Counselling in London

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Photo of Lirona Rosenthal, Psychologist in London, England
Lirona Rosenthal
Psychologist, MA, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SE23  (Online Only)
I have 15 years of experience in private practice, Working as an integrative psychologist, combining therapy approaches to fit my client’s needs best. With a background in theater and sports, I am an active, creative and engaging therapist. ​Please check out my website for info about me: www.lironarosenthal.com
I have 15 years of experience in private practice, Working as an integrative psychologist, combining therapy approaches to fit my client’s needs best. With a background in theater and sports, I am an active, creative and engaging therapist. ​Please check out my website for info about me: www.lironarosenthal.com
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Photo of Samantha Harris, Psychologist in London, England
Samantha Harris
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London E11  (Online Only)
I am a HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist with 15 years of experience working in NHS mental health services with people of all ages. I currently work part-time as a Clinical Psychologist in the NHS and I have completed additional training in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (PGDip). I have experience of working with people experiencing a wide range of difficulties including anxiety, low mood, trauma, low self-esteem, psychosis, stress, eating difficulties and relationship difficulties. I am currently offering remote telephone and/or video call appointments.
I am a HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist with 15 years of experience working in NHS mental health services with people of all ages. I currently work part-time as a Clinical Psychologist in the NHS and I have completed additional training in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (PGDip). I have experience of working with people experiencing a wide range of difficulties including anxiety, low mood, trauma, low self-esteem, psychosis, stress, eating difficulties and relationship difficulties. I am currently offering remote telephone and/or video call appointments.
020 3893 2321 View 020 3893 2321
Photo of Blooming Families, Psychotherapist in London, England
Blooming Families
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
London SE23  (Online Only)
Are you feeling frustrated with your teen because you are repeatedly called away from work because of their behaviour at school? Maybe, you are struggling with your relationship, worried about the influences of teen peer pressure or just simply need to talk. Being a parent of teens can feel challenging, and at times overwhelming, but you don't have to struggle alone! I am here to support you every step of the way by empowering you so that you can nurture your teen to thrive. Your well-being is my top priority! I provide a safe and non-judgmental space online where you can express yourself openly from the comfort of your home.
Are you feeling frustrated with your teen because you are repeatedly called away from work because of their behaviour at school? Maybe, you are struggling with your relationship, worried about the influences of teen peer pressure or just simply need to talk. Being a parent of teens can feel challenging, and at times overwhelming, but you don't have to struggle alone! I am here to support you every step of the way by empowering you so that you can nurture your teen to thrive. Your well-being is my top priority! I provide a safe and non-judgmental space online where you can express yourself openly from the comfort of your home.
020 7123 8549 View 020 7123 8549
Photo of Talk in Therapy, Counsellor in London, England
Talk in Therapy
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SE1
talkintherapy.com - As a UK qualified CBT therapist, my passion lies in helping individuals achieve their best selves by prioritising their wellbeing and mental health. I am highly skilled in working with anxiety, depression, and many other mental health issues, and I approach each case with a tailored perspective, understanding that every individual's story and healing journey is unique. If you're looking for a therapist who is caring, compassionate, and committed to helping you achieve your goals, then look no further. I would be honoured to work with you on your journey towards healing and growth.
talkintherapy.com - As a UK qualified CBT therapist, my passion lies in helping individuals achieve their best selves by prioritising their wellbeing and mental health. I am highly skilled in working with anxiety, depression, and many other mental health issues, and I approach each case with a tailored perspective, understanding that every individual's story and healing journey is unique. If you're looking for a therapist who is caring, compassionate, and committed to helping you achieve your goals, then look no further. I would be honoured to work with you on your journey towards healing and growth.
020 4538 3031 View 020 4538 3031
Photo of Cecilia Lopez, Counsellor in London, England
Cecilia Lopez
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW17  (Online Only)
