Black British Counselling in Harpenden

Photo of Peter Brown, Counsellor in Harpenden, England
Peter Brown
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Harpenden AL5
I offer a warm respectful safe environment where you can explore all the difficulties that you’re facing. Issues I work with include relationship issues, depression, anxiety, couple counselling, trauma (ptsd, cptsd), low self worth/confidence, emotional withdrawal/disengagement, life changes/transitions, work issues, procrastination, historical abuse, shame/guilt/blame, loss, to mention a few. If you are finding it difficult coping or struggling with difficult feelings/emotions, or your thinking is just going around and around in circles, counselling can help. My aim is to support you through those challenging and difficult time.
I offer a warm respectful safe environment where you can explore all the difficulties that you’re facing. Issues I work with include relationship issues, depression, anxiety, couple counselling, trauma (ptsd, cptsd), low self worth/confidence, emotional withdrawal/disengagement, life changes/transitions, work issues, procrastination, historical abuse, shame/guilt/blame, loss, to mention a few. If you are finding it difficult coping or struggling with difficult feelings/emotions, or your thinking is just going around and around in circles, counselling can help. My aim is to support you through those challenging and difficult time.
01582 380654 View 01582 380654
Photo of Lee Martin Mbacp(Sen Accred) Emdr(Accred) Ma Ba(Hons) Pg-Dip, Psychotherapist in Harpenden, England
Lee Martin Mbacp(Sen Accred) Emdr(Accred) Ma Ba(Hons) Pg-Dip
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
Harpenden AL5  (Online Only)
Hello and Welcome, Life has indeed become complex. Many of us are now struggling with our mental health in ways that are no longer manageable. Our past and present hurts, our unprocessed feelings have risen to the surface. We find ourselves thinking, feeling and acting in ways that do not reflect who we want to be. Some of us have Grief, Trauma or Addiction that we just can’t seem to work through. As a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist with a Master Degree and EMDR Accredited, I've seen thousands come through my door, with various presenting issues and undergo genuine transformation, healing and leave with hope for the future.
Hello and Welcome, Life has indeed become complex. Many of us are now struggling with our mental health in ways that are no longer manageable. Our past and present hurts, our unprocessed feelings have risen to the surface. We find ourselves thinking, feeling and acting in ways that do not reflect who we want to be. Some of us have Grief, Trauma or Addiction that we just can’t seem to work through. As a Senior Accredited Psychotherapist with a Master Degree and EMDR Accredited, I've seen thousands come through my door, with various presenting issues and undergo genuine transformation, healing and leave with hope for the future.
020 4538 6806 View 020 4538 6806

