Photo of Becky Ilk, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Becky Ilk
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Paignton TQ3  (Online Only)
I am a warm, passionate, and trauma-informed Counsellor/Psychotherapist who offers a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental space to explore behavious, thoughts, feelings to gain insight into how your past may have impacted the present. I work integratively, so I draw on humanistic philosophies and practices, but also include some psychoeducation, CBT, parts work and mindfulness techniques. Whatever works best for you and your circumstances, together we can decide on a plan and periodically discuss progress, needs and goals as they develop.
I am a warm, passionate, and trauma-informed Counsellor/Psychotherapist who offers a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental space to explore behavious, thoughts, feelings to gain insight into how your past may have impacted the present. I work integratively, so I draw on humanistic philosophies and practices, but also include some psychoeducation, CBT, parts work and mindfulness techniques. Whatever works best for you and your circumstances, together we can decide on a plan and periodically discuss progress, needs and goals as they develop.
01803 221464 View 01803 221464
Photo of Stephanie Boosey, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Stephanie Boosey
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Paignton TQ4
A broadly humanistic, integrative approach developed principally from these sources, Gestalt, Mindfulness and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).
I offer affordable counselling helping you to process and move forward.  Initial phone consultation would be free to help you decide if I am the right counsellor for you. I can offer face to face or online therapy sessions, whatever issues you bring such as anxiety, depression, trauma, loss & bereavement, low self-esteem & confidence, relationships and unhappiness with work, home or general unhappiness in a supportive environment offering compassion and kindness.  I have experience working and supporting young people, families and Adults.
A broadly humanistic, integrative approach developed principally from these sources, Gestalt, Mindfulness and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).
I offer affordable counselling helping you to process and move forward.  Initial phone consultation would be free to help you decide if I am the right counsellor for you. I can offer face to face or online therapy sessions, whatever issues you bring such as anxiety, depression, trauma, loss & bereavement, low self-esteem & confidence, relationships and unhappiness with work, home or general unhappiness in a supportive environment offering compassion and kindness.  I have experience working and supporting young people, families and Adults.
01392 321457 View 01392 321457
Photo of Kevin Dudman, Psychotherapist in Paignton, England
Kevin Dudman
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Paignton TQ3
Waitlist for new clients
CBT offers effective treatment for a wide range of emotional health challenges.
Hello my name is Kevin. I specialise in the treatment of trauma including accidents, medical trauma, work place and childhood bullying, domestic abuse, rape, sexual abuse and traumatic grief. I can also help you with depression, anxiety, worry, low self -esteem, OCD, phobias, body and self esteem issues, chronic pain, porn and Internet addiction. I am an EMDR Consultant and Accredited CBT Psychotherapist with over thirty years’ experience in working in Mental Health within the NHS. Twenty of these have been in senior positions supervising and supporting the clinical practice of a wide range of psychological therapists.
CBT offers effective treatment for a wide range of emotional health challenges.
Hello my name is Kevin. I specialise in the treatment of trauma including accidents, medical trauma, work place and childhood bullying, domestic abuse, rape, sexual abuse and traumatic grief. I can also help you with depression, anxiety, worry, low self -esteem, OCD, phobias, body and self esteem issues, chronic pain, porn and Internet addiction. I am an EMDR Consultant and Accredited CBT Psychotherapist with over thirty years’ experience in working in Mental Health within the NHS. Twenty of these have been in senior positions supervising and supporting the clinical practice of a wide range of psychological therapists.
01354 700709 View 01354 700709
Photo of Counselling Christian Leaders, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Counselling Christian Leaders
Counsellor, ACC-CP
Verified Verified
Paignton TQ3
I am an ACC Accredited & BACP registered counsellor who has been in various leadership roles for 30 years in Church and different ministries offering a service to individuals and couples who also serve in any leadership role a Christian context. I have worked with many Christian clients and those from many diverse backgrounds who have issues that don't seem to have been resolved independently of therapy. I offer an integrative way of working having trained in Person Centred Therapy, Gestalt, CBT, inner Child, Christian Mindfulness and Therapeutic writing. Find out more about me on my website.
I am an ACC Accredited & BACP registered counsellor who has been in various leadership roles for 30 years in Church and different ministries offering a service to individuals and couples who also serve in any leadership role a Christian context. I have worked with many Christian clients and those from many diverse backgrounds who have issues that don't seem to have been resolved independently of therapy. I offer an integrative way of working having trained in Person Centred Therapy, Gestalt, CBT, inner Child, Christian Mindfulness and Therapeutic writing. Find out more about me on my website.
