Counselling in Edinburgh

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Photo of Zofia Zyborska, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Zofia Zyborska
Counsellor, MSc, COSRT Accred
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH3
I specialise in Sex and Relationship Therapy and offer talking therapy for couples and individuals with sexual problems. These include vaginismus, painful sex, difficulty achieving orgasm, loss of desire for sex, erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. I have particular experience in working with those impacted by past sexual trauma, abuse or assault. I am specifically trained and qualified to work with sex and porn addiction(s). I also work with partners of sex/porn addicts who are perhaps struggling with their partner’s addiction, working with the distress, betrayal, shock and trauma they may be experiencing.
I specialise in Sex and Relationship Therapy and offer talking therapy for couples and individuals with sexual problems. These include vaginismus, painful sex, difficulty achieving orgasm, loss of desire for sex, erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. I have particular experience in working with those impacted by past sexual trauma, abuse or assault. I am specifically trained and qualified to work with sex and porn addiction(s). I also work with partners of sex/porn addicts who are perhaps struggling with their partner’s addiction, working with the distress, betrayal, shock and trauma they may be experiencing.
0131 357 6236 View 0131 357 6236
Photo of Mary Carew-Stirrat, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Mary Carew-Stirrat
Psychotherapist, PsychD, COSRT Accred
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
Relationship and sex therapist with particular interest in intimacy and communication with a view towards self development and awareness. I have 30 years experience using psychodynamic approach. Providing a respectful confidential therapeutic environment.
Relationship and sex therapist with particular interest in intimacy and communication with a view towards self development and awareness. I have 30 years experience using psychodynamic approach. Providing a respectful confidential therapeutic environment.
0131 378 1284 View 0131 378 1284
Photo of Karen Hudson, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Karen Hudson
Counsellor, MCOSCA
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH4
Hello, my name is Karen and I am a registered counsellor working in Edinburgh. I offer counselling for adults from any background. Sessions are face to face or online. Often we can work through difficulties in life with the support of family or friends. But it may be easier and more effective to talk with a counsellor. I provide a private, supportive space for you to talk about what is going on in your life. I work using a Transactional Analysis (TA) approach. TA is a theory of personality which can be easily used to understand what is happening in our lives and relationships.
Hello, my name is Karen and I am a registered counsellor working in Edinburgh. I offer counselling for adults from any background. Sessions are face to face or online. Often we can work through difficulties in life with the support of family or friends. But it may be easier and more effective to talk with a counsellor. I provide a private, supportive space for you to talk about what is going on in your life. I work using a Transactional Analysis (TA) approach. TA is a theory of personality which can be easily used to understand what is happening in our lives and relationships.
0131 381 1929 View 0131 381 1929
Photo of Neliona Moutsou, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Neliona Moutsou
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
A warm welcome and thank you for visiting my profile. I am Neliona, a trauma and anxiety counsellor based in the city centre of Edinburgh. In a welcoming, safe, compassionate,nurturing environment, I will be your companion through this tough process of putting the pieces of your life and your self back together. One piece at a time we can work together towards healing, self love and wholeness. In my years of experience I have worked with anxiety, trauma, depression, grief, abuse, work related stress and personal growth. I have had extensive experience in working with anxiety and trauma and have made these two my areas of expertise.
A warm welcome and thank you for visiting my profile. I am Neliona, a trauma and anxiety counsellor based in the city centre of Edinburgh. In a welcoming, safe, compassionate,nurturing environment, I will be your companion through this tough process of putting the pieces of your life and your self back together. One piece at a time we can work together towards healing, self love and wholeness. In my years of experience I have worked with anxiety, trauma, depression, grief, abuse, work related stress and personal growth. I have had extensive experience in working with anxiety and trauma and have made these two my areas of expertise.
0131 510 3987 View 0131 510 3987
Photo of Anna Skelton, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Anna Skelton
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
I see therapy as a process that supports us to deepen awareness around who we are and our ways of being in the world. Therapy creates space to work through difficult experiences, thoughts and feelings, which in turn can ignite deep healing and personal growth. I believe you hold the answers - my role is to help you tap into your own internal wisdom. I am experienced in working with a wide range of life situations, so whatever it is that brings you here I would love to hear from you.
I see therapy as a process that supports us to deepen awareness around who we are and our ways of being in the world. Therapy creates space to work through difficult experiences, thoughts and feelings, which in turn can ignite deep healing and personal growth. I believe you hold the answers - my role is to help you tap into your own internal wisdom. I am experienced in working with a wide range of life situations, so whatever it is that brings you here I would love to hear from you.
