Counselling in Bristol

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Photo of Zoe Carter-Beedie - Natural Footsteps Counselling, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Zoe Carter-Beedie - Natural Footsteps Counselling
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Bristol BS16
My core aim as a counsellor is to provide a warm and consistent space for you to feel heard and understood. We have many parts within us that need a listening ear, and open heart. When we find acceptance and compassion for ourselves, things can start to change in our lives. I offer kindness, non-judgement, and curiosity so that you can begin to feel resilient and self-loving. Each of us is born with inherent wisdom and we are our own best expert. But you may have lost trust along the way. I strive to offer you a nurturing, therapeutic relationship that encourages a sense of safety to trust.
My core aim as a counsellor is to provide a warm and consistent space for you to feel heard and understood. We have many parts within us that need a listening ear, and open heart. When we find acceptance and compassion for ourselves, things can start to change in our lives. I offer kindness, non-judgement, and curiosity so that you can begin to feel resilient and self-loving. Each of us is born with inherent wisdom and we are our own best expert. But you may have lost trust along the way. I strive to offer you a nurturing, therapeutic relationship that encourages a sense of safety to trust.
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Photo of Dr Claudia Schmidt, Psychologist in Bristol, England
Dr Claudia Schmidt
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
Bristol BS9
Sometimes difficulties can have a major impact on our well-being, relationships or work. Maybe friends and family can offer some support but we may also choose to see a qualified and experienced practitioner, who can provide a safe space in which to work with whatever is going on for us. I have a wide range of experience, including working in the NHS, at university as Associate Lecturer (14 years) and in a GP practice as a Lead Therapist and Supervisor, delivering Relational Integrative Therapy. I draw on Psychodynamic and Person-Centred approaches, relational CBT and CFT (Compassion-Focussed Therapy).
Sometimes difficulties can have a major impact on our well-being, relationships or work. Maybe friends and family can offer some support but we may also choose to see a qualified and experienced practitioner, who can provide a safe space in which to work with whatever is going on for us. I have a wide range of experience, including working in the NHS, at university as Associate Lecturer (14 years) and in a GP practice as a Lead Therapist and Supervisor, delivering Relational Integrative Therapy. I draw on Psychodynamic and Person-Centred approaches, relational CBT and CFT (Compassion-Focussed Therapy).
0117 463 3058 View 0117 463 3058
Photo of Renata Konigsman, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Renata Konigsman
Psychotherapist, MA, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS1
Waitlist for new clients
Hello & welcome to my psychotherapy practice. I mainly work with clients experiencing depression, anxiety issues and trauma/ PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). I have been working in private practice since 2009 but also have experience of working as a psychotherapist for the NHS for 10 years. I’m here to help you work through things. If you are struggling with stress, anxiety, worry, depression, past trauma and want to have a better quality of life, there are ways to achieve that. My aim is to help you with the symptoms you are experiencing, so you can function better, and feel calmer and happier.
Hello & welcome to my psychotherapy practice. I mainly work with clients experiencing depression, anxiety issues and trauma/ PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). I have been working in private practice since 2009 but also have experience of working as a psychotherapist for the NHS for 10 years. I’m here to help you work through things. If you are struggling with stress, anxiety, worry, depression, past trauma and want to have a better quality of life, there are ways to achieve that. My aim is to help you with the symptoms you are experiencing, so you can function better, and feel calmer and happier.
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Photo of Colin Brown, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Colin Brown
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Bristol BS34
It’s when you sense, or realise, that things can’t remain the same and yet you feel frozen, unable to act, and you don’t know what to do. A personal crisis might leave you feeling powerless and anxious. Then you find that the ways in which you generally deal with problems aren’t working: the people you’d usually turn to for support aren’t enough, they might be too involved with the issues you’re facing. You might also feel unwell. It’s not uncommon to feel anxious, depressed or emotionally fragile. This is when counselling can help. I offer Face to Face, Walk and Talk, Online and Telephone Counselling.
It’s when you sense, or realise, that things can’t remain the same and yet you feel frozen, unable to act, and you don’t know what to do. A personal crisis might leave you feeling powerless and anxious. Then you find that the ways in which you generally deal with problems aren’t working: the people you’d usually turn to for support aren’t enough, they might be too involved with the issues you’re facing. You might also feel unwell. It’s not uncommon to feel anxious, depressed or emotionally fragile. This is when counselling can help. I offer Face to Face, Walk and Talk, Online and Telephone Counselling.
0117 463 0029 View 0117 463 0029
Photo of Hywel Harrington, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Hywel Harrington
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS2
Are you a queer person that needs some support? Do you want to collaborate with a therapist, rather than feeling that they're the expert? Are you looking for someone who understands the complexity of being a queer person in today's socio-political climate?