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Samantha Roach, Counsellor in Harpenden, England
Samantha Roach
Counsellor, ACC Reg
Verified Verified
Luton LU1
I am a integrative counsellor (based in Bedfordshire, UK). This means I adapt to you and deliver the best suited therapy for your needs such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Person Centred Therapy , Psychodynamic Therapy and Creative Intervention. I will never enforce a particular way of working with my clients as I believe every individual’s situation is different. I decided to become a counsellor because I am passionate about working alongside people to help them go through their therapeutic process, helping them to achieve their best.
I am a integrative counsellor (based in Bedfordshire, UK). This means I adapt to you and deliver the best suited therapy for your needs such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Person Centred Therapy , Psychodynamic Therapy and Creative Intervention. I will never enforce a particular way of working with my clients as I believe every individual’s situation is different. I decided to become a counsellor because I am passionate about working alongside people to help them go through their therapeutic process, helping them to achieve their best.
01234 860693 View 01234 860693
Photo of Fiona Beckford, Psychotherapist in Harpenden, England
Fiona Beckford
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Luton LU4  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with couples, individuals and families particularly with relationship issues. I also have clients who identify as dual heritage and wish to explore 'who am I?' and the cultural difficulties they experience. I also have a fondness for helping parents better connect with their children. This includes small children (3-9yrs) and adolescent children, but includes any relationship breakdown. I also support clients who have been traumatised and for those who are happy to engage, set personal development homework, so clients can witness their own progress.
I enjoy working with couples, individuals and families particularly with relationship issues. I also have clients who identify as dual heritage and wish to explore 'who am I?' and the cultural difficulties they experience. I also have a fondness for helping parents better connect with their children. This includes small children (3-9yrs) and adolescent children, but includes any relationship breakdown. I also support clients who have been traumatised and for those who are happy to engage, set personal development homework, so clients can witness their own progress.
01302 490106 View 01302 490106
Photo of Peter Junior Royal, Psychotherapist in Harpenden, England
Peter Junior Royal
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
St Albans AL1
Hello and welcome! I am Peter Royal, a licensed and registered counsellor/psychotherapist. I understand that finding a counsellor can be daunting. But rest assured, I aim to make the process smooth for you to start your journey.
Hello and welcome! I am Peter Royal, a licensed and registered counsellor/psychotherapist. I understand that finding a counsellor can be daunting. But rest assured, I aim to make the process smooth for you to start your journey.
01727 649261 View 01727 649261
Photo of KJCounselling, Psychotherapist in Harpenden, England
KJCounselling
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1
Are you struggling to cope? Are you feeling anxious, overwhelmed, confused, depressed or simply stuck? Have you experienced trauma that has left you feeling numb, detached or unable to process your feelings? Do you feel angry, ashamed, scared or unfulfilled? There are often a range of emotions that people feel when trying to cope with troubling situations and it is not always easy to reach out for help, as people, including family and friends do not necessarily understand how to help. I may be able to help. I offer a safe, welcoming, confidential and non-judgemental space, where I can support you unpack what's on your mind.
Are you struggling to cope? Are you feeling anxious, overwhelmed, confused, depressed or simply stuck? Have you experienced trauma that has left you feeling numb, detached or unable to process your feelings? Do you feel angry, ashamed, scared or unfulfilled? There are often a range of emotions that people feel when trying to cope with troubling situations and it is not always easy to reach out for help, as people, including family and friends do not necessarily understand how to help. I may be able to help. I offer a safe, welcoming, confidential and non-judgemental space, where I can support you unpack what's on your mind.
01923 961489 View 01923 961489
Photo of Simone Ayers Online Counselling & Supervision , Counsellor in Harpenden, England
Simone Ayers Online Counselling & Supervision
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Hemel Hempstead HP14  (Online Only)
Right now you may feel desperate, lost, empty, stressed, anxious or fed up. Whatever difficulty has prompted you to seek Counselling does not define who are you are and the journey you want to take in life. Together we will explore your feelings of being stuck, alone or in darkness as you strengthen your own resources to create greater wellbeing, resilience and satisfaction. No person is the same or brings identical experiences but frequent issues I work with include depression, anxiety, loss & bereavement, trauma, suicidal thoughts, work or school stress and relationship tensions. I work with clients aged 13+ and with Couples.
Right now you may feel desperate, lost, empty, stressed, anxious or fed up. Whatever difficulty has prompted you to seek Counselling does not define who are you are and the journey you want to take in life. Together we will explore your feelings of being stuck, alone or in darkness as you strengthen your own resources to create greater wellbeing, resilience and satisfaction. No person is the same or brings identical experiences but frequent issues I work with include depression, anxiety, loss & bereavement, trauma, suicidal thoughts, work or school stress and relationship tensions. I work with clients aged 13+ and with Couples.
