Counselling in Bristol

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Photo of Nazeia Rani, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Nazeia Rani
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS16
I am a psychotherapist working with adults, children and young people in Bristol. I offer a confidential space to talk about the difficulties you might be experiencing and to explore the positive changes you can make. If you want to enhance your quality of life and important relationships, I'll be happy to meet with you and discuss how counselling or psychotherapy can help you achieve those goals.
I am a psychotherapist working with adults, children and young people in Bristol. I offer a confidential space to talk about the difficulties you might be experiencing and to explore the positive changes you can make. If you want to enhance your quality of life and important relationships, I'll be happy to meet with you and discuss how counselling or psychotherapy can help you achieve those goals.
0117 325 4341 View 0117 325 4341
Photo of Mindscape Therapies Ltd in Bristol, England
Mindscape Therapies Ltd
MA
Verified Verified
Bristol BS6
Hello, I'm Kate, a skilled, inclusive, LGBTQ+ friendly, creative, warm, empathic and well qualified HCPC registered therapist. I was an NHS practitioner for 22 years (til 2022) in CAMHS and adult mental health services, and have also practised privately for 17 years! I offer clinical hypnotherapy and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) to children, adolescents and adults. I specialise in working with people with complex trauma (C-PTSD), and with other mental health needs, such as anxiety, phobias and depression. I also support people to develop a healthy relationship with their body and with food.
Hello, I'm Kate, a skilled, inclusive, LGBTQ+ friendly, creative, warm, empathic and well qualified HCPC registered therapist. I was an NHS practitioner for 22 years (til 2022) in CAMHS and adult mental health services, and have also practised privately for 17 years! I offer clinical hypnotherapy and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) to children, adolescents and adults. I specialise in working with people with complex trauma (C-PTSD), and with other mental health needs, such as anxiety, phobias and depression. I also support people to develop a healthy relationship with their body and with food.
0117 463 7184 View 0117 463 7184
Photo of Kat Wojciechowska, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Kat Wojciechowska
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS3
My name is Kat. I am an integrative counsellor/ Counselling Psychologist in my final year of study. The primacy of relatedness and quality of relationship remains at the centre of my therapeutic practice. The therapy result is our joint effort, and you are an expert in your life. I offer non-judgmental, emphatic help. A safe, confidential space where you can explore existing difficulties and their meaning in the context of your life.
My name is Kat. I am an integrative counsellor/ Counselling Psychologist in my final year of study. The primacy of relatedness and quality of relationship remains at the centre of my therapeutic practice. The therapy result is our joint effort, and you are an expert in your life. I offer non-judgmental, emphatic help. A safe, confidential space where you can explore existing difficulties and their meaning in the context of your life.
01275 402918 x0044 View 01275 402918 x0044
Photo of Samantha Coleman, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Samantha Coleman
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS9  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
If you're neurodivergent, facing enduring mental health or relationship challenges, and feel overlooked by conventional approaches, I'm here to take a different path with you. I want to hear about the world from your perspective—your challenges, your aspirations, your day-to-day. This isn't about fitting you into a box or fixing what's 'wrong'. I'm keen to hear your story – the real you, with all the quirks and colours that make you, well, you. If you're ready for a fresh ear and a new chapter, I'm here to flip the script with you.
If you're neurodivergent, facing enduring mental health or relationship challenges, and feel overlooked by conventional approaches, I'm here to take a different path with you. I want to hear about the world from your perspective—your challenges, your aspirations, your day-to-day. This isn't about fitting you into a box or fixing what's 'wrong'. I'm keen to hear your story – the real you, with all the quirks and colours that make you, well, you. If you're ready for a fresh ear and a new chapter, I'm here to flip the script with you.
0117 463 5786 View 0117 463 5786
Photo of Robert McCracken, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Robert McCracken
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bristol BS8
I have worked in the voluntary sector for several years supporting clients who are struggling with their emotions. I love what I do, and I am always delighted to see people find better mental health. My way of working is to listen very carefully to what you bring, and to understand where your distress lies, we will then explore how you can address your concerns, working together to provide an improved level of well-being for you.
I have worked in the voluntary sector for several years supporting clients who are struggling with their emotions. I love what I do, and I am always delighted to see people find better mental health. My way of working is to listen very carefully to what you bring, and to understand where your distress lies, we will then explore how you can address your concerns, working together to provide an improved level of well-being for you.
01934 235285 View 01934 235285
Photo of Jamie N Bird, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Jamie N Bird
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Bristol BS13