0131 381 8347 View 0131 381 8347
Photo of Sandy Blair, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Sandy Blair
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edinburgh EH15
Sometimes when life is difficult and your troubles seem overwhelming it can feel like there is no-one to talk to, or when you do talk it feels like no-one actually hears what you are saying. I can offer you a warm, non-judgemental and compassionate space where you can talk and really be heard. There are many reasons why you may be thinking of counselling. You may be struggling with grief after a bereavement or loss, or feeling overwhelmed with anxiety. You may have been recently diagnosed (or self-diagnosed) with autism or ADHD and want to make meaning of your past, present and future with the diagnosis.
Sometimes when life is difficult and your troubles seem overwhelming it can feel like there is no-one to talk to, or when you do talk it feels like no-one actually hears what you are saying. I can offer you a warm, non-judgemental and compassionate space where you can talk and really be heard. There are many reasons why you may be thinking of counselling. You may be struggling with grief after a bereavement or loss, or feeling overwhelmed with anxiety. You may have been recently diagnosed (or self-diagnosed) with autism or ADHD and want to make meaning of your past, present and future with the diagnosis.
0131 381 8430 View 0131 381 8430
Photo of Through The Woods Therapy - Jude Sevestre, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Through The Woods Therapy - Jude Sevestre
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
Waitlist for new clients
Most people come to counselling with a big story - a life full of experiences and challenges that brought them to where they are now. I'd really like to hear your story if you would like to tell it. I am a relational, TA-trained counsellor with extensive experience in working with anxiety, panic attacks, (complex) trauma, self harm, suicidal thoughts and depression. I enjoy working with the LGBTQI+ community, and have specific experience in working with Trans/Non-binary clients. I also have a passion for working with mental health symptoms related to the hormonal cycle, such as Endometriosis, PCOS, PMDD, and (Peri-)Menopause.
Most people come to counselling with a big story - a life full of experiences and challenges that brought them to where they are now. I'd really like to hear your story if you would like to tell it. I am a relational, TA-trained counsellor with extensive experience in working with anxiety, panic attacks, (complex) trauma, self harm, suicidal thoughts and depression. I enjoy working with the LGBTQI+ community, and have specific experience in working with Trans/Non-binary clients. I also have a passion for working with mental health symptoms related to the hormonal cycle, such as Endometriosis, PCOS, PMDD, and (Peri-)Menopause.
0131 381 0886 View 0131 381 0886
Photo of Dr John Addey Malherbe, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Dr John Addey Malherbe
Psychotherapist, PsychD, BACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
My Psychotherapy practice experience relates to an insight into the human psyche in how unconscious processes impact and affect client's lived experience. Working through core internal and external relationships, transformative insight guides the therapeutic process to establish a greater sense of Self toward personal growth. My clients respond to a deeper way of working with the unconscious dimensions of their psyche, using dreams, difference and creativity to awaken consciousness and facilitate desired psychological outcomes toward change.
My Psychotherapy practice experience relates to an insight into the human psyche in how unconscious processes impact and affect client's lived experience. Working through core internal and external relationships, transformative insight guides the therapeutic process to establish a greater sense of Self toward personal growth. My clients respond to a deeper way of working with the unconscious dimensions of their psyche, using dreams, difference and creativity to awaken consciousness and facilitate desired psychological outcomes toward change.
0131 381 2500 View 0131 381 2500
Photo of Lucy Hodgson, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Lucy Hodgson
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
Whatever has motivated you to seek therapy, I can offer you a confidential space in which to explore your feelings, thoughts, relationships, and sense of self. Whether you are dealing with loss, feeling low, or like you have lost your way, then therapy can help. Through collaborative working, you will gain a better understanding of yourself – your feelings and your relationships – which, in turn, will facilitate personal growth and change. We will consider past experiences and relationships; how they have shaped you; and how they influence your feelings, actions, and motivations in the present.
Whatever has motivated you to seek therapy, I can offer you a confidential space in which to explore your feelings, thoughts, relationships, and sense of self. Whether you are dealing with loss, feeling low, or like you have lost your way, then therapy can help. Through collaborative working, you will gain a better understanding of yourself – your feelings and your relationships – which, in turn, will facilitate personal growth and change. We will consider past experiences and relationships; how they have shaped you; and how they influence your feelings, actions, and motivations in the present.
0131 381 6394 View 0131 381 6394
Photo of Agnes Ulmer, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Agnes Ulmer
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH14  (Online Only)
Do you feel lonely, misunderstood or not heard? Do you have difficulties in your relationship ? Are you struggling with change? Has anxiety been causing you problems in your daily life? I can offer a safe, confidential space where you can explore your feelings and thoughts about your relational or personal issues.
Do you feel lonely, misunderstood or not heard? Do you have difficulties in your relationship ? Are you struggling with change? Has anxiety been causing you problems in your daily life? I can offer a safe, confidential space where you can explore your feelings and thoughts about your relational or personal issues.
