Counselling in Southampton

Photo of Helen Rose, Psychotherapist in Southampton, England
Helen Rose
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Southampton SO14
I offer a professional, confidential and friendly space for you to explore whatever is troubling you. I am open, honest and laid back and provide a safe, non-judgmental environment to explore any difficulties in your life. Talking about and exploring your emotions and feelings will help you come to your own conclusions and empower you to take your next steps in life. Talking to a counsellor can feel daunting, but can help you resolve and understand any challenges or difficulties you may be facing. Counselling can help you make sense of your emotions bringing about positive change in your life.
I offer a professional, confidential and friendly space for you to explore whatever is troubling you. I am open, honest and laid back and provide a safe, non-judgmental environment to explore any difficulties in your life. Talking about and exploring your emotions and feelings will help you come to your own conclusions and empower you to take your next steps in life. Talking to a counsellor can feel daunting, but can help you resolve and understand any challenges or difficulties you may be facing. Counselling can help you make sense of your emotions bringing about positive change in your life.
023 8214 9877 View 023 8214 9877
Photo of Counselling and Life Coaching Services, Counsellor in Southampton, England
Counselling and Life Coaching Services
Counsellor, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
Southampton SO32  (Online Only)
I am a qualified, registered senior accredited counsellor and life coach and my style of working is integrative which means that I am trained to use a range of counselling skills to support you. With over 18 years experience working as a psychotherapeutic counsellor both privately and for the NHS, I have developed a special interest in working with depression and anxiety, stress, relationship issues and difficulties, addiction, long term and life limiting illness, bereavement and loss. As well as counselling I also provide solution focused counselling, short term therapy and life coaching if needed. Please ask for further details.
I am a qualified, registered senior accredited counsellor and life coach and my style of working is integrative which means that I am trained to use a range of counselling skills to support you. With over 18 years experience working as a psychotherapeutic counsellor both privately and for the NHS, I have developed a special interest in working with depression and anxiety, stress, relationship issues and difficulties, addiction, long term and life limiting illness, bereavement and loss. As well as counselling I also provide solution focused counselling, short term therapy and life coaching if needed. Please ask for further details.
01489 667558 View 01489 667558
Photo of Carmen Morales, Psychotherapist in Southampton, England
Carmen Morales
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Southampton SO40  (Online Only)
I support clients to overcome their depression and anxiety disorders -such as GAD, OCD, PTSD, panic, social anxiety, health anxiety, phobias or body dysmorphia-. I also attend to problems such as low self-esteem, anger management problems, interpersonal difficulties and complex trauma. I have a strong background in working with people from underrepresented groups, especially the LGBTQI+ community and the neurodiverse community. I am looking to working with clients who are ready to get to know more about themselves, make changes in their lives, and to support them in their journey.
I support clients to overcome their depression and anxiety disorders -such as GAD, OCD, PTSD, panic, social anxiety, health anxiety, phobias or body dysmorphia-. I also attend to problems such as low self-esteem, anger management problems, interpersonal difficulties and complex trauma. I have a strong background in working with people from underrepresented groups, especially the LGBTQI+ community and the neurodiverse community. I am looking to working with clients who are ready to get to know more about themselves, make changes in their lives, and to support them in their journey.
023 8001 2558 View 023 8001 2558
Photo of Greenleaves Psychological Services, Psychotherapist in Southampton, England
Greenleaves Psychological Services
Psychotherapist, MA, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Southampton SO15  (Online Only)
Your life has taken a direction you did not choose: someone hurt you, or you have developed a physical health problem. You have tried hard to ignore your suffering until you can’t do it anymore. Things that used to be easy now feel impossible. You don’t recognise yourself anymore and you know you cannot carry on like this. This has left you feeling depressed, stressed, angry or even scared. You want to feel less overwhelmed and more in control. You want to go back to the person you once were, or maybe even find out who YOU are. But mostly you just want to be seen and heard and know that someone is on your side.