07480 536516 View 07480 536516
Photo of Cheryl Louise Sandford, Psychotherapist in Harpenden, England
Cheryl Louise Sandford
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
Watford WD24  (Online Only)
I am a qualified integrative counsellor, offering individuals a safe and confidential place for support and exploration. I believe that a respectful and non-judgmental environment is crucial to therapy, this is an essential element of the way I work. I always welcome whole authentic feelings from my clients, without putting a negative label on them. In order to explore overwhelming feelings such as: guilt, depression, anxiety, anger, loss, self-harm etc. without feeling judged, trust needs to be present. The decision to come to counselling is a courageous step - facing our difficulties is never easy but can be liberating.
I am a qualified integrative counsellor, offering individuals a safe and confidential place for support and exploration. I believe that a respectful and non-judgmental environment is crucial to therapy, this is an essential element of the way I work. I always welcome whole authentic feelings from my clients, without putting a negative label on them. In order to explore overwhelming feelings such as: guilt, depression, anxiety, anger, loss, self-harm etc. without feeling judged, trust needs to be present. The decision to come to counselling is a courageous step - facing our difficulties is never easy but can be liberating.
01923 750674 View 01923 750674
Photo of Sandra from Elsali CBT, Psychotherapist in Harpenden, England
Sandra from Elsali CBT
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Welwyn Garden City AL7
Its all about you... Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is a type of talking therapy that can help you make connections between what you think, what you feel and how you behave. Having this knowledge about yourself can help you to break cycles of Depression or Anxiety. The point of therapy is that you get what you need to feel able to live the life you want to. You are the expert of your life and I know CBT, so lets work together to improve your emotional wellbeing. (Pricing is from £80).
Its all about you... Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is a type of talking therapy that can help you make connections between what you think, what you feel and how you behave. Having this knowledge about yourself can help you to break cycles of Depression or Anxiety. The point of therapy is that you get what you need to feel able to live the life you want to. You are the expert of your life and I know CBT, so lets work together to improve your emotional wellbeing. (Pricing is from £80).
01462 558877 View 01462 558877
Photo of Kashina Smith, Counsellor in Harpenden, England
Kashina Smith
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Luton LU1  (Online Only)
Need someone to talk to? I guess this is why you are here at the moment. Something is up, perhaps life is not panning out the way you had hoped, unsatisfied with your relationship or maybe you just want to get a deeper understanding of yourself. Whatever may have led you to seek counselling, I'm genuinely glad you've taken this step.
Need someone to talk to? I guess this is why you are here at the moment. Something is up, perhaps life is not panning out the way you had hoped, unsatisfied with your relationship or maybe you just want to get a deeper understanding of yourself. Whatever may have led you to seek counselling, I'm genuinely glad you've taken this step.
01908 082390 View 01908 082390
Photo of CleoGatha Counselling and Psychotherapy Services, Psychotherapist in Harpenden, England
CleoGatha Counselling and Psychotherapy Services
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Welwyn Garden City AL7
I am an empathetic psychotherapist who is passionate about supporting people with most mental health issues including g anxiety, depression, self esteem, confidence, suicidal ideation , self harm, eating disorder, panic attacks and phobias. Children always suffer from bullying in school and on social media as well as having friendship issues. I follow an integrative approach to counselling with an emphasis on Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Person Centred Approach (Humanistic) and Psychodynamic Approach. The type of modality I use will depend on the issue presented. As a counsellor, I do not offer advice or talk about my experience.
I am an empathetic psychotherapist who is passionate about supporting people with most mental health issues including g anxiety, depression, self esteem, confidence, suicidal ideation , self harm, eating disorder, panic attacks and phobias. Children always suffer from bullying in school and on social media as well as having friendship issues. I follow an integrative approach to counselling with an emphasis on Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Person Centred Approach (Humanistic) and Psychodynamic Approach. The type of modality I use will depend on the issue presented. As a counsellor, I do not offer advice or talk about my experience.
01438 907173 View 01438 907173
Photo of Dianna- Working Through It Therapy UK, Counsellor in Harpenden, England
Dianna- Working Through It Therapy UK
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
St Albans AL3  (Online Only)
I offer consultations, 1:1 & group online therapy sessions for young people between 11-25yr. Life is a journey & can have various struggles along the way. It's ok to need support to break through some painful and frustrating day to day barriers. If there's a struggle with anxiety, depression, low self esteem, grief or anger, it's time to take a step forward -so let's work through it together! I explore early/recent experiences which may drive presenting behaviours or feelings & explore unconscious processes contributing towards unhealthy patterns/behaviours.