My aim is to help you to strengthen emotional management skills in order to improve personal well-being, as well as health. My line of work is the change of perception about the conflicts that bring stress in your life. Under the approach of Transgenerational trauma and Family System you will understand the influence of family history on current problems and on interpersonal relationships. A deeply self sense of self will help you to transcend traumas, barriers and limitations as well as experience a new vision of emotional and physical health
My aim is to help you to strengthen emotional management skills in order to improve personal well-being, as well as health. My line of work is the change of perception about the conflicts that bring stress in your life. Under the approach of Transgenerational trauma and Family System you will understand the influence of family history on current problems and on interpersonal relationships. A deeply self sense of self will help you to transcend traumas, barriers and limitations as well as experience a new vision of emotional and physical health
07464 803099 View 07464 803099
Photo of Dr Yllka Morina, Psychologist in London, England
Dr Yllka Morina
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
London W1G
Are you feeling overwhelmed, struggling with stress or low mood, or perhaps long standing issues such as problematic relationships, traumatic events or difficult childhood experiences ? Do you feel stuck in negative life patterns or thinking? Perhaps you want to make changes but unsure how to start? I can support you to make the changes you want to see in your life and within yourself. I am a Chartered Counselling Psychologist, registered with the HCPC with 12 years of experience in working with individuals experiencing a range of difficulties relating to their emotional and relational wellbeing, both in the NHS and Private sector.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, struggling with stress or low mood, or perhaps long standing issues such as problematic relationships, traumatic events or difficult childhood experiences ? Do you feel stuck in negative life patterns or thinking? Perhaps you want to make changes but unsure how to start? I can support you to make the changes you want to see in your life and within yourself. I am a Chartered Counselling Psychologist, registered with the HCPC with 12 years of experience in working with individuals experiencing a range of difficulties relating to their emotional and relational wellbeing, both in the NHS and Private sector.
020 4538 0945 View 020 4538 0945
Photo of Marie-Line Charler Counselling, Counsellor in London, England
Marie-Line Charler Counselling
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE1
A counselling environment with a warm and empathic space conducive to unravel what is troubling you, be it feeling stuck, low mood, stressed out, grieving or abused, is offered on a weekly basis. Sessions are client-led, which means that we will work at your own pace. Feeling heard and validated can help you find your voice, gain insight and make decisions that feel right for you.
A counselling environment with a warm and empathic space conducive to unravel what is troubling you, be it feeling stuck, low mood, stressed out, grieving or abused, is offered on a weekly basis. Sessions are client-led, which means that we will work at your own pace. Feeling heard and validated can help you find your voice, gain insight and make decisions that feel right for you.
020 4538 7779 View 020 4538 7779
Photo of Nathalie Krivine, Psychotherapist in London, England
Nathalie Krivine
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London N8
As a therapist I aim to provide a safe none judgemental therapeutic space for individuals, couples or families to reflect on the challenges that they maybe experiencing in their relationships which could be impacting on their emotional well being. Nathalie is aware that often people come to her for help when in crisis and the communication with those we are connected to has become too toxic. Nathalie notes that difficulties in speaking openly with those we are connected to is a common theme within families. Nathalie also has successfully used a relational attachment approach to work with individuals, both adults and young people.
As a therapist I aim to provide a safe none judgemental therapeutic space for individuals, couples or families to reflect on the challenges that they maybe experiencing in their relationships which could be impacting on their emotional well being. Nathalie is aware that often people come to her for help when in crisis and the communication with those we are connected to has become too toxic. Nathalie notes that difficulties in speaking openly with those we are connected to is a common theme within families. Nathalie also has successfully used a relational attachment approach to work with individuals, both adults and young people.
020 3985 9022 View 020 3985 9022
Photo of Natasha Broman, Psychotherapist in London, England
Natasha Broman
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London W5