Your life has taken a direction you did not choose: someone hurt you, or you have developed a physical health problem. You have tried hard to ignore your suffering until you can’t do it anymore. Things that used to be easy now feel impossible. You don’t recognise yourself anymore and you know you cannot carry on like this. This has left you feeling depressed, stressed, angry or even scared. You want to feel less overwhelmed and more in control. You want to go back to the person you once were, or maybe even find out who YOU are. But mostly you just want to be seen and heard and know that someone is on your side.
023 9387 7477 View 023 9387 7477
Photo of Dr Hubert Fanka, Psychotherapist in Southampton, England
Dr Hubert Fanka
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Southampton SO16
Sensation of being stuck, depressed, worried, struggling to cope with your feelings, mood changes, trauma memories, hearing distressing voices, suicidal thoughts and urges, adjustment difficulties, addiction, being different and interpersonal difficulties, and willing to move forward and find new ways of coping effectively, “YES i can help". In our sessions, we will use an integrative approach, a mixture Cognitive, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, (DBT CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing, (EMDR), Compassionate Focused Therapy, (CFT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, (ACT) depending on your individual needs.
Sensation of being stuck, depressed, worried, struggling to cope with your feelings, mood changes, trauma memories, hearing distressing voices, suicidal thoughts and urges, adjustment difficulties, addiction, being different and interpersonal difficulties, and willing to move forward and find new ways of coping effectively, “YES i can help". In our sessions, we will use an integrative approach, a mixture Cognitive, Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, (DBT CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing, (EMDR), Compassionate Focused Therapy, (CFT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, (ACT) depending on your individual needs.
023 9431 1717 View 023 9431 1717
Photo of Southampton Counselling, Counsellor in Southampton, England
Southampton Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Southampton SO15
Helen is a highly experienced & professional qualified counsellor and psychotherapist, working with people from all walks of life to achieve their full potential. Sessions are individually tailored to meet your needs and can be via telephone, secure video link (Zoom) or in person, depending on the client's preference. See the Southampton Counselling website www.southamptoncounselling.uk for more detailed information about services offered.
Helen is a highly experienced & professional qualified counsellor and psychotherapist, working with people from all walks of life to achieve their full potential. Sessions are individually tailored to meet your needs and can be via telephone, secure video link (Zoom) or in person, depending on the client's preference. See the Southampton Counselling website www.southamptoncounselling.uk for more detailed information about services offered.
023 9200 2373 View 023 9200 2373
Photo of laura Mearns, Counsellor in Southampton, England
laura Mearns
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Southampton SO18
Hello and welcome. I have many years experience working as a counsellor and I support adults and young people aged 13 and over in the Southampton and Romsey areas. I can help with difficulties such as; anxiety, depression, low mood, self-esteem and relationships. I also specialise in childhood and adult trauma. I offer face to face, online and telephone sessions, depending on what works best for you.
Hello and welcome. I have many years experience working as a counsellor and I support adults and young people aged 13 and over in the Southampton and Romsey areas. I can help with difficulties such as; anxiety, depression, low mood, self-esteem and relationships. I also specialise in childhood and adult trauma. I offer face to face, online and telephone sessions, depending on what works best for you.
023 9200 5357 View 023 9200 5357
Photo of Claudia Blanco, Counsellor in Southampton, England
Claudia Blanco
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southampton SO14
Hi! My name is Claudia (she/her). I'm a counsellor, therapist, mother, wife, daughter, dog lover, friend among many other roles! The challenges of having all these roles made me reflect on the importance of taking care of our mental health which led to my training in Gestalt Therapy. My profession is my passion and I feel privileged to help transform lives for the better. Many times, the way we deal with our problems and needs ends up keeping us stuck, generating more and more suffering like anxiety, depression and stress.
Hi! My name is Claudia (she/her). I'm a counsellor, therapist, mother, wife, daughter, dog lover, friend among many other roles! The challenges of having all these roles made me reflect on the importance of taking care of our mental health which led to my training in Gestalt Therapy. My profession is my passion and I feel privileged to help transform lives for the better. Many times, the way we deal with our problems and needs ends up keeping us stuck, generating more and more suffering like anxiety, depression and stress.