I offer consultations, 1:1 & group online therapy sessions for young people between 11-25yr. Life is a journey & can have various struggles along the way. It's ok to need support to break through some painful and frustrating day to day barriers. If there's a struggle with anxiety, depression, low self esteem, grief or anger, it's time to take a step forward -so let's work through it together! I explore early/recent experiences which may drive presenting behaviours or feelings & explore unconscious processes contributing towards unhealthy patterns/behaviours.
01582 377047 View 01582 377047
Photo of Melanie Francis, Counsellor in Harpenden, England
Melanie Francis
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
St Albans AL1  (Online Only)
Everyone’s version of ‘normal’ differs; sometimes you might need that safe space to examine and sort through unexpected challenges or things that may be holding you back from living a more fulfilled life. I'm passionate about being able to provide that space. I provide a compassionate space to support your therapeutic journey where you can gain a better understanding of yourself, relationships and other things that matter to you. Using an Integrative approach allows me to draw from a range of tools which can be tailored to suit you as an individual. I put you, the individual in control of the pace and scope of our work together
Everyone’s version of ‘normal’ differs; sometimes you might need that safe space to examine and sort through unexpected challenges or things that may be holding you back from living a more fulfilled life. I'm passionate about being able to provide that space. I provide a compassionate space to support your therapeutic journey where you can gain a better understanding of yourself, relationships and other things that matter to you. Using an Integrative approach allows me to draw from a range of tools which can be tailored to suit you as an individual. I put you, the individual in control of the pace and scope of our work together
020 3857 8049 View 020 3857 8049
Photo of Anne Kariuki, Psychologist in Harpenden, England
Anne Kariuki
Psychologist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
Luton LU2
My aim is to offer a safe space where we can explore whatever you choose to. Together we can work through any issues you may have. I believe that you are the expert on you and we can work towards a future you decide. ​ You may be facing some personal difficulties or struggles that you wish could be resolved. These might be a persistent low mood, a recurrent anxiety, a recent or past traumatic experience, a lack of meaning or direction in life, an anger issue, the loss of a loved one a relationship breakdown, a feeling of guilt or shame, a difficult life transition, or a more enduring and chronic mental health difficulty. ​
My aim is to offer a safe space where we can explore whatever you choose to. Together we can work through any issues you may have. I believe that you are the expert on you and we can work towards a future you decide. ​ You may be facing some personal difficulties or struggles that you wish could be resolved. These might be a persistent low mood, a recurrent anxiety, a recent or past traumatic experience, a lack of meaning or direction in life, an anger issue, the loss of a loved one a relationship breakdown, a feeling of guilt or shame, a difficult life transition, or a more enduring and chronic mental health difficulty. ​
0121 817 7588 View 0121 817 7588
Photo of Chiltern Talking Therapies, Psychotherapist in Harpenden, England
Chiltern Talking Therapies
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Luton LU3
Hi, I'm Jennie! I'm a CBT/EMDR Therapist and owner of Chiltern Talking Therapies. My Associates and I offer face to face or virtual CBT, EMDR, Counselling, Schema and Art Psychotherapy sessions and ADHD Assessments. We can support adults and young people with a wide range of difficulties. We are non-judgemental and have a wealth of experience between us, from working with addictions, offenders, children, clients with brain injuries and couples. I pride our team on being non-judgemental and accepting of individuals from a wide range of backgrounds. We all hold DBS checks and indemnity insurance, which you can view at any time.
Hi, I'm Jennie! I'm a CBT/EMDR Therapist and owner of Chiltern Talking Therapies. My Associates and I offer face to face or virtual CBT, EMDR, Counselling, Schema and Art Psychotherapy sessions and ADHD Assessments. We can support adults and young people with a wide range of difficulties. We are non-judgemental and have a wealth of experience between us, from working with addictions, offenders, children, clients with brain injuries and couples. I pride our team on being non-judgemental and accepting of individuals from a wide range of backgrounds. We all hold DBS checks and indemnity insurance, which you can view at any time.
01442 971728 View 01442 971728
Photo of Dr Mohammadrasool Yadegarfard, Psychologist in Harpenden, England
Dr Mohammadrasool Yadegarfard
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
Stevenage SG1  (Online Only)
I am qualified to work with people with anxiety, bereavement and loss, depression; identity confusion and change; coming out; self-esteem and shame, trauma and post-traumatic stress and also survivors of sexual abuse. I work with both individuals and couples. I am experienced in working with young people and adults and with people in a range of relationship styles including monogamous, polyamorous and open relationships. I work with all members of LGBT+ and those who do not identify as such but are questioning or exploring this aspect of their sexuality, regardless of their sexual orientation.
I am qualified to work with people with anxiety, bereavement and loss, depression; identity confusion and change; coming out; self-esteem and shame, trauma and post-traumatic stress and also survivors of sexual abuse. I work with both individuals and couples. I am experienced in working with young people and adults and with people in a range of relationship styles including monogamous, polyamorous and open relationships. I work with all members of LGBT+ and those who do not identify as such but are questioning or exploring this aspect of their sexuality, regardless of their sexual orientation.