I am an integrative psychotherapist and Somatic Experiencing practitioner. What does this mean? I have extensive training in supporting people of all ages to feel more themselves, whether this is through helping them to recover from traumatic events, reducing current anxiety and depression symptoms or increasing their overall sense of purpose and joy.
I am an integrative psychotherapist and Somatic Experiencing practitioner. What does this mean? I have extensive training in supporting people of all ages to feel more themselves, whether this is through helping them to recover from traumatic events, reducing current anxiety and depression symptoms or increasing their overall sense of purpose and joy.
020 3002 6672 View 020 3002 6672
Photo of Jonathan Husbands, Counsellor in London, England
Jonathan Husbands
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE24
I aim to provide a safe welcoming, non-judgmental space where clients can freely express their thoughts, feelings and truly be heard. I am here to listen to you and help you find the best way forward. I use a collaborative approach where we examine thoughts and feelings from the past and examine how those past feelings affect the client in the here and now. My hope is to help clients realise that they have the tools to help themselves move forward in life and I’ll assist in finding new perspectives that help to bring self-awareness, strength, self-belief and enable positive change.
I aim to provide a safe welcoming, non-judgmental space where clients can freely express their thoughts, feelings and truly be heard. I am here to listen to you and help you find the best way forward. I use a collaborative approach where we examine thoughts and feelings from the past and examine how those past feelings affect the client in the here and now. My hope is to help clients realise that they have the tools to help themselves move forward in life and I’ll assist in finding new perspectives that help to bring self-awareness, strength, self-belief and enable positive change.
020 4538 3458 View 020 4538 3458
Photo of Dr Claudia, Willow Psychology Service, Psychologist in London, England
Dr Claudia, Willow Psychology Service
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London EC2A  (Online Only)
Are you feeling stuck, isolated or overwhelmed by your difficulties? Reaching out for support can be hard, especially if you have not spoken with a psychologist before. My name is Claudia and I’m a compassionate and dedicated clinical psychologist, with over 8 years of experience working in the NHS. We will start by making sense of how your life experiences may have influenced your current problems, and then combining this understanding together with your own personal strengths, to create a treatment plan that will help you develop aspects of life that are important for you and reduce unwanted symptoms.
Are you feeling stuck, isolated or overwhelmed by your difficulties? Reaching out for support can be hard, especially if you have not spoken with a psychologist before. My name is Claudia and I’m a compassionate and dedicated clinical psychologist, with over 8 years of experience working in the NHS. We will start by making sense of how your life experiences may have influenced your current problems, and then combining this understanding together with your own personal strengths, to create a treatment plan that will help you develop aspects of life that are important for you and reduce unwanted symptoms.
020 4538 5521 View 020 4538 5521
Photo of Andrew Lockhart, Psychotherapist in London, England
Andrew Lockhart
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London W2
I am an experienced psychotherapist registered with the UKCP and BACP. I work in Paddington and Kensal Green in London, and work remotely (online and phone). I offer an empathetic presence as a therapist, and will work with you and your issues according to your specific needs. "Andrew knew just how much, and in what ways to challenge me, and I cannot recommend him highly enough". Sarah, 2017.
I am an experienced psychotherapist registered with the UKCP and BACP. I work in Paddington and Kensal Green in London, and work remotely (online and phone). I offer an empathetic presence as a therapist, and will work with you and your issues according to your specific needs. "Andrew knew just how much, and in what ways to challenge me, and I cannot recommend him highly enough". Sarah, 2017.
020 8106 2172 View 020 8106 2172
Photo of Andrew Rutledge, Counsellor in London, England
Andrew Rutledge
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW19  (Online Only)
As an Integrative Counsellor and Psychotherapist, I have experience of supporting people experiencing issues including anxiety, depression, panic attacks, social isolation, loss, lack of confidence and emotional overwhelm. The support I offer is based on creating a therapeutic environment where clients can explore their thoughts, feelings and life experiences in a safe, empathetic and confidential space.
As an Integrative Counsellor and Psychotherapist, I have experience of supporting people experiencing issues including anxiety, depression, panic attacks, social isolation, loss, lack of confidence and emotional overwhelm. The support I offer is based on creating a therapeutic environment where clients can explore their thoughts, feelings and life experiences in a safe, empathetic and confidential space.
