traumas or even just finding it hard to cope with life generally with all its pressures and difficulties. I can also see families and parents who can sometimes struggle to understand the problems facing them as a family unit. I am offering a safe and non-judgemental space, where we can begin to understand
I offer a service to children, adolescents, and young adults to allow them to begin to understand and explore how their past experiences have impacted on their lives, to be able to regulate their emotions and behaviours in order to cope with life’s challenges. Often the problems experienced are related to or are the result of past traumas or even just finding it hard to cope with life generally with all its pressures and difficulties. I can also see families and parents who can sometimes struggle to understand the problems facing them as a family unit. I am offering a safe and non-judgemental space, where we can begin to understand
020 3835 5552 View 020 3835 5552
Photo of Samuel Clack - Dr Samuel Clack Clinical Psychologist, Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Samuel Clack Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
London EC1V
I’m an HCPC-registered senior clinical psychologist based in Angel Islington, offering sessions both in person and online. I’ve worked in a variety of settings (including private practice, universities, and community mental health) supporting people to strengthen their mental health and overall wellbeing. I draw on several evidence-based approaches, including CBT, ACT, and DBT, tailoring therapy to meet each person’s unique needs and goals. My work often focuses on helping people build coping skills, manage anxiety and mood, improve sleep, navigate sex, relationships, and life transitions, and process experiences of trauma.
I’m an HCPC-registered senior clinical psychologist based in Angel Islington, offering sessions both in person and online. I’ve worked in a variety of settings (including private practice, universities, and community mental health) supporting people to strengthen their mental health and overall wellbeing. I draw on several evidence-based approaches, including CBT, ACT, and DBT, tailoring therapy to meet each person’s unique needs and goals. My work often focuses on helping people build coping skills, manage anxiety and mood, improve sleep, navigate sex, relationships, and life transitions, and process experiences of trauma.
020 4634 2372 View 020 4634 2372
Photo of Axel Löfgren - Dr Axel Löfgren, Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Dr Axel Löfgren, Consultant Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
London W1W
Feeling stuck, overwhelmed, sad or worried? Maybe you’re struggling to juggle the many demands of life and feel like everything is getting to you. Taking the first step to getting help is a brave one and often one of the hardest parts. Together we will unpick what is going on for you and identify a way forward to help you get your life back on track. I know how difficult it can be finding a therapist who works with your schedule so I offer evening and weekend appointments.
Feeling stuck, overwhelmed, sad or worried? Maybe you’re struggling to juggle the many demands of life and feel like everything is getting to you. Taking the first step to getting help is a brave one and often one of the hardest parts. Together we will unpick what is going on for you and identify a way forward to help you get your life back on track. I know how difficult it can be finding a therapist who works with your schedule so I offer evening and weekend appointments.
020 4538 9103 View 020 4538 9103
Photo of Nasrin Farahani, Counsellor, MBACP
Nasrin Farahani
Counsellor, MBACP
All of us, at some point in our lives, may experience challenges that could lead to anxiety and depression or ‘stuckness’. These feelings usually stem from not knowing how to communicate needs and emotions or process deeply stressful thoughts and experiences in a way that can bring relief. This is the time to reach out for therapy where you can learn (and unlearn) those behavioural patterns that stop you from becoming the best possible version of yourself. You can develop coping strategies that help you to become a happier and more fulfilled individual now and in the future.
All of us, at some point in our lives, may experience challenges that could lead to anxiety and depression or ‘stuckness’. These feelings usually stem from not knowing how to communicate needs and emotions or process deeply stressful thoughts and experiences in a way that can bring relief. This is the time to reach out for therapy where you can learn (and unlearn) those behavioural patterns that stop you from becoming the best possible version of yourself. You can develop coping strategies that help you to become a happier and more fulfilled individual now and in the future.
01748 901735 View 01748 901735
Photo of Alex Boyle, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Alex Boyle
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
London NW3
My particular interest lies in guiding and encouraging people towards self-actualization and the integration of their fullest potential in whatever sphere of life they are engaged. This process may be seen as a journey, which we share together for at time and requires only ‘the willingness and the courage to be’. To participate joyfully in life is the goal at the heart of psychosynthesis therapy and coaching – and its achievement often comes in unexpected ways. We focus on developing your potential at all levels of being - body, feelings, mind and spirit - and on your deeper centre of identity as the source of true relationship.
My particular interest lies in guiding and encouraging people towards self-actualization and the integration of their fullest potential in whatever sphere of life they are engaged. This process may be seen as a journey, which we share together for at time and requires only ‘the willingness and the courage to be’. To participate joyfully in life is the goal at the heart of psychosynthesis therapy and coaching – and its achievement often comes in unexpected ways. We focus on developing your potential at all levels of being - body, feelings, mind and spirit - and on your deeper centre of identity as the source of true relationship.
020 3984 9041 View 020 3984 9041
Photo of Dr Temitope Lawal, Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Dr Temitope Lawal
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
London SE18
If you feel like you haven’t been heard elsewhere, I am happy to provide an environment for to use your voice.
If you feel like you haven’t been heard elsewhere, I am happy to provide an environment for to use your voice.
020 3984 8126 View 020 3984 8126
Photo of Colleen Sodano, Psychotherapist, MHGI
Colleen Sodano
Psychotherapist, MHGI
London SE27
Working together, tailoring every session to your individual and unique set of circumstances and goals, I can help you to get to where you want to be. I will help you to drop destructive patterns that are holding you back, keeping you anchored in the past.
Working together, tailoring every session to your individual and unique set of circumstances and goals, I can help you to get to where you want to be. I will help you to drop destructive patterns that are holding you back, keeping you anchored in the past.
07479 270245 View 07479 270245
Photo of Sanna Gudgeon, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Sanna Gudgeon
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Hertford SG14
I’m an experienced BACP-registered psychodynamic counsellor supporting individuals through life’s challenges. Sometimes talking about feelings may seem daunting. I provide a safe, empathetic and non-judgemental space to talk and explore any difficulties you may be experiencing with no pressure to be anything other than yourself. Whether you come to therapy with a clear sense of what you want to change, or simply with a feeling that something needs to shift, I am here to work alongside you.
I’m an experienced BACP-registered psychodynamic counsellor supporting individuals through life’s challenges. Sometimes talking about feelings may seem daunting. I provide a safe, empathetic and non-judgemental space to talk and explore any difficulties you may be experiencing with no pressure to be anything other than yourself. Whether you come to therapy with a clear sense of what you want to change, or simply with a feeling that something needs to shift, I am here to work alongside you.
01992 940476 View 01992 940476

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in EN11

< 10

Counsellors in EN11 who prioritize treating:

89% Relationship Issues
89% Anxiety
89% Bereavement
89% Trauma and PTSD
89% Self Esteem
78% Depression
78% Sexual Abuse

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Bupa
75% Vitality
50% Cigna and Evernorth

How Counsellors in EN11 see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

63% Female
37% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in EN11?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.