Counselling in Edinburgh

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Photo of Simona Di Folco, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Simona Di Folco
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH7  (Online Only)
Seeking help is not easy; if you land on this page, you are brave, as it takes great courage. You are not alone in this struggle, and I am here to offer you a safe and compassionate space where you can explore your innermost thoughts and emotions without fear of judgment. Together, we will delve into the root causes of your suffering, unravelling the patterns that keep you feeling stuck and overwhelmed. My approach, combining individualised psychodynamic techniques with genuine empathy and understanding, sets me apart as a therapist.
Seeking help is not easy; if you land on this page, you are brave, as it takes great courage. You are not alone in this struggle, and I am here to offer you a safe and compassionate space where you can explore your innermost thoughts and emotions without fear of judgment. Together, we will delve into the root causes of your suffering, unravelling the patterns that keep you feeling stuck and overwhelmed. My approach, combining individualised psychodynamic techniques with genuine empathy and understanding, sets me apart as a therapist.
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Photo of Anna Bajus, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Anna Bajus
Psychologist, MA, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH16
You may not have anyone you feel you can talk to, or maybe you do but they don’t understand you. I am experienced in offering psychological help to individuals who have mental health issues. I try to create a safe space for each of my clients - a strong relationship is the core of effective therapy! We can either work with your current issues or go a bit deeper into unresolved childhood situations which need working through.
You may not have anyone you feel you can talk to, or maybe you do but they don’t understand you. I am experienced in offering psychological help to individuals who have mental health issues. I try to create a safe space for each of my clients - a strong relationship is the core of effective therapy! We can either work with your current issues or go a bit deeper into unresolved childhood situations which need working through.
01764 910965 View 01764 910965
Photo of Marie MacLeod, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Marie MacLeod
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2  (Online Only)
Difficulties and stress in the relationships that matter most to you can be a source of distress, anxiety, frustration or despair. When all your efforts to make things better still haven't worked, maybe it's time to think about trying a different approach. Working with a experienced relationship counsellor can give you the time and space to explore what is troubling you. I work with individual adults and couples from all backgrounds, abilities, sexual orientations and gender identities to help them gain insight and fresh perspectives on life, relationships, and other issues that cause distress.
Difficulties and stress in the relationships that matter most to you can be a source of distress, anxiety, frustration or despair. When all your efforts to make things better still haven't worked, maybe it's time to think about trying a different approach. Working with a experienced relationship counsellor can give you the time and space to explore what is troubling you. I work with individual adults and couples from all backgrounds, abilities, sexual orientations and gender identities to help them gain insight and fresh perspectives on life, relationships, and other issues that cause distress.
0131 378 8345 View 0131 378 8345
Photo of Lorraine Woolford, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Lorraine Woolford
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
I strive to create a trusting and authentic connection with each of my clients. Through our work together, we can explore the deeper dynamics and patterns that may be influencing your thoughts and behaviours, leading to new insights and a greater understanding of yourself. My work with you will be at your pace and I look forward to working creatively with you in a warm and committed relationship. I believe you hold the internal resources that can help you along the way, and I am here to support you in accessing them.
I strive to create a trusting and authentic connection with each of my clients. Through our work together, we can explore the deeper dynamics and patterns that may be influencing your thoughts and behaviours, leading to new insights and a greater understanding of yourself. My work with you will be at your pace and I look forward to working creatively with you in a warm and committed relationship. I believe you hold the internal resources that can help you along the way, and I am here to support you in accessing them.
0131 381 1429 View 0131 381 1429
Photo of Marianna Remmouche, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Marianna Remmouche
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
I will help you to understand your fears and worries, walking back along your childhood and early life experience to discover where everything began. I will support you with Anxiety, Delression, PTSD and Trauma, OCD, Panic Attack and Panic Disorder, Infertility and Unexplained Secondary Infertility, Inner Child reconnection, Low Self Esteem, and together we will find a new approach to life to improve your mental and physical well-being. I am a bilingual CBT therapist and counsellor, offering psychotherapy in English and Italian.
I will help you to understand your fears and worries, walking back along your childhood and early life experience to discover where everything began. I will support you with Anxiety, Delression, PTSD and Trauma, OCD, Panic Attack and Panic Disorder, Infertility and Unexplained Secondary Infertility, Inner Child reconnection, Low Self Esteem, and together we will find a new approach to life to improve your mental and physical well-being. I am a bilingual CBT therapist and counsellor, offering psychotherapy in English and Italian.