01803 223012 View 01803 223012
Photo of Claire Annette Williams, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Claire Annette Williams
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Paignton TQ3
I offer talking and creative therapies such as CBT, Inner Child work, Art therapy, Mindfulness, etc.
I am an experienced and registered MBACP counsellor, based in Exeter, working with adults, young people and children. I work with a wide range of issues, including anxiety, depression, self-harm, bereavement and loss, and trauma. I offer a warm, safe, confidential and non-judgemental space for you to explore difficulties or problems from your past or present and look at how these maybe holding you back from living a more satisfying and fuller life. As a humanistic counsellor, I focus on building a respectful, caring and empathetic relationship with you and, through this, support you as you progress towards your goal.
I offer talking and creative therapies such as CBT, Inner Child work, Art therapy, Mindfulness, etc.
I am an experienced and registered MBACP counsellor, based in Exeter, working with adults, young people and children. I work with a wide range of issues, including anxiety, depression, self-harm, bereavement and loss, and trauma. I offer a warm, safe, confidential and non-judgemental space for you to explore difficulties or problems from your past or present and look at how these maybe holding you back from living a more satisfying and fuller life. As a humanistic counsellor, I focus on building a respectful, caring and empathetic relationship with you and, through this, support you as you progress towards your goal.
01392 537143 View 01392 537143
Photo of Dawn Butler, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Dawn Butler
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Paignton TQ3
I am a fully qualified (Accredited) Integrative Counsellor/Psychotherapist and Supervisor I work from my private practice in Paignton providing a warm, safe, secure and confidential environment. I like to work in a relational way with empathy, honesty and regard for all clients. I see counselling as a collaborative process in which clients bring their experiences to me and I bring my awareness and knowledge to explore the specific needs of individuals. Being an integrative counsellor means that I use various styles and techniques that I can adapt and develop to help clients discover healthy strategies for coping.
I am a fully qualified (Accredited) Integrative Counsellor/Psychotherapist and Supervisor I work from my private practice in Paignton providing a warm, safe, secure and confidential environment. I like to work in a relational way with empathy, honesty and regard for all clients. I see counselling as a collaborative process in which clients bring their experiences to me and I bring my awareness and knowledge to explore the specific needs of individuals. Being an integrative counsellor means that I use various styles and techniques that I can adapt and develop to help clients discover healthy strategies for coping.
01803 229163 View 01803 229163
Photo of Robyn Dale, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Robyn Dale
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Paignton TQ3
I am a relaxed and friendly BACP Accredited Counsellor, working from my private practice in Paignton, Devon. I understand the importance of a comfortable, safe space for clients to share and I can draw on my extensive integrative training to tailor the sessions to meet your needs. Whilst the present moment is key to change, I understand how the past can impact the present, as can concerns about the future. It can be hard to learn, but it is often harder to unlearn.
I am a relaxed and friendly BACP Accredited Counsellor, working from my private practice in Paignton, Devon. I understand the importance of a comfortable, safe space for clients to share and I can draw on my extensive integrative training to tailor the sessions to meet your needs. Whilst the present moment is key to change, I understand how the past can impact the present, as can concerns about the future. It can be hard to learn, but it is often harder to unlearn.
01803 224736 View 01803 224736
Photo of Katharine J Pidwell, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Katharine J Pidwell
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Paignton TQ3
I'm a BACP Registered Counsellor, & Supervisor with over 10 years experience, currently working in private practice. I'm passionate about making better mental health something accessible for all. Resourcing and facilitating people live their lives emotionally healthy. I've experience of and do work with a vast array of mental health issues, but seeing the person holistically rather than as a 'mental health condition' is so important in how I work. Any queries or questions please do contact me
I'm a BACP Registered Counsellor, & Supervisor with over 10 years experience, currently working in private practice. I'm passionate about making better mental health something accessible for all. Resourcing and facilitating people live their lives emotionally healthy. I've experience of and do work with a vast array of mental health issues, but seeing the person holistically rather than as a 'mental health condition' is so important in how I work. Any queries or questions please do contact me
01803 500649 View 01803 500649
Photo of Kairos Counselling, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Kairos Counselling
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Paignton TQ4
Hi I'm Rachel. Counselling can be a really powerful space to process the more hidden elements of ourselves. You can expect to be met by me with warmth and empathy and I'll be alongside you as you work through the challenges that brought you to counselling, as you seek clarity and find your voice. I will be there to walk with you as you face the potent things in life that have caused you turbulence and pain.