I have worked for many years helping my clients to accept themselves for who they are and how they survive in the hidden world that goes on inside their heads, the world where fear holds them back and keeps them stuck. The world we are all familiar with, the place we go when we put our heads on our pillows at night and we know! I believe that through honest exploration, reflection and acceptance of our past, we can start to accept ourselves and begin to build our self-esteem, self respect, our confidence and compassion for ourselves. We can embrace the parts of us that work and let go of the parts that don't, we can change.
I have worked for many years helping my clients to accept themselves for who they are and how they survive in the hidden world that goes on inside their heads, the world where fear holds them back and keeps them stuck. The world we are all familiar with, the place we go when we put our heads on our pillows at night and we know! I believe that through honest exploration, reflection and acceptance of our past, we can start to accept ourselves and begin to build our self-esteem, self respect, our confidence and compassion for ourselves. We can embrace the parts of us that work and let go of the parts that don't, we can change.
0117 463 1826 View 0117 463 1826
Photo of David Banos Smith, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
David Banos Smith
Psychotherapist, PhD, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS9
I work with people who are you feeling anxious or depressed or uncertain how to live in a way that feels satisfying. With people who have suffered bereavement, the end of a relationship or who are struggling with relationships that aren't working and leave them feeling unhappy. With people who are unhappy at work and feel stuck in a job that isn't what they'd hoped it would be, a job that's too challenging or not challenging enough. With people who are struggling with ways of being sexual, who find it hard to have the kind of sexual relationships they want, to know how to begin, negotiate or end intimate sexual relationships.
I work with people who are you feeling anxious or depressed or uncertain how to live in a way that feels satisfying. With people who have suffered bereavement, the end of a relationship or who are struggling with relationships that aren't working and leave them feeling unhappy. With people who are unhappy at work and feel stuck in a job that isn't what they'd hoped it would be, a job that's too challenging or not challenging enough. With people who are struggling with ways of being sexual, who find it hard to have the kind of sexual relationships they want, to know how to begin, negotiate or end intimate sexual relationships.
020 3974 2905 View 020 3974 2905
Photo of Charlene Wolf, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Charlene Wolf
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bristol BS15
Waitlist for new clients
I am a qualified integrative Counsellor offering in person sessions only. I offer a warm, compassionate approach in a non judgemental space. I have experience working with bereavement, anxiety, anger, depression, chronic pain, life transitions and communication within relationships.
I am a qualified integrative Counsellor offering in person sessions only. I offer a warm, compassionate approach in a non judgemental space. I have experience working with bereavement, anxiety, anger, depression, chronic pain, life transitions and communication within relationships.
0117 463 3721 View 0117 463 3721
Photo of Anna Dabek, Psychologist in Bristol, England
Anna Dabek
Psychologist, MBBS, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
Bristol BS9
Jestem psychologiem i praktykiem SE (Somatic Experiencing Practicioner ). Somatic Experiencing ® (SE) działa na układ nerwowy, który łączy mózg i ciało. Świadomość doznań w ciele daje dostęp do układu nerwowego i naturalnych zdolności uzdrawiania organizmu w celu rozwiązania traumy, szoku i zaburzeń związanych ze stresem.Trauma przybiera wiele form; oczywiste, jawne, takie jak przemoc fizyczna lub seksualna, wypadki samochodowe, wojny, katastrofy itp., a także mniej oczywiste lub ukryte formy, takie jak emocjonalne znęcanie się lub zaniedbanie, zastraszanie.
Jestem psychologiem i praktykiem SE (Somatic Experiencing Practicioner ). Somatic Experiencing ® (SE) działa na układ nerwowy, który łączy mózg i ciało. Świadomość doznań w ciele daje dostęp do układu nerwowego i naturalnych zdolności uzdrawiania organizmu w celu rozwiązania traumy, szoku i zaburzeń związanych ze stresem.Trauma przybiera wiele form; oczywiste, jawne, takie jak przemoc fizyczna lub seksualna, wypadki samochodowe, wojny, katastrofy itp., a także mniej oczywiste lub ukryte formy, takie jak emocjonalne znęcanie się lub zaniedbanie, zastraszanie.
0117 463 6980 View 0117 463 6980
Photo of Elizabeth Sorapure, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Elizabeth Sorapure
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Bristol BS6
We are living in challengesing times and its impact on our mental health is no surprise. You may never have experienced anxiety or depression before, and so now that can feel daunting, or its familar for you. My experience has enabled me to understand the ways we can look after mental wellbeing. I am supportive, encouraging, patient and calm. I take an active part in the counselling work and I want to understand the cause of your struggle. Sometimes it can help to talk about your past experiences and relationships, gathering insight into how they may impact the present time.
We are living in challengesing times and its impact on our mental health is no surprise. You may never have experienced anxiety or depression before, and so now that can feel daunting, or its familar for you. My experience has enabled me to understand the ways we can look after mental wellbeing. I am supportive, encouraging, patient and calm. I take an active part in the counselling work and I want to understand the cause of your struggle. Sometimes it can help to talk about your past experiences and relationships, gathering insight into how they may impact the present time.
0117 456 2841 View 0117 456 2841
Photo of Kelly Murray, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Kelly Murray
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS3