0131 322 1373 View 0131 322 1373
Photo of Mindship CBT Therapy - Malwina Matysek , Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Mindship CBT Therapy - Malwina Matysek
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH11  (Online Only)
As a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Therapist, I am dedicated to providing individuals with a safe and confidential space to explore and address a wide range of emotional, psychological, and behavioural challenges. With extensive training and a deep commitment to helping others, I offer guidance, support, and evidence-based interventions to promote mental and emotional well-being. I work collaboratively with clients to assess their unique concerns, develop treatment plans to identify and modify thought patterns or behaviours that contribute to distress. I introduce clients to essential CBT tools and practical interventions.
As a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Therapist, I am dedicated to providing individuals with a safe and confidential space to explore and address a wide range of emotional, psychological, and behavioural challenges. With extensive training and a deep commitment to helping others, I offer guidance, support, and evidence-based interventions to promote mental and emotional well-being. I work collaboratively with clients to assess their unique concerns, develop treatment plans to identify and modify thought patterns or behaviours that contribute to distress. I introduce clients to essential CBT tools and practical interventions.
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Photo of Emma Ryland Positive About Neurodiversity, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Emma Ryland Positive About Neurodiversity
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
It’s a big step to come to therapy, especially if you’ve had a lifetime of feeling different and not understood or heard. Maybe you experience anxiety and it’s starting to impact your life? Perhaps you have poor self-esteem and would like to set better boundaries? Have you or someone you care about recently received an autism or ADHD diagnosis and you’re having complicated feelings, not sure what to do now? Are you keen to please others but really harsh on yourself? I regularly work with people who answer 'yes' to these types of question.
It’s a big step to come to therapy, especially if you’ve had a lifetime of feeling different and not understood or heard. Maybe you experience anxiety and it’s starting to impact your life? Perhaps you have poor self-esteem and would like to set better boundaries? Have you or someone you care about recently received an autism or ADHD diagnosis and you’re having complicated feelings, not sure what to do now? Are you keen to please others but really harsh on yourself? I regularly work with people who answer 'yes' to these types of question.
01764 915850 View 01764 915850
Photo of Sarah Elliott, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Sarah Elliott
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6
Have you been feeling like something is off lately? Has anxiety or depression been holding you back? Are you getting stuck in your mind due to distressing thoughts? Whatever it is, I would love to work with you to help understand what has been impacting your mental health. Therapy takes time, commitment and patience. There may be challenges along the way, but we will work through them together. My role as a counsellor is to walk with you in self discovery, while helping you work towards your goals.
Have you been feeling like something is off lately? Has anxiety or depression been holding you back? Are you getting stuck in your mind due to distressing thoughts? Whatever it is, I would love to work with you to help understand what has been impacting your mental health. Therapy takes time, commitment and patience. There may be challenges along the way, but we will work through them together. My role as a counsellor is to walk with you in self discovery, while helping you work towards your goals.
0131 381 5576 View 0131 381 5576
Photo of Lisa Maclachlan, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Lisa Maclachlan
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH3  (Online Only)
Seeking support through counselling can be a difficult first step on a journey to better mental health, but the process can be truly life-changing. My aim is to create a safe, non judgemental, compassionate space in which to explore your problems, enabling you to gain a better understanding of your difficulties. I believe it is important to look at the roof of your issues to try and gain the necessary insight to help change your mindset or any patterns of behaviour that are troubling you.
Seeking support through counselling can be a difficult first step on a journey to better mental health, but the process can be truly life-changing. My aim is to create a safe, non judgemental, compassionate space in which to explore your problems, enabling you to gain a better understanding of your difficulties. I believe it is important to look at the roof of your issues to try and gain the necessary insight to help change your mindset or any patterns of behaviour that are troubling you.
0131 381 1451 View 0131 381 1451
Photo of Creative Sport Mind, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Creative Sport Mind
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Sport Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH6  (Online Only)
Hi, welcome! I'm Dr Zoi, founder of Creative Sport Mind. I provide performance psychology support to help you better understand yourself and reach your full potential. I have 8+ years of experience in educational, mental health and sporting environments. Areas of expertise: self-criticism, confidence, burnout, performance anxiety, perfectionism.
Hi, welcome! I'm Dr Zoi, founder of Creative Sport Mind. I provide performance psychology support to help you better understand yourself and reach your full potential. I have 8+ years of experience in educational, mental health and sporting environments. Areas of expertise: self-criticism, confidence, burnout, performance anxiety, perfectionism.