Hi I'm Rachel. Counselling can be a really powerful space to process the more hidden elements of ourselves. You can expect to be met by me with warmth and empathy and I'll be alongside you as you work through the challenges that brought you to counselling, as you seek clarity and find your voice. I will be there to walk with you as you face the potent things in life that have caused you turbulence and pain.
01392 321053 View 01392 321053
Photo of Chris Eames, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Chris Eames
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Paignton TQ3
Are you finding life hard right now? Do you know something’s not quite right, but are struggling to make sense of what's going on? You may be experiencing difficulty in your relationships with others, either at work, or in the family. You may have noticed that it’s becoming harder to regulate your emotions, or impossible to make decisions about your own life. Talking to someone neutral can help you get back in touch with what you really feel, leaving you free to make the decisions you need to get back on track. Whatever your situation, I can help you make sense of whatever's going on, and support you in finding a way through.
Are you finding life hard right now? Do you know something’s not quite right, but are struggling to make sense of what's going on? You may be experiencing difficulty in your relationships with others, either at work, or in the family. You may have noticed that it’s becoming harder to regulate your emotions, or impossible to make decisions about your own life. Talking to someone neutral can help you get back in touch with what you really feel, leaving you free to make the decisions you need to get back on track. Whatever your situation, I can help you make sense of whatever's going on, and support you in finding a way through.
07813 067743 View 07813 067743
Photo of Kate Hatchett Counsellor & Psychotherapist, MBACP, Psychotherapist in Paignton, England
Kate Hatchett Counsellor & Psychotherapist, MBACP
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Paignton TQ3
I work with adults and young people and offer both short and long term therapy. Sometimes life’s challenges may feel overwhelming, emotionally exhausting or relentless and we may seek professional support to help us find our way through. Anxiety, depression, feeling lost, lonely, confused or traumatised are just some of the many issues people bring. Whilst our personal stories and the reasons for our distress are ultimately as unique as we are, I have found that clients of all ages share a common goal; the desire to gain new perspectives and deeper understandings of themselves and to explore the possibilities and means of change.
I work with adults and young people and offer both short and long term therapy. Sometimes life’s challenges may feel overwhelming, emotionally exhausting or relentless and we may seek professional support to help us find our way through. Anxiety, depression, feeling lost, lonely, confused or traumatised are just some of the many issues people bring. Whilst our personal stories and the reasons for our distress are ultimately as unique as we are, I have found that clients of all ages share a common goal; the desire to gain new perspectives and deeper understandings of themselves and to explore the possibilities and means of change.
01364 701873 View 01364 701873
Photo of Mark Hashimi Msc Ukcp Mbacp Cta Emdr, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Mark Hashimi Msc Ukcp Mbacp Cta Emdr
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Paignton TQ3
I have lots of experience working with relationship issues, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, abuse and work related problems. During our first meet we will discuss and agree how we can best work together, the frequency and duration of the therapy and desired outcome, whether that's just wanting to feel better in some way, or something more targeted. This will then form a kind of contract which we will base the work on whilst reviewing it periodically. Usually sessions will be held on a weekly basis during the same time slot each week. I integrate a range of different psychotherapeutic approaches subject to your needs.
I have lots of experience working with relationship issues, anxiety, depression, stress, trauma, abuse and work related problems. During our first meet we will discuss and agree how we can best work together, the frequency and duration of the therapy and desired outcome, whether that's just wanting to feel better in some way, or something more targeted. This will then form a kind of contract which we will base the work on whilst reviewing it periodically. Usually sessions will be held on a weekly basis during the same time slot each week. I integrate a range of different psychotherapeutic approaches subject to your needs.
01748 902211 View 01748 902211

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Wayne Walker, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Wayne Walker
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
Torquay TQ1
I offer and integrate the following approaches into my practice: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Person Centred , Gestalt and Rewind Techniques for Trauma Therapy.
The goal of an individual therapy is to inspire change and improve the quality of life through self awareness and self exploration.
I offer and integrate the following approaches into my practice: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Person Centred , Gestalt and Rewind Techniques for Trauma Therapy.
The goal of an individual therapy is to inspire change and improve the quality of life through self awareness and self exploration.
01803 224747 View 01803 224747
Photo of Annamai Martinot Counselling , Counsellor in Paignton, England
Annamai Martinot Counselling
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Totnes TQ9
I am a fully trained qualified integrative counsellor, this means I can draw from many different counselling concepts such as CBT-cognitive behaviour therapy, Gestalt, Person centred, Transactional analysis, Attachment theory and Mindfulness.