01582 349465 View 01582 349465
Photo of CBT, EMDR, Psychological Coach & Mental Health, Psychotherapist in Harpenden, England
CBT, EMDR, Psychological Coach & Mental Health
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Luton LU2
Hey, I am Brenda, a Cognitive Behavioral Therapist, EMDR Therapist and a Registered Psychiatric Nurse and an award winner of the "Prestigious Mary Seacole Award". I offer 1:1 CBT therapy to help you to rediscover your self, to become "un-stuck", move forward and rebuild your life from past painful experiences. I use my professional expertise through a variety of evidence based techniques from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Coaching theories, plus my lived experiences of trauma, confidence and assertiveness challenges to help you rediscover your true self and reclaim your life. I also support with goal setting, as essential tool.
Hey, I am Brenda, a Cognitive Behavioral Therapist, EMDR Therapist and a Registered Psychiatric Nurse and an award winner of the "Prestigious Mary Seacole Award". I offer 1:1 CBT therapy to help you to rediscover your self, to become "un-stuck", move forward and rebuild your life from past painful experiences. I use my professional expertise through a variety of evidence based techniques from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Coaching theories, plus my lived experiences of trauma, confidence and assertiveness challenges to help you rediscover your true self and reclaim your life. I also support with goal setting, as essential tool.
020 8106 5762 View 020 8106 5762
Photo of Sithembisile Thembie Mapingire, Psychotherapist in Harpenden, England
Sithembisile Thembie Mapingire
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Eaton Bray LU6
Life is a journey that can be challenging and overwhelming. Sometimes presenting you with unexpected difficult experiences that require you to talk to someone outside of yourself, friends, and family. Acknowledging you need help and getting the right counselor is half the battle won. I will support you to express and explore your thoughts and feelings in a safe, non-judgmental, and confidential environment. Depression, anxiety, uncertainty, fear, trauma, bereavement, and abuse can leave you feeling helpless and alone. That is when you need to talk to a counselor and feel understood.
Life is a journey that can be challenging and overwhelming. Sometimes presenting you with unexpected difficult experiences that require you to talk to someone outside of yourself, friends, and family. Acknowledging you need help and getting the right counselor is half the battle won. I will support you to express and explore your thoughts and feelings in a safe, non-judgmental, and confidential environment. Depression, anxiety, uncertainty, fear, trauma, bereavement, and abuse can leave you feeling helpless and alone. That is when you need to talk to a counselor and feel understood.
01525 308513 View 01525 308513
Photo of Turning Leaf Counselling UK, Counsellor in Harpenden, England
Turning Leaf Counselling UK
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Dunstable LU6
Do you regularly find yourself overwhelmed by the stresses and struggles in your life? Do you ask yourself, will I ever be 'better' or 'normal' (what is normal, I hear you say) how do you experience 'yourself' are you happy with who you are, or would you like to change? Are there people in your life whose behaviour towards you is overwhelming or disruptive, do you find it hard to say 'no' to these individuals? Are you anxious or worried about the future, or even the present and how you are coping with life? If this is you, I believe I can help, and work with you to turn things around and give you the tools to change.
Do you regularly find yourself overwhelmed by the stresses and struggles in your life? Do you ask yourself, will I ever be 'better' or 'normal' (what is normal, I hear you say) how do you experience 'yourself' are you happy with who you are, or would you like to change? Are there people in your life whose behaviour towards you is overwhelming or disruptive, do you find it hard to say 'no' to these individuals? Are you anxious or worried about the future, or even the present and how you are coping with life? If this is you, I believe I can help, and work with you to turn things around and give you the tools to change.
020 3835 2813 View 020 3835 2813
Photo of Apratim Barua, Psychotherapist in Harpenden, England
Apratim Barua
Psychotherapist, MA, BPC
Verified Verified
Radlett WD7
Sometimes in life you arrive at a point where you know that you need some help. The problems that you are facing are too much for you to overcome on your own. In particular, if you are a young adult, you are confronted with a unique set of challenges that needs someone who understands those challenges and has experience in helping you navigate your way through them. Whether it is bullying, or a feeling that you don't fit in, or whether it is depression and anxiety, stress or relationship problems or problems to do with gender and sexuality, I can offer you a safe place to explore these issues.
Sometimes in life you arrive at a point where you know that you need some help. The problems that you are facing are too much for you to overcome on your own. In particular, if you are a young adult, you are confronted with a unique set of challenges that needs someone who understands those challenges and has experience in helping you navigate your way through them. Whether it is bullying, or a feeling that you don't fit in, or whether it is depression and anxiety, stress or relationship problems or problems to do with gender and sexuality, I can offer you a safe place to explore these issues.
020 3828 7146 View 020 3828 7146