0131 381 6408 View 0131 381 6408
Photo of Dr Corinna Panagou - Trauma Therapist, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Dr Corinna Panagou - Trauma Therapist
Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH8  (Online Only)
Warm welcome, I'm Corinna, an academic and a registered Clinical Psychologist with doctoral-level training in evidence-based therapies, and a profound interest in trauma, and relationship issues. I bring extensive experience from diverse NHS settings, working with various age groups. My integrative approach includes CBT, Compassion-Focused Therapy, Mindfulness, ACT, Schema Therapy, and DBT, enriched by psychodynamic insights. I am also trained in Flash and EMDR for trauma. I combine therapies for a personalized and tailored approach to each client's unique needs.
Warm welcome, I'm Corinna, an academic and a registered Clinical Psychologist with doctoral-level training in evidence-based therapies, and a profound interest in trauma, and relationship issues. I bring extensive experience from diverse NHS settings, working with various age groups. My integrative approach includes CBT, Compassion-Focused Therapy, Mindfulness, ACT, Schema Therapy, and DBT, enriched by psychodynamic insights. I am also trained in Flash and EMDR for trauma. I combine therapies for a personalized and tailored approach to each client's unique needs.
01764 915852 View 01764 915852
Photo of Mengyao Yuan, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Mengyao Yuan
Psychotherapist, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH2
I work with people who find it difficult to know who they are, what they want from life, and to motivate themselves to take actions. I also work with people who find it hard to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with others, who struggle to give and receive love. I am also experienced in working with trauma and loss. My practice is informed by psychodynamic, person-centred and existential theories. I aim to provide warmth, respect and acceptance while helping you to gain a better understanding of your personal history, your experiences, and to find meanings in your existence.
I work with people who find it difficult to know who they are, what they want from life, and to motivate themselves to take actions. I also work with people who find it hard to establish and maintain meaningful relationships with others, who struggle to give and receive love. I am also experienced in working with trauma and loss. My practice is informed by psychodynamic, person-centred and existential theories. I aim to provide warmth, respect and acceptance while helping you to gain a better understanding of your personal history, your experiences, and to find meanings in your existence.
0131 510 3423 View 0131 510 3423
Photo of Sam Karpa, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Sam Karpa
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH9
Taking the first step towards therapy, or returning to therapy, can be difficult. Yet working through your experiences can help to process life more meaningfully. Being a qualified psychodynamic therapist means that I understand how even the smallest of issues can play such a huge part in what you may be feeling inside. We can work through this together, as I invite you to share your issues in a warm, empathic, yet well-held space.
Taking the first step towards therapy, or returning to therapy, can be difficult. Yet working through your experiences can help to process life more meaningfully. Being a qualified psychodynamic therapist means that I understand how even the smallest of issues can play such a huge part in what you may be feeling inside. We can work through this together, as I invite you to share your issues in a warm, empathic, yet well-held space.
0131 378 1035 View 0131 378 1035
Photo of Dr Robert Dow, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Dr Robert Dow
Counsellor, PhD, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH3
Therapy can be genuinely transformative. My aim is to create a safe, accepting, non-judgemental and confidential space for you. Here, we can begin to work co-operatively to explore and create meaning from what we talk about together. Through our dialogue, we can begin to recognise new, emerging possibilities and the potential for genuine change.
Therapy can be genuinely transformative. My aim is to create a safe, accepting, non-judgemental and confidential space for you. Here, we can begin to work co-operatively to explore and create meaning from what we talk about together. Through our dialogue, we can begin to recognise new, emerging possibilities and the potential for genuine change.
0131 381 5405 View 0131 381 5405
Photo of Tracy Williams Therapy, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Tracy Williams Therapy
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
I have an open, friendly and supportive manner, backed by my academic qualifications and many years of experience. I am trained in clinical psychology and holds both undergraduate and postgraduate qualifications in this area. I hold an MSc in Marriage, Family and Child Counselling. I also holds professional qualifications, and am highly experienced in working with alcohol and drug abuse. In addition I am a visiting lecturer for PhD students completing their final year at Glasgow's Caledonian University, and delivers mindfulness training to individuals, groups and businesses. ​
I have an open, friendly and supportive manner, backed by my academic qualifications and many years of experience. I am trained in clinical psychology and holds both undergraduate and postgraduate qualifications in this area. I hold an MSc in Marriage, Family and Child Counselling. I also holds professional qualifications, and am highly experienced in working with alcohol and drug abuse. In addition I am a visiting lecturer for PhD students completing their final year at Glasgow's Caledonian University, and delivers mindfulness training to individuals, groups and businesses. ​
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Photo of Gary Smith, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Gary Smith
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
Welcome to my personal statement. I am an experienced Psychotherapist and Counsellor, with over 30 years involvement in the personal development field. I bring the breadth and depth of my life experience, and aim to work in collaboration with you to explore the challenges and joys that you face in your life.
Welcome to my personal statement. I am an experienced Psychotherapist and Counsellor, with over 30 years involvement in the personal development field. I bring the breadth and depth of my life experience, and aim to work in collaboration with you to explore the challenges and joys that you face in your life.