It takes courage to seek support when life isn’t going well, and we would like to work out why. Counselling can help in difficult times, and also in times when we wish to understand ourselves better. With awareness, we have the choice to change our thoughts, feelings and behaviours. I offer safe, confidential and free from judgement counselling sessions, either face-to-face in the heart of Totnes, South Devon, or online via zoom. I offer a free no obligation initial consultation 30 min phone call to discuss what brings you to counselling, answer any questions you may have and to ensure I'm the right therapist to help you.
I am a fully trained qualified integrative counsellor, this means I can draw from many different counselling concepts such as CBT-cognitive behaviour therapy, Gestalt, Person centred, Transactional analysis, Attachment theory and Mindfulness.
It takes courage to seek support when life isn’t going well, and we would like to work out why. Counselling can help in difficult times, and also in times when we wish to understand ourselves better. With awareness, we have the choice to change our thoughts, feelings and behaviours. I offer safe, confidential and free from judgement counselling sessions, either face-to-face in the heart of Totnes, South Devon, or online via zoom. I offer a free no obligation initial consultation 30 min phone call to discuss what brings you to counselling, answer any questions you may have and to ensure I'm the right therapist to help you.
01803 926170 View 01803 926170
Photo of Jo Smallbones, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Jo Smallbones
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Newton Abbot TQ12
I am an integrative therapist working with therapeutic models including Person Centred, CBT, Transactional Analysis and Gestalt.
Are you experiencing a prolonged, overwhelming sense of helplessness, depression and stress, resulting in you struggling to concentrate, make decisions and complete everyday tasks? Is your confidence, motivation and self-esteem at an all-time low and you feel you've lost your sense of identity? Is your pain from the past or your anxiety about your future numbing your enjoyment of your present? I offer a confidential, empathic and non-judgemental space to feel heard, understood and emotionally supported, helping you to make sense of any destructive or self-defeating patterns which may be holding you back.
I am an integrative therapist working with therapeutic models including Person Centred, CBT, Transactional Analysis and Gestalt.
Are you experiencing a prolonged, overwhelming sense of helplessness, depression and stress, resulting in you struggling to concentrate, make decisions and complete everyday tasks? Is your confidence, motivation and self-esteem at an all-time low and you feel you've lost your sense of identity? Is your pain from the past or your anxiety about your future numbing your enjoyment of your present? I offer a confidential, empathic and non-judgemental space to feel heard, understood and emotionally supported, helping you to make sense of any destructive or self-defeating patterns which may be holding you back.
01626 244524 View 01626 244524
Photo of Lina Chen, Psychotherapist in Paignton, England
Lina Chen
Psychotherapist, MSc, COSRT Accred
Verified Verified
Torquay TQ2  (Online Only)
I'm an integrative psychotherapist specialising in psychosexual and relationship therapy. I trained with London Diploma in Psychosexual and Relationship Therapy and am a registered member of COSRT. I'm passionate about my work, supporting individuals and couples from all backgrounds including sexual trauma survivors, migrants, LGBTQ+, and GSRD. I offer therapy for a wide range of sexual and relationship issues. I tailor my therapeutic tools and approaches to individual clients’ needs. These include CBT, attachment theory, psychodynamic therapy, imago therapy and existential therapy in addition to a wide range of psychosexual tools.
I'm an integrative psychotherapist specialising in psychosexual and relationship therapy. I trained with London Diploma in Psychosexual and Relationship Therapy and am a registered member of COSRT. I'm passionate about my work, supporting individuals and couples from all backgrounds including sexual trauma survivors, migrants, LGBTQ+, and GSRD. I offer therapy for a wide range of sexual and relationship issues. I tailor my therapeutic tools and approaches to individual clients’ needs. These include CBT, attachment theory, psychodynamic therapy, imago therapy and existential therapy in addition to a wide range of psychosexual tools.
01803 221489 View 01803 221489
Photo of Ian Scott, Psychologist in Paignton, England
Ian Scott
Psychologist, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Teignmouth TQ14
I use CBT, but also draw on other training I have.
I have worked in the NHS for over 20 years and I realise that therapy can be a new and unusual approach for people. I often work with folk who are finding things hard, and need a neutral form of support. I can offer direct support, teaching and practice in cognitive and behavioural techniques, or relaxation and mindfulness ideas to help. The goals that a person wants to work towards might be crystal clear to them, or they might refine these as we work together.
I use CBT, but also draw on other training I have.