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Photo of Catherine Carter, Counsellor in Southampton, England
Catherine Carter
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Southampton SO31
Hi, I'm Catherine and I am a BACP registered Person Centred counsellor. At times we can feel overwhelmed by life - past experiences, difficulties in the present and fears about the future. Counselling can be very helpful during these difficult times. It can enable us change the way we think about feel about things. It can help us explore our thoughts surrounding a particular issue, even when that might be challenging, and increase our self-confidence and self-esteem as we gain a deeper understanding of ourselves. By talking through things we all have the power to change our thinking and thrive as a result.
Hi, I'm Catherine and I am a BACP registered Person Centred counsellor. At times we can feel overwhelmed by life - past experiences, difficulties in the present and fears about the future. Counselling can be very helpful during these difficult times. It can enable us change the way we think about feel about things. It can help us explore our thoughts surrounding a particular issue, even when that might be challenging, and increase our self-confidence and self-esteem as we gain a deeper understanding of ourselves. By talking through things we all have the power to change our thinking and thrive as a result.
01329 557286 View 01329 557286
Photo of Changing Pages Counselling, Psychotherapist in Southampton, England
Changing Pages Counselling
Psychotherapist, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Southampton SO52
My name is Angeline, I am a trained Therapist, Supervisor, EMDR therapist (Course accredited by EMDR Europe), Couples Counsellor and Children's and Young person Therapist. I have many years experience in private practice working with adults, couples and young people. I have worked as a trauma therapist . My approach is tailored to individuals as a Humanistic/Person-centred Therapist, integrating other types of therapy such as CBT.
My name is Angeline, I am a trained Therapist, Supervisor, EMDR therapist (Course accredited by EMDR Europe), Couples Counsellor and Children's and Young person Therapist. I have many years experience in private practice working with adults, couples and young people. I have worked as a trauma therapist . My approach is tailored to individuals as a Humanistic/Person-centred Therapist, integrating other types of therapy such as CBT.
01794 339779 View 01794 339779
Photo of Justine White Counselling, Counsellor in Southampton, England
Justine White Counselling
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Southampton SO40
Are you experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, low mood, or just not feeling yourself? Maybe you are struggling with relationships or family problems? Counselling can help you to explore these things in a safe, non-judgemental environment.
Are you experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, low mood, or just not feeling yourself? Maybe you are struggling with relationships or family problems? Counselling can help you to explore these things in a safe, non-judgemental environment.
023 8235 9946 View 023 8235 9946
Photo of Get There Counselling, Counsellor in Southampton, England
Get There Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Southampton SO14
Thanks for visiting – making important changes in your life can feel daunting. That is why I am led by what you want to focus on and with that in mind, it is crucial that you feel safe to be yourself and talk about what is important to you. I have experience with anxiety, depression, stress, loss, and grief. I have worked with young people who are at risk of sexual exploitation, domestic abuse and neglect. I produce and co-host a podcast resource called "It's Not You, It's Them" and am co-author of "Strength to Talk", which is dedicated to men's mental health.
Thanks for visiting – making important changes in your life can feel daunting. That is why I am led by what you want to focus on and with that in mind, it is crucial that you feel safe to be yourself and talk about what is important to you. I have experience with anxiety, depression, stress, loss, and grief. I have worked with young people who are at risk of sexual exploitation, domestic abuse and neglect. I produce and co-host a podcast resource called "It's Not You, It's Them" and am co-author of "Strength to Talk", which is dedicated to men's mental health.
023 9431 1718 View 023 9431 1718
Photo of Claire Wain, Counsellor in Southampton, England
Claire Wain
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Southampton SO31