Are you a queer person that needs some support? Do you want to collaborate with a therapist, rather than feeling that they're the expert? Are you looking for someone who understands the complexity of being a queer person in today's socio-political climate?
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Photo of Dr Lucy Coonan, Psychologist in Bristol, England
Dr Lucy Coonan
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
Bristol BS7
Not accepting new clients
Do you worry that you're a failure or not good enough? Do you feel low or anxious? We all experience thoughts and feelings like these at some point, but perhaps you've noticed a greater impact on your relationships and work and this stops you from living the life you want. I understand that it can be overwhelming to speak to a professional about how you’re feeling. I'm a chartered psychologist providing therapy for a range of difficulties including anxiety, low mood, stress, burnout, loss/life transitions and 'imposter syndrome'. My approach is warm, non-judgemental and compassionate.
Do you worry that you're a failure or not good enough? Do you feel low or anxious? We all experience thoughts and feelings like these at some point, but perhaps you've noticed a greater impact on your relationships and work and this stops you from living the life you want. I understand that it can be overwhelming to speak to a professional about how you’re feeling. I'm a chartered psychologist providing therapy for a range of difficulties including anxiety, low mood, stress, burnout, loss/life transitions and 'imposter syndrome'. My approach is warm, non-judgemental and compassionate.
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Photo of RC Counselling, Counsellor in Bristol, England
RC Counselling
Counsellor, MA, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Bristol BS4  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Rachel. I am a qualified and insured counsellor and supervisor, working in private practice. I offer individual sessions for both short or long term therapy via telephone or Zoom.
Hello, my name is Rachel. I am a qualified and insured counsellor and supervisor, working in private practice. I offer individual sessions for both short or long term therapy via telephone or Zoom.
0117 325 4097 View 0117 325 4097
Photo of Chris Smith, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Chris Smith
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bristol BS8
I have experience working with a diverse range of clients struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, codependency, low self-esteem. grief, loss, work-related stress, anger issues, trauma and addiction.
I have experience working with a diverse range of clients struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, codependency, low self-esteem. grief, loss, work-related stress, anger issues, trauma and addiction.
0117 325 6050 View 0117 325 6050
Photo of Sarah Jane Leonard, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Sarah Jane Leonard
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Bristol BS3
Accredited member of the BACP: Face to face or video call. Over 16 years of experience. Relaxed and personable therapy where I Welcome you to my home or online where I offer a confidential, safe, professional, positive, supportive environment each session. I have been working in Counselling/psychotherapy for it’s my life’s passion. Let’s go back to your childhood and develop new skills to help you manage. I am down to earth and off a ray of understanding and guidance through difficult times. LGBTQ friendly.
Accredited member of the BACP: Face to face or video call. Over 16 years of experience. Relaxed and personable therapy where I Welcome you to my home or online where I offer a confidential, safe, professional, positive, supportive environment each session. I have been working in Counselling/psychotherapy for it’s my life’s passion. Let’s go back to your childhood and develop new skills to help you manage. I am down to earth and off a ray of understanding and guidance through difficult times. LGBTQ friendly.
0117 325 5728 View 0117 325 5728
Photo of Dr Jonathan Kenyon, Psychologist in Bristol, England
Dr Jonathan Kenyon
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Forensic Psych.
Verified Verified
Bristol BS16
You may have feelings of dissatisfaction and a sense that you are not getting all that you want from life. You may be finding that every day is a struggle with strong, even overwhelming, feelings of depression, anxiety, stress or anger. I believe we all strive to feel happier and more fulfilled than we currently are. We want to feel a connection with other people and to have a sense that we are leading meaningful, enjoyable lives - even when we feel at a loss as to how to achieve this. I help people overcome their difficulties to become happier, more psychologically healthy and experience an improved quality of life.
You may have feelings of dissatisfaction and a sense that you are not getting all that you want from life. You may be finding that every day is a struggle with strong, even overwhelming, feelings of depression, anxiety, stress or anger. I believe we all strive to feel happier and more fulfilled than we currently are. We want to feel a connection with other people and to have a sense that we are leading meaningful, enjoyable lives - even when we feel at a loss as to how to achieve this. I help people overcome their difficulties to become happier, more psychologically healthy and experience an improved quality of life.