I have worked in the NHS for over 20 years and I realise that therapy can be a new and unusual approach for people. I often work with folk who are finding things hard, and need a neutral form of support. I can offer direct support, teaching and practice in cognitive and behavioural techniques, or relaxation and mindfulness ideas to help. The goals that a person wants to work towards might be crystal clear to them, or they might refine these as we work together.
01395 208732 View 01395 208732
Photo of Juliette Claire Medder, Psychotherapist in Paignton, England
Juliette Claire Medder
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Newton Abbot TQ12
My work is rooted in compassionate, attentive listening, but having trained as a humanistic, integrative counsellor, it incorporates elements of CBT, Gestalt, Inner Child Work and the optional use of clay, drawing/painting and Sand Tray as a springboard for self-enquiry and growth.
Do you sometimes feel that anxiety or constant worrying rules your life? Or you feel low and sad no matter what you may try to do to change how you feel? Or you find that relationships often start well, but then become complicated with emotions connected to ex-partners or past family issues? Or perhaps you are seeking greater clarity, peace of mind about a certain issue, or actually wanting to move towards a more positive future, searching for the route to free up your true potential? Counselling is an opportunity to speak and be really heard by an objective and compassionate listener.
My work is rooted in compassionate, attentive listening, but having trained as a humanistic, integrative counsellor, it incorporates elements of CBT, Gestalt, Inner Child Work and the optional use of clay, drawing/painting and Sand Tray as a springboard for self-enquiry and growth.
Do you sometimes feel that anxiety or constant worrying rules your life? Or you feel low and sad no matter what you may try to do to change how you feel? Or you find that relationships often start well, but then become complicated with emotions connected to ex-partners or past family issues? Or perhaps you are seeking greater clarity, peace of mind about a certain issue, or actually wanting to move towards a more positive future, searching for the route to free up your true potential? Counselling is an opportunity to speak and be really heard by an objective and compassionate listener.
01803 228293 View 01803 228293
Photo of Ben Giddey, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Ben Giddey
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Totnes TQ9
A supportive, authentic therapeutic relationship for help with Anxiety, Depression, Grief, Adult ADHD, Relationship Issues, Developmental Trauma, Attachment Issues, OCD Behaviours, Intrusive or Obsessive Thoughts, Addictions, etc.. My approach is Integrative; Person Centred, Gestalt, CBT, IFS, Inner Child Healing, Somatic Focused, influenced by ten years experience as a practitioner of Integrated Energy Healing (mind/body therapy). Focusing on what is happening in the here and now, we have agency to affect healing and change.
A supportive, authentic therapeutic relationship for help with Anxiety, Depression, Grief, Adult ADHD, Relationship Issues, Developmental Trauma, Attachment Issues, OCD Behaviours, Intrusive or Obsessive Thoughts, Addictions, etc.. My approach is Integrative; Person Centred, Gestalt, CBT, IFS, Inner Child Healing, Somatic Focused, influenced by ten years experience as a practitioner of Integrated Energy Healing (mind/body therapy). Focusing on what is happening in the here and now, we have agency to affect healing and change.
01803 222622 View 01803 222622
Photo of Dana Corfield, Counsellor in Paignton, England
Dana Corfield
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Teignmouth TQ14
I have experience working with sexual issues and couples whatever the sexual orientation and I also offer short term solution focused counselling and have extra training in CBT.
Life can often feel both difficult and overwhelming and I offer a peaceful, private and confidential space in which you can talk through some of the issues that might be holding you back or making life feel challenging. Maybe your relationship is feeling buried under family life or intimacy has dwindled. Perhaps you are feeling unhappy at work, or are navigating difficult life events like, divorce or bereavement. Counselling is your time to explore what matters to you. We can decide together what your goals are from counselling and how I can best support you using the very best of current theory, thinking and skills.
I have experience working with sexual issues and couples whatever the sexual orientation and I also offer short term solution focused counselling and have extra training in CBT.
Life can often feel both difficult and overwhelming and I offer a peaceful, private and confidential space in which you can talk through some of the issues that might be holding you back or making life feel challenging. Maybe your relationship is feeling buried under family life or intimacy has dwindled. Perhaps you are feeling unhappy at work, or are navigating difficult life events like, divorce or bereavement. Counselling is your time to explore what matters to you. We can decide together what your goals are from counselling and how I can best support you using the very best of current theory, thinking and skills.
01626 248995 View 01626 248995

See more therapy options for Paignton

Cognitive Behavioural (CBT) Counsellors

How does cognitive behavioural therapy work?

Cognitive behavioural therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophising or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioural therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioural therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioural therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioural therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioural therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.