Hello there and welcome. Sometimes life can be overwhelming for all sorts of reasons and we may need a little help to try and work our way through it. Counselling can give us the help we need, by offering a safe place to sit with someone who is there to help you through those tough times. I understand that the decision to have counselling can perhaps be a difficult one, but I believe that together we can ease those fears and anxieties. Then, as we begin to develop a therapeutic and healing relationship, you will hopefully begin to feel more able to share all that is on your mind.
Hello there and welcome. Sometimes life can be overwhelming for all sorts of reasons and we may need a little help to try and work our way through it. Counselling can give us the help we need, by offering a safe place to sit with someone who is there to help you through those tough times. I understand that the decision to have counselling can perhaps be a difficult one, but I believe that together we can ease those fears and anxieties. Then, as we begin to develop a therapeutic and healing relationship, you will hopefully begin to feel more able to share all that is on your mind.
01489 357193 View 01489 357193
Photo of Shelley Bradley-Scholey, Psychotherapist in Southampton, England
Shelley Bradley-Scholey
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Southampton SO31
Accredited CBT, EMDR or Integrated therapy or Counselling. I provide honest, approachable and down to earth therapy. If you have difficulties with a painful past or problems that are getting in the way of your life currently I can help you. You may want to change how you think and feel about yourself or understand difficult emotions. I have 20 years’ experience in helping people recover and reclaim their life. I know sometimes people can find the prospect of therapy unnerving, I try hard to make people feel at ease by delivering therapy in an open and common-sense way, I am friendly and kind. Fully professionally registered.
Accredited CBT, EMDR or Integrated therapy or Counselling. I provide honest, approachable and down to earth therapy. If you have difficulties with a painful past or problems that are getting in the way of your life currently I can help you. You may want to change how you think and feel about yourself or understand difficult emotions. I have 20 years’ experience in helping people recover and reclaim their life. I know sometimes people can find the prospect of therapy unnerving, I try hard to make people feel at ease by delivering therapy in an open and common-sense way, I am friendly and kind. Fully professionally registered.
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Photo of David Araci, Psychologist in Southampton, England
David Araci
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Southampton SO14  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Therapy is an active process where we work together. I work with you to firstly make sense of your difficulties and then agree a plan to use therapy to work towards your goals. I am trained in a number of therapies and we can see which feels the best fit for you and your goals. I have experience working with depression, anxiety disorders such as social anxiety, phobias, GAD and OCD. I also have long term experience of teaching coping skills to manage difficult thoughts and feelings, developing acceptance and working on self esteem. I focus mainly on the here and now and always consider how therapy will get you closer to your goals.
Therapy is an active process where we work together. I work with you to firstly make sense of your difficulties and then agree a plan to use therapy to work towards your goals. I am trained in a number of therapies and we can see which feels the best fit for you and your goals. I have experience working with depression, anxiety disorders such as social anxiety, phobias, GAD and OCD. I also have long term experience of teaching coping skills to manage difficult thoughts and feelings, developing acceptance and working on self esteem. I focus mainly on the here and now and always consider how therapy will get you closer to your goals.
023 9200 3535 View 023 9200 3535
Photo of Questa Psychological Services, Psychologist in Southampton, England
Questa Psychological Services
Psychologist, PsychD, AFBPSsS
Verified Verified
Southampton SO16
Questa is a small, specialist practice; we provide a range of psychological services for children and adults, both clinical and educational. In addition to therapy, we are experts in Autism and ADHD assessment/diagnosis. We offer therapy and support for a range of emotional problems for children, teenagers and adults and are specialists in anxiety, depression and trauma, providing therapy to emergency services personnel. Do call or email us today to discuss how we may be able to support you. We can usually help, but if we can't, then we’ll do our very best to offer advice and signposting.
Questa is a small, specialist practice; we provide a range of psychological services for children and adults, both clinical and educational. In addition to therapy, we are experts in Autism and ADHD assessment/diagnosis. We offer therapy and support for a range of emotional problems for children, teenagers and adults and are specialists in anxiety, depression and trauma, providing therapy to emergency services personnel. Do call or email us today to discuss how we may be able to support you. We can usually help, but if we can't, then we’ll do our very best to offer advice and signposting.