I am a qualified and BACP registered counsellor working in a person-centred and integrative approach with adults and young people. Reaching out for help can feel daunting but counselling can provide you with a safe space to explore any difficulties you may experiencing, giving you the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of yourself, your emotions and behaviours. As well as private practice, I work in the charity sector with survivors of sexual violence and have experience of working with adolescents within a school setting.
I am a qualified and BACP registered counsellor working in a person-centred and integrative approach with adults and young people. Reaching out for help can feel daunting but counselling can provide you with a safe space to explore any difficulties you may experiencing, giving you the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of yourself, your emotions and behaviours. As well as private practice, I work in the charity sector with survivors of sexual violence and have experience of working with adolescents within a school setting.
01275 402932 View 01275 402932
Photo of Patrick Fountain, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Patrick Fountain
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS1
Welcome to Repertoire Counselling. At a certain point life feels overwhelming, we struggle to carry and understand the weight of our feelings, leading us to feel lost, stuck, alone, anxious, angry and fighting through life all by ourselves. My journey to becoming a therapist emerged out of painful experiences, which I am grateful because I love helping my clients to navigate their way through all that life has to throw at them. Talking to someone outside of your situation, who is not a family member or a friend can help in gaining relief, self-understanding, self-acceptance and help to build resilience and envision a way forward.
Welcome to Repertoire Counselling. At a certain point life feels overwhelming, we struggle to carry and understand the weight of our feelings, leading us to feel lost, stuck, alone, anxious, angry and fighting through life all by ourselves. My journey to becoming a therapist emerged out of painful experiences, which I am grateful because I love helping my clients to navigate their way through all that life has to throw at them. Talking to someone outside of your situation, who is not a family member or a friend can help in gaining relief, self-understanding, self-acceptance and help to build resilience and envision a way forward.
0117 463 0074 View 0117 463 0074
Photo of Jaime Reininho, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Jaime Reininho
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Bristol BS8
Are you suffering with anxiety, panic, depression, stress? Having relationship problems? Struggling with low confidence or self-esteem? Are you angry, irritable, short-tempered, or generally unhappy? Is your mind full of negativity that just doesn't go away? Confused, lost, overwhelmed, unable to concentrate or make decisions? Perhaps you could benefit from professional help. Asking for help is sometimes hard to do - perhaps you see this as a sign of weakness or failure. Sometimes we can't solve everything on our own. It's OK to ask for help. Admitting you have a problem is a sign of strength.
Are you suffering with anxiety, panic, depression, stress? Having relationship problems? Struggling with low confidence or self-esteem? Are you angry, irritable, short-tempered, or generally unhappy? Is your mind full of negativity that just doesn't go away? Confused, lost, overwhelmed, unable to concentrate or make decisions? Perhaps you could benefit from professional help. Asking for help is sometimes hard to do - perhaps you see this as a sign of weakness or failure. Sometimes we can't solve everything on our own. It's OK to ask for help. Admitting you have a problem is a sign of strength.
0117 463 7121 View 0117 463 7121
Photo of Carly Read, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Carly Read
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS6
Not accepting new clients
I'm an integrative counsellor, which means that I don't believe there is a one size fits all approach when it comes to therapy. My main specialisms and passions though are working with children & young people, the LGBTQ+ community, women and survivors of abuse. I have years of experience working with women, children and young people, having worked for respected charities like Women's Aid, The NSPCC, Kinergy and Off The Record. I’m also an artist, and a big believer in the healing and communicative power of play & creativity. I am happy to work with you in this way if you want to-though there’s no pressure to.
I'm an integrative counsellor, which means that I don't believe there is a one size fits all approach when it comes to therapy. My main specialisms and passions though are working with children & young people, the LGBTQ+ community, women and survivors of abuse. I have years of experience working with women, children and young people, having worked for respected charities like Women's Aid, The NSPCC, Kinergy and Off The Record. I’m also an artist, and a big believer in the healing and communicative power of play & creativity. I am happy to work with you in this way if you want to-though there’s no pressure to.
0117 456 3051 View 0117 456 3051
Photo of Ben Findlay, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Ben Findlay
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bristol BS2
Life can be hard, however, there are some times when difficulties and feelings become overwhelming and everything seems like a struggle. Having a capable ally alongside you who is impartial, warm and honest can be what’s needed to recognise and shift out of unhelpful patterns of thinking and behaviour. Living in this world can't always be safe but I believe we are meant to feel safe in our bodies and our sense of who we are. Rather than 'fixing' problems, focusing on being 'better' or even happier, we can develop our sense of security, wholeness and worth, increasing our ability to navigate life's challenges.