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Photo of Manuela Monacelli, Psychotherapist in London, England
Manuela Monacelli
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
London E14  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am the right therapist if you: Are feeling depressed and struggle thinking positively of yourself; Have experienced domestic violence or abuse; Can’t get rid of your worries; Have been through trauma; Are unhappy about your work/life balance; Are concerned about your appearance and/or how you come across to others; Feel stuck with where your life is going, or unable to cope; Constantly worry about your health; Struggle with intrusive thoughts and compulsions; Experience panic attacks; Have phobias; Have unhealthy habits you want to get rid of, including eating habits.
I am the right therapist if you: Are feeling depressed and struggle thinking positively of yourself; Have experienced domestic violence or abuse; Can’t get rid of your worries; Have been through trauma; Are unhappy about your work/life balance; Are concerned about your appearance and/or how you come across to others; Feel stuck with where your life is going, or unable to cope; Constantly worry about your health; Struggle with intrusive thoughts and compulsions; Experience panic attacks; Have phobias; Have unhealthy habits you want to get rid of, including eating habits.
020 3897 1100 View 020 3897 1100
Photo of Olivia Osborne, Psychotherapist in London, England
Olivia Osborne
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW11
Life can be challenging and at times we may find ourselves out of control, struggling to cope and in emotional pain. Whatever the issue may be, therapy may help you to understand your experiences, feelings and thoughts. I believe in supporting my clients to recognise what is important to them and to live a life in line with their values. I value the importance of the therapeutic relationship as a healing process and I am committed to providing a safe, confidential and non-judgemental space where you can feel able to explore your difficulties in depth and increase your self-understanding in order to bring change and possibility.
Life can be challenging and at times we may find ourselves out of control, struggling to cope and in emotional pain. Whatever the issue may be, therapy may help you to understand your experiences, feelings and thoughts. I believe in supporting my clients to recognise what is important to them and to live a life in line with their values. I value the importance of the therapeutic relationship as a healing process and I am committed to providing a safe, confidential and non-judgemental space where you can feel able to explore your difficulties in depth and increase your self-understanding in order to bring change and possibility.
01273 934578 View 01273 934578
Photo of Rachel Pretty, Counsellor in London, England
Rachel Pretty
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London E17
Hello, I'm Rachel, a Gestalt Therapist (MBACP) working in-person in East London and online. I offer a warm, relational therapeutic approach where we will work together, helping to bring awareness to whatever feels challenging or limiting in your life. Perhaps you need support during a period of challenge, or have a sense of feeling stuck and your ways of coping no longer seem to work. You may be experiencing relationship difficulties, feelings of depression or anxiety, or coming to terms with loss or trauma. Whatever you are experiencing, I can help you to feel held and supported.
Hello, I'm Rachel, a Gestalt Therapist (MBACP) working in-person in East London and online. I offer a warm, relational therapeutic approach where we will work together, helping to bring awareness to whatever feels challenging or limiting in your life. Perhaps you need support during a period of challenge, or have a sense of feeling stuck and your ways of coping no longer seem to work. You may be experiencing relationship difficulties, feelings of depression or anxiety, or coming to terms with loss or trauma. Whatever you are experiencing, I can help you to feel held and supported.
020 3376 2060 View 020 3376 2060
Photo of Samantha Pogue, Psychologist in London, England
Samantha Pogue
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London E17
I am a HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist, which means I have completed extensive training in the assessment and treatment of mental health difficulties throughout different stages of life. My approach to therapy is warm, empathic, and genuine. It is important to me to create a space that feels safe, and where my clients feel heard and understood. Some people come to see me for help with a specific issue such as anxiety, or difficulties with managing stress at work. Others meet with me to have a space where they can be free to reflect and work towards a greater sense of understanding, and in turn compassion, towards themselves.