See more therapy options for Harpenden

Black British Counsellors

As a Black British, why might I wish to see a therapist who is Black British?

Black British clients may seek out Black British therapists for several reasons, foremost being a sense of cultural understanding and the possibility of shared experiences. Cultural sensitivity and context on the part of the therapist may make it easier to form a therapeutic alliance and to focus on the work of therapy without the need to explain or educate a therapist on cultural matters. It may also be empowering to work with a therapist who shares one’s racial or ethnic background. It is important to note that a therapist who demonstrates cultural sensitivity can be highly effective even if they do not share a client’s background or race.

Can clients benefit from working with a therapist who shares their race or ethnicity?

Yes, having a therapist who shares a client’s race or ethnicity is often valuable, especially if it fosters a strong therapeutic alliance between the two. While training, qualifications, and experience are always important, a strong alliance between client and therapist is a major contributor to therapeutic effectiveness. An alliance is likely to be strengthened with a therapist who has an understanding of a client’s background and perhaps also shared life experiences. It should be noted that many clients form a strong bond with their therapist regardless of their race or ethnicity. This is a personal decision, and it depends on the therapist, the client, and the connection between the two.

How might I inquire about a therapist’s experience working with Black British clients?

Clients can ask therapists directly about their experience working with clients of diverse backgrounds, including with Black British individuals. You may wish to inquire whether a therapist has undertaken training in cultural competence broadly, and how specifically they would ensure that their approach is sensitive to the needs of Black British clients. Therapy involves honesty and trust, so it’s best for clients to share concerns about their therapist’s cultural competence at the outset. And a good clinician who is nonetheless not the right fit for you is often happy to make referrals based on the concerns you articulate.

Why is it important for a therapist to be culturally sensitive?

It’s important for a therapist to be culturally sensitive because everyone comes to therapy with a unique background and set of experiences. Being aware of culture and cultural differences between people is important for understanding clients, as is coming to therapy with an open mind, recognising that the therapist doesn’t necessarily understand everything and that the client can help guide the way.

Who is included in Psychology Today's directory of Black therapists?

The directory of Black therapists includes therapists who have self-identified their ethnicity in their profiles. Psychology Today uses this information to assist clients in finding a therapist who can provide a cultural match. However, not all therapists choose to disclose their ethnicity in their profile, and they may not appear in search results for this reason. In situations where the number of therapists who have identified as Black is limited, the directory will also show therapists who have undergone specific multicultural training or have extensive experience working with clients from relevant cultural backgrounds.