0131 381 8152 View 0131 381 8152
Photo of Sarah Worth, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Sarah Worth
Counsellor, MSc, ACC Reg
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH9
I don’t know if you have ever had the opportunity to share your story where someone really listens. I mean really listens, wanting to know you, your story, your ups and downs. Where nothing is off limits. Space to speak what maybe you’ve never spoken before. Sitting in the counsellee seat is not always easy and opening up to someone you do not know can be daunting. I know that taking that first step requires courage and I would love to walk with you on your journey.
I don’t know if you have ever had the opportunity to share your story where someone really listens. I mean really listens, wanting to know you, your story, your ups and downs. Where nothing is off limits. Space to speak what maybe you’ve never spoken before. Sitting in the counsellee seat is not always easy and opening up to someone you do not know can be daunting. I know that taking that first step requires courage and I would love to walk with you on your journey.
0131 381 0082 View 0131 381 0082
Photo of Sharan Collins, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Sharan Collins
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH14
"The effort to become human is among the very few things in a person's life that may over time come to feel more important to him than his personal survival" (T Ogden 1997). I am a professionally qualified and experienced psychodynamic psychotherapist, counsellor and supervisor. I have undertaken extensive continued professional development which has included training in the Dynamics of Attachment in Adult Life; Therapeutic Assessment; Infant Observation and Therapeutic Supervision. I have a particular interest in the relationship between shame and trauma.
"The effort to become human is among the very few things in a person's life that may over time come to feel more important to him than his personal survival" (T Ogden 1997). I am a professionally qualified and experienced psychodynamic psychotherapist, counsellor and supervisor. I have undertaken extensive continued professional development which has included training in the Dynamics of Attachment in Adult Life; Therapeutic Assessment; Infant Observation and Therapeutic Supervision. I have a particular interest in the relationship between shame and trauma.
0131 510 2177 View 0131 510 2177
Photo of Simon Johnston, Psychotherapist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Simon Johnston
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH10
Not accepting new clients
As you’re here, there’s no doubt you’re struggling with an issue or problem that might feel overwhelming, distressing or out of control. Rest assured, help is at hand. We all experience various symptoms and problems throughout life, and it’s my job to help you achieve significant and meaningful change. I won’t bore you with therapy jargon either, there’s probably more pressing issues on your mind, and I know what that's like. What I will say, is that after years of dedicated training, experience and witnessing people make real difference in their lives, I know professional therapy helps.
As you’re here, there’s no doubt you’re struggling with an issue or problem that might feel overwhelming, distressing or out of control. Rest assured, help is at hand. We all experience various symptoms and problems throughout life, and it’s my job to help you achieve significant and meaningful change. I won’t bore you with therapy jargon either, there’s probably more pressing issues on your mind, and I know what that's like. What I will say, is that after years of dedicated training, experience and witnessing people make real difference in their lives, I know professional therapy helps.
0131 378 1212 View 0131 378 1212
Photo of Dr Bethany Brown, Psychologist in Edinburgh, Scotland
Dr Bethany Brown
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH12
I am passionate about forming strong therapeutic relationships with my clients to enable us to work in collaboration towards their personal goals. I have worked in psychology services since 2008 and as a Clinical Psychologist in highly specialist teams within the NHS since 2015. I have specialist experience in working with people living with physical health conditions, as well as working with people who are dealing with challenging life stressors. I am experienced in drawing upon a number of evidenced based approaches and tailoring therapy to my clients and their individual needs, goals and values.
I am passionate about forming strong therapeutic relationships with my clients to enable us to work in collaboration towards their personal goals. I have worked in psychology services since 2008 and as a Clinical Psychologist in highly specialist teams within the NHS since 2015. I have specialist experience in working with people living with physical health conditions, as well as working with people who are dealing with challenging life stressors. I am experienced in drawing upon a number of evidenced based approaches and tailoring therapy to my clients and their individual needs, goals and values.
0131 378 1031 View 0131 378 1031
Photo of Russell Counselling, Counsellor in Edinburgh, Scotland
Russell Counselling
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Edinburgh EH1
I know that the decision to seek therapy and to find a suitable therapist can be daunting, so my approach is to never forget what it is like to sit in the client’s chair. Whether you're going through separation and divorce, experiencing abuse, depression, trauma, generally feeling sad or struggling with other emotional issues, I can help. I am here for You.
I know that the decision to seek therapy and to find a suitable therapist can be daunting, so my approach is to never forget what it is like to sit in the client’s chair. Whether you're going through separation and divorce, experiencing abuse, depression, trauma, generally feeling sad or struggling with other emotional issues, I can help. I am here for You.
0131 357 6150 View 0131 357 6150

See more therapy options for Edinburgh

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Edinburgh

500+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Edinburgh who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Self Esteem
81% Depression
76% Stress
75% Relationship Issues
66% Trauma and PTSD
59% Bereavement

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Aviva
59% AXA PPP
49% Vitality

How Counsellors in Edinburgh see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Edinburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.