I am a HCPC registered Clinical Psychologist, which means I have completed extensive training in the assessment and treatment of mental health difficulties throughout different stages of life. My approach to therapy is warm, empathic, and genuine. It is important to me to create a space that feels safe, and where my clients feel heard and understood. Some people come to see me for help with a specific issue such as anxiety, or difficulties with managing stress at work. Others meet with me to have a space where they can be free to reflect and work towards a greater sense of understanding, and in turn compassion, towards themselves.
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Photo of Dr Melissa Barry, Psychologist in London, England
Dr Melissa Barry
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London WC2H  (Online Only)
Being a parent/caregiver can sometimes feel very challenging, especially if your child is experiencing difficulties. Are you left wondering whether you are getting it right? It may be that you want to strengthen your relationship with your child and think about how you communicate with each other. We may also think about how you are taking care of your own needs and how to self-regulate your emotions in a healthy manner. Perhaps you are concerned about your child’s mental health and are looking for a way to help your child feel like themselves again. No matter what you are both going through, things can get better.
Being a parent/caregiver can sometimes feel very challenging, especially if your child is experiencing difficulties. Are you left wondering whether you are getting it right? It may be that you want to strengthen your relationship with your child and think about how you communicate with each other. We may also think about how you are taking care of your own needs and how to self-regulate your emotions in a healthy manner. Perhaps you are concerned about your child’s mental health and are looking for a way to help your child feel like themselves again. No matter what you are both going through, things can get better.
020 4538 0073 View 020 4538 0073
Photo of Kirstie Ashdown, Psychotherapist in London, England
Kirstie Ashdown
Psychotherapist, BPC
Verified Verified
London W1W
I am an experienced psychodynamic psychotherapist and counsellor. I offer a confidential and safe space where we can think about what is troubling you in a non-judgemental setting. People come to therapy for all sorts of reasons. Life can throw upsetting things at us and sometimes we find ourselves affected by events more than we expect. Psychodynamic therapy provides an opportunity to discover the unconscious processes that drive our responses and behaviours. Once these processes are acknowledged, we have the choice of changing how we react. This can help us to feel better about ourselves and live a more fulfilling life.
I am an experienced psychodynamic psychotherapist and counsellor. I offer a confidential and safe space where we can think about what is troubling you in a non-judgemental setting. People come to therapy for all sorts of reasons. Life can throw upsetting things at us and sometimes we find ourselves affected by events more than we expect. Psychodynamic therapy provides an opportunity to discover the unconscious processes that drive our responses and behaviours. Once these processes are acknowledged, we have the choice of changing how we react. This can help us to feel better about ourselves and live a more fulfilling life.
020 3962 0162 View 020 3962 0162
Anna Maria Magdalena Wybraniec
Psychologist, MSc, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
London EC2R
Whether you want to recover from a specific psychological difficulty or whether you just want to talk, or if you do not know what is wrong but feel that something is not right- I will make sure that you receive the help you need. I have worked in the UK mental health since the 1990s in a variety of NHS and private settings. Over the years I have developed a very successful way of treatment of often very difficult problems related to past trauma, phobia, panic attacks, anxiety and others. I would like everybody to know that complete recovery from such problems is possible and this is what you should expect from your therapist.
Whether you want to recover from a specific psychological difficulty or whether you just want to talk, or if you do not know what is wrong but feel that something is not right- I will make sure that you receive the help you need. I have worked in the UK mental health since the 1990s in a variety of NHS and private settings. Over the years I have developed a very successful way of treatment of often very difficult problems related to past trauma, phobia, panic attacks, anxiety and others. I would like everybody to know that complete recovery from such problems is possible and this is what you should expect from your therapist.
020 3675 1908 View 020 3675 1908

See more therapy options for London

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in London

3,000+

Average cost per session

£75

Counsellors in London who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
84% Self Esteem
81% Relationship Issues
79% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Bereavement

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aviva
65% AXA PPP
58% Vitality

How Counsellors in London see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
24% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in London?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.