023 8192 4877 View 023 8192 4877
Karen MacKinnon Kaleidoscope Counselling
Psychotherapist, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Southampton SO17
Life can be a bit of a rollercoaster of highs and lows, a kaleidoscope, if you like, of colours in ever-changing patterns. At times, we need others to help identify what is there, perhaps working together on changing patterns that are less helpful, turning broken glass fragments into something beautiful, discovering healing and hope along the way. If you would like me to join you for a while on your life journey, then please do feel free to contact me.
Life can be a bit of a rollercoaster of highs and lows, a kaleidoscope, if you like, of colours in ever-changing patterns. At times, we need others to help identify what is there, perhaps working together on changing patterns that are less helpful, turning broken glass fragments into something beautiful, discovering healing and hope along the way. If you would like me to join you for a while on your life journey, then please do feel free to contact me.
023 9431 1817 View 023 9431 1817
Photo of Cheri Light-Radcliffe, Counsellor in Southampton, England
Cheri Light-Radcliffe
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Southampton SO32
Thank you for viewing my profile I'm Cheri. Feeling lost? Stuck? Anxious? Depresse? Experienced a bereavement or trauma? Maybe your struggling with Lowself-esteem? Or struggling with the relationships around you? I aim to provide a safe, confidential, non-judgemental space for you to speak freely. I believe, that having the space to feel heard with someone who cares and holds hope for you in a safe place, allows a space for growth and healing. Although I facilitate I believe that you have the inner resources to thrive. I passionately believe that through self-awareness you will uncover your own wants needs and desires.
Thank you for viewing my profile I'm Cheri. Feeling lost? Stuck? Anxious? Depresse? Experienced a bereavement or trauma? Maybe your struggling with Lowself-esteem? Or struggling with the relationships around you? I aim to provide a safe, confidential, non-judgemental space for you to speak freely. I believe, that having the space to feel heard with someone who cares and holds hope for you in a safe place, allows a space for growth and healing. Although I facilitate I believe that you have the inner resources to thrive. I passionately believe that through self-awareness you will uncover your own wants needs and desires.
01489 359842 View 01489 359842
Photo of Alana Sketcher, Counsellor in Southampton, England
Alana Sketcher
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southampton SO31
Hello, My name is Alana, I am a fully qualified Humanistic Counsellor based at Watt Health in Salisbury Green. I believe that nothing is more important than the relationship between client and counsellor and therefore my main aim is to offer you a space where you feel comfortable and safe to be able to talk and work through your feelings.
Hello, My name is Alana, I am a fully qualified Humanistic Counsellor based at Watt Health in Salisbury Green. I believe that nothing is more important than the relationship between client and counsellor and therefore my main aim is to offer you a space where you feel comfortable and safe to be able to talk and work through your feelings.
01329 558313 View 01329 558313
Photo of The Empathy Project CIC, Psychotherapist in Southampton, England
The Empathy Project CIC
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southampton SO14
We're The Empathy Project, a non-profit community mental health service based in Southampton. We provide open-ended, high-quality counselling and psychotherapy to anyone who needs it. We do not have a waiting list and you can have as many sessions as you like. You only discharge when you feel ready, and are always welcome back at any time. You can view our website at www.empathyproject.org.uk
We're The Empathy Project, a non-profit community mental health service based in Southampton. We provide open-ended, high-quality counselling and psychotherapy to anyone who needs it. We do not have a waiting list and you can have as many sessions as you like. You only discharge when you feel ready, and are always welcome back at any time. You can view our website at www.empathyproject.org.uk
023 8254 6675 View 023 8254 6675

See more therapy options for Southampton

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Southampton

100+

Average cost per session

£55

Counsellors in Southampton who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
85% Self Esteem
81% Stress
78% Relationship Issues
68% Bereavement
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% Aviva
56% AXA PPP
51% Vitality

How Counsellors in Southampton see their clients

87% In Person and Online
13% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Southampton?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.