Life can be hard, however, there are some times when difficulties and feelings become overwhelming and everything seems like a struggle. Having a capable ally alongside you who is impartial, warm and honest can be what’s needed to recognise and shift out of unhelpful patterns of thinking and behaviour. Living in this world can't always be safe but I believe we are meant to feel safe in our bodies and our sense of who we are. Rather than 'fixing' problems, focusing on being 'better' or even happier, we can develop our sense of security, wholeness and worth, increasing our ability to navigate life's challenges.
0117 463 4615 View 0117 463 4615
Photo of Charlotte Roberts, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Charlotte Roberts
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS9  (Online Only)
Do you recognise these experiences? Feeling like your brain is always busy and struggling to get rid of repeated or distressing thoughts. Lacking motivation and energy. Feeling nervous, anxious or on edge. struggling with sleep. worried you are going crazy or losing your mind. Not enjoying things you used to enjoy. feeling like you cant control your worrying. Feeling sad, numb or helpless. Feeling like you will never feel better again. These are only some examples of what people may experience when struggling with their mental health.
Do you recognise these experiences? Feeling like your brain is always busy and struggling to get rid of repeated or distressing thoughts. Lacking motivation and energy. Feeling nervous, anxious or on edge. struggling with sleep. worried you are going crazy or losing your mind. Not enjoying things you used to enjoy. feeling like you cant control your worrying. Feeling sad, numb or helpless. Feeling like you will never feel better again. These are only some examples of what people may experience when struggling with their mental health.
0117 463 1718 View 0117 463 1718
Photo of Dr Lydia French, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Dr Lydia French
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS41
I am a Chartered Psychologist and Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society with over 20 years of experience in adult mental health. I undertook my psychotherapy training in Psychodynamic Practice at Oxford University and have formal training in CBT. My work has been published in the UK's leading mental health journals, and I bring this knowledge to my private practice. I don't do sales calls to convince you that you need me - you don't! I fully believe that you have all the power within you - I'm just coming along to help you find, believe and listen to your own inner wisdom and knowing.
I am a Chartered Psychologist and Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society with over 20 years of experience in adult mental health. I undertook my psychotherapy training in Psychodynamic Practice at Oxford University and have formal training in CBT. My work has been published in the UK's leading mental health journals, and I bring this knowledge to my private practice. I don't do sales calls to convince you that you need me - you don't! I fully believe that you have all the power within you - I'm just coming along to help you find, believe and listen to your own inner wisdom and knowing.
0117 325 3397 View 0117 325 3397
Photo of Regina Dawn Britto, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Regina Dawn Britto
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS11
I work with drug and alcohol issues, depression and anxiety. Using CBT skills and Person-Centred Therapy. Currently working from home via Zoom or Telephone, whichever method you prefer. Currently I have space on Fridays only.
I work with drug and alcohol issues, depression and anxiety. Using CBT skills and Person-Centred Therapy. Currently working from home via Zoom or Telephone, whichever method you prefer. Currently I have space on Fridays only.
01275 402806 View 01275 402806
Photo of Nichola Gascoigne, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Nichola Gascoigne
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS6
Do you struggle with feelings and thoughts that are limiting your enjoyment of life and affecting your ability to connect with those around you? Are you feeling stuck in old patterns and looking for a change? I am an experienced, warm and down to earth counsellor and have worked with many different people bringing a wide range of issues. Whatever you may bring to counselling, I can offer you support in a non-judgmental and safe space in which to explore your patterns, enquire of yourself as to how you got to be where you are now, and help you to find your way.
Do you struggle with feelings and thoughts that are limiting your enjoyment of life and affecting your ability to connect with those around you? Are you feeling stuck in old patterns and looking for a change? I am an experienced, warm and down to earth counsellor and have worked with many different people bringing a wide range of issues. Whatever you may bring to counselling, I can offer you support in a non-judgmental and safe space in which to explore your patterns, enquire of yourself as to how you got to be where you are now, and help you to find your way.
0117 456 2768 View 0117 456 2768
Photo of Tim Barker, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Tim Barker
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS2
You might come to therapy because you are experiencing difficult or unbearable feelings, or perhaps you would like to understand yourself more deeply or find meaning in your life. There is no right or wrong reason to try therapy.
You might come to therapy because you are experiencing difficult or unbearable feelings, or perhaps you would like to understand yourself more deeply or find meaning in your life. There is no right or wrong reason to try therapy.
0117 463 7178 View 0117 463 7178

See more therapy options for Bristol

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Bristol

600+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Bristol who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
85% Self Esteem
79% Relationship Issues
78% Stress
68% Trauma and PTSD
63% Bereavement

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

61% AXA PPP
60% Aviva
45% Bupa

How Counsellors in Bristol see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
25% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Bristol?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.