0131 381 8214 View 0131 381 8214
Photo of Rebecca Shannon, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Rebecca Shannon
Counsellor, MA, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH4
Counselling is a process that is different for everyone, and I am happy to work with you over the long term or short term, depending on your needs. I like to work collaboratively, exploring together the challenges you face. We can work together find ways to address the past, present and move forward into the future in a positive and healthy way. Being able to untangle some of the problems that trouble us can help lead to better relationships with others and ourselves, and ultimately a healthier, happier outlook. These problems and issues can sometimes feel unmanageable on your own, and this is where counselling can help.
Counselling is a process that is different for everyone, and I am happy to work with you over the long term or short term, depending on your needs. I like to work collaboratively, exploring together the challenges you face. We can work together find ways to address the past, present and move forward into the future in a positive and healthy way. Being able to untangle some of the problems that trouble us can help lead to better relationships with others and ourselves, and ultimately a healthier, happier outlook. These problems and issues can sometimes feel unmanageable on your own, and this is where counselling can help.
01244 987368 View 01244 987368
Photo of Dr Stephen Smith, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Dr Stephen Smith
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH2
Therapy is about understanding, developing and changing. I am a clinical psychologist with many years experience of working with adults. I assist people to identify what the core issues are, understand how these have arisen, and then develop skills and tools to make the changes they want to make. I work with people with anxiety and anxiety disorders, low mood, low self-esteem, low confidence and those living with the effects of traumatic experiences. I also offer comprehensive assessments for those who have yet to fully understand what is happening for them, to help move them on in their lives.
Therapy is about understanding, developing and changing. I am a clinical psychologist with many years experience of working with adults. I assist people to identify what the core issues are, understand how these have arisen, and then develop skills and tools to make the changes they want to make. I work with people with anxiety and anxiety disorders, low mood, low self-esteem, low confidence and those living with the effects of traumatic experiences. I also offer comprehensive assessments for those who have yet to fully understand what is happening for them, to help move them on in their lives.
0131 381 4342 View 0131 381 4342
Photo of Julia Hutter Counselling, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Julia Hutter Counselling
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH7  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Have you been finding it harder to cope lately? Are you looking to get some perspective on the different relationships you have in your life? You might be longing to feel more connected and more at peace with yourself and in your body, but you don't really know where to start. It can feel scary and difficult to find a professional you can trust and open up with. I believe that giving yourself permission to reach out to someone is an important step, and I am here to guide you on your onward journey.
Have you been finding it harder to cope lately? Are you looking to get some perspective on the different relationships you have in your life? You might be longing to feel more connected and more at peace with yourself and in your body, but you don't really know where to start. It can feel scary and difficult to find a professional you can trust and open up with. I believe that giving yourself permission to reach out to someone is an important step, and I am here to guide you on your onward journey.
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Photo of Ania Kinga, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Ania Kinga
Psychotherapist, MSc, BACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH8  (Online Only)
Kiedy jest nam źle, to normalne że chcemy aby było lepiej. Może nas coś boli, martwi albo przeszkadza nam pewna sytuacja i zastanawiamy się co zrobić, jak rozwiązać nasz problem. Wtedy możemy porozmawiać z psychoterapeutą, osobą która zna się na ludzkiej psychologii (myślach, emocjach, zachowaniach) i która wie, jak pomoc: zrozumieć skąd się bierze problem i jak się z nim zmierzyć. Jako psychoterapeutka pomagam poprzez rozmowę i znam różne sposoby poruszania trudnych tematów, aby było łatwo, emocjonalnie bezpiecznie, ale też konkretnie i skutecznie. Zależnie od problemu, zaproponuję counselling albo psychoterapię.
Kiedy jest nam źle, to normalne że chcemy aby było lepiej. Może nas coś boli, martwi albo przeszkadza nam pewna sytuacja i zastanawiamy się co zrobić, jak rozwiązać nasz problem. Wtedy możemy porozmawiać z psychoterapeutą, osobą która zna się na ludzkiej psychologii (myślach, emocjach, zachowaniach) i która wie, jak pomoc: zrozumieć skąd się bierze problem i jak się z nim zmierzyć. Jako psychoterapeutka pomagam poprzez rozmowę i znam różne sposoby poruszania trudnych tematów, aby było łatwo, emocjonalnie bezpiecznie, ale też konkretnie i skutecznie. Zależnie od problemu, zaproponuję counselling albo psychoterapię.
07513 216876 View 07513 216876
Photo of Cameron Counselling, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Cameron Counselling
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH10
I am an experienced, well-qualified counsellor with a diploma in counselling and psychotherapy with an additional qualification for young people. I work in a warm and gentle way, offering a safe place for you to talk about the things that are troubling you. I see people struggling with a broad range of problems, e.g. anxiety, depression, low self esteem and other experiences that overwhelm them. I can help you through loss and grieving, cope with issues relating to abortion, sexual abuse, domestic abuse and so on. I work with people with eating disorders and body image issues. I am trained to work with people who are suicidal. ©
I am an experienced, well-qualified counsellor with a diploma in counselling and psychotherapy with an additional qualification for young people. I work in a warm and gentle way, offering a safe place for you to talk about the things that are troubling you. I see people struggling with a broad range of problems, e.g. anxiety, depression, low self esteem and other experiences that overwhelm them. I can help you through loss and grieving, cope with issues relating to abortion, sexual abuse, domestic abuse and so on. I work with people with eating disorders and body image issues. I am trained to work with people who are suicidal. ©
0131 357 6341 View 0131 357 6341
Photo of Adam Macalpine, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Adam Macalpine
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
I offer a safe and facilitative space for you to think about what you need in order to feel better. An important part of that process is the relationship we develop and I will be with you each step of the way. I will listen, empathise, wonder with you, as well as laugh, cry, and get angry. Life is incredibly difficult at times. We could most likely all benefit from a space where we can share ourselves, our thoughts and feelings, and be shown acceptance. More than that, be shown care and understanding of what we are going through. If you feel that you would benefit from that kind of space, then please get in touch.
I offer a safe and facilitative space for you to think about what you need in order to feel better. An important part of that process is the relationship we develop and I will be with you each step of the way. I will listen, empathise, wonder with you, as well as laugh, cry, and get angry. Life is incredibly difficult at times. We could most likely all benefit from a space where we can share ourselves, our thoughts and feelings, and be shown acceptance. More than that, be shown care and understanding of what we are going through. If you feel that you would benefit from that kind of space, then please get in touch.
0131 510 5475 View 0131 510 5475
Photo of Laila Rashid, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Laila Rashid
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
I worked with Mental Heath, Psychotherapy and Supervision for the past 20 years (first abroad, then in the past few years, in the UK). I worked as a volunteer, in the private sector, and as a private practitioner. My background is in Clinical psychology and, in particular, psychotherapy. I have trained as a C. Psychologist and as Psychoanalytical Psychotherapist. I am familiar with a variety of different modalities and therapeutic approaches. I have worked with a variety of people from all age groups with different background and beliefs. https://www.lailarashid.com/home
I worked with Mental Heath, Psychotherapy and Supervision for the past 20 years (first abroad, then in the past few years, in the UK). I worked as a volunteer, in the private sector, and as a private practitioner. My background is in Clinical psychology and, in particular, psychotherapy. I have trained as a C. Psychologist and as Psychoanalytical Psychotherapist. I am familiar with a variety of different modalities and therapeutic approaches. I have worked with a variety of people from all age groups with different background and beliefs. https://www.lailarashid.com/home
0131 357 3839 View 0131 357 3839
Photo of Vasiliki Pyrgidou, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Vasiliki Pyrgidou
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH8
Sometimes we just need someone to talk to, someone to listen to us in an open hearted way, without judging us. When we are feeling distressed and upset it can be very hard to know who to contact, and to make this first important step to get in touch. I offer trauma informed and awareness based psychotherapeutic practice in the form of Core Process Psychotherapy. I integrate therapeutic skills, knowledge and understanding that are evolving on an open ended inquiry in the fields of mindfulness and psychological trauma.
Sometimes we just need someone to talk to, someone to listen to us in an open hearted way, without judging us. When we are feeling distressed and upset it can be very hard to know who to contact, and to make this first important step to get in touch. I offer trauma informed and awareness based psychotherapeutic practice in the form of Core Process Psychotherapy. I integrate therapeutic skills, knowledge and understanding that are evolving on an open ended inquiry in the fields of mindfulness and psychological trauma.
01764 915873 View 01764 915873
Photo of Chai Counselling Ltd, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Chai Counselling Ltd
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH3
When you encounter difficult times in our day to day lives it is helpful to be able to talk these through with someone who is trained and objective. To help you explore the issues that matter to you, bringing insight and understanding to enable you to find your way through problems and dilemmas.
When you encounter difficult times in our day to day lives it is helpful to be able to talk these through with someone who is trained and objective. To help you explore the issues that matter to you, bringing insight and understanding to enable you to find your way through problems and dilemmas.
07723 435840 View 07723 435840

See more therapy options for Edinburgh

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Edinburgh

500+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Edinburgh who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Self Esteem
81% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
76% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD
59% Bereavement

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Aviva
59% AXA PPP
48% Vitality

How Counsellors in Edinburgh see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Edinburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.