0117 463 0480 View 0117 463 0480
Photo of Peter M. Lowis, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Peter M. Lowis
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS7
I am a fully qualified and registered psychotherapist, with more than 25 years' experience of working with adult clients in both private practice and NHS settings. I also have extensive experience as a couples therapist, group facilitator, trainer and educator in psychotherapy, and as a supervisor of other practitioners. My therapeutic approach integrates elements of contemporary psychoanalytic psychotherapy with a Humanistic emphasis on a direct and real relationship. To find out more about me, visit my website: bristolpsychotherapist.com
I am a fully qualified and registered psychotherapist, with more than 25 years' experience of working with adult clients in both private practice and NHS settings. I also have extensive experience as a couples therapist, group facilitator, trainer and educator in psychotherapy, and as a supervisor of other practitioners. My therapeutic approach integrates elements of contemporary psychoanalytic psychotherapy with a Humanistic emphasis on a direct and real relationship. To find out more about me, visit my website: bristolpsychotherapist.com
0117 325 2806 View 0117 325 2806
Photo of Antonia Macaro, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Antonia Macaro
Counsellor, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS1  (Online Only)
My aim is to help you to live a rich and meaningful life. Through an in-depth, reflective, supportive dialogue, I help you to clarify what you value, disentangling what really matters from old or habitual beliefs; identify and address the patterns that hold you back from living in a way that fully expresses your values; and look at ways in which you can start moving towards that valued life. Do get in touch if you are going through a transition, feel you’re not quite being the person you’d like to be, are struggling with a decision, or simply feel you'd like to understand yourself better and live life more fully.
My aim is to help you to live a rich and meaningful life. Through an in-depth, reflective, supportive dialogue, I help you to clarify what you value, disentangling what really matters from old or habitual beliefs; identify and address the patterns that hold you back from living in a way that fully expresses your values; and look at ways in which you can start moving towards that valued life. Do get in touch if you are going through a transition, feel you’re not quite being the person you’d like to be, are struggling with a decision, or simply feel you'd like to understand yourself better and live life more fully.
0117 325 7097 View 0117 325 7097
Photo of Anxiety, Toxic Relationship, Binge Eating, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Anxiety, Toxic Relationship, Binge Eating
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Bristol BS4
My mission is to help you feel less stressed and more content. Confidential Counselling or Psychotherapy with me is about getting to the heart of things in a way that is hard to do with a relative or friend. Therapy with me is about getting to the heart of things in a way that is hard to do with a relative or friend. We will look at what causes your anxiety, difficult feelings, obsessive behaviours, or relational conflict. I will teach you easy and helpful methods to manage these, so you can have more control over your life.
My mission is to help you feel less stressed and more content. Confidential Counselling or Psychotherapy with me is about getting to the heart of things in a way that is hard to do with a relative or friend. Therapy with me is about getting to the heart of things in a way that is hard to do with a relative or friend. We will look at what causes your anxiety, difficult feelings, obsessive behaviours, or relational conflict. I will teach you easy and helpful methods to manage these, so you can have more control over your life.
0117 456 2134 View 0117 456 2134
Photo of Katie Payne, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Katie Payne
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS2
I believe that choosing counselling can be a vital and radical act of self care. The counselling relationship is like no other. I am here for you to explore what is getting in the way of feeling fulfilled. Maybe you have had difficult experiences in the past which are impacting on your present and how you see your future. Perhaps you don't feel in control of your emotional responses and wonder why they happen. Together we can figure out what is going on for you and find new ways to understand your experiences. I'm not here to fix you but to help you access hope.
I believe that choosing counselling can be a vital and radical act of self care. The counselling relationship is like no other. I am here for you to explore what is getting in the way of feeling fulfilled. Maybe you have had difficult experiences in the past which are impacting on your present and how you see your future. Perhaps you don't feel in control of your emotional responses and wonder why they happen. Together we can figure out what is going on for you and find new ways to understand your experiences. I'm not here to fix you but to help you access hope.
0117 463 5156 View 0117 463 5156
Photo of Dragonfly Counselling Cornwall, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Dragonfly Counselling Cornwall
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS1
I am passionately committed to finding out what feels safe for each client, in order to offer a safe, therapeutic space, with empathy, warmth and unconditional positive regard. I work in a holistic way, bringing awareness to mind, body, emotions & soul (aka "true self", “authentic self”). I deeply believe that authentic, human relationships are a powerful tool towards positive change. I believe in the uniqueness of each human being and appreciate that "one size doesn't fit all". This is why my continuous commitment to training over the years has enriched my skills & knowledge and allows me to adjust my approach to client needs.
I am passionately committed to finding out what feels safe for each client, in order to offer a safe, therapeutic space, with empathy, warmth and unconditional positive regard. I work in a holistic way, bringing awareness to mind, body, emotions & soul (aka "true self", “authentic self”). I deeply believe that authentic, human relationships are a powerful tool towards positive change. I believe in the uniqueness of each human being and appreciate that "one size doesn't fit all". This is why my continuous commitment to training over the years has enriched my skills & knowledge and allows me to adjust my approach to client needs.
01726 219582 View 01726 219582
Photo of Andrew Meader, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Andrew Meader
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS3
We all experience difficulties at one time or another. It could be that our relationships aren’t all we'd like them to be. Or perhaps we feel anxious, depressed, lonely, or we’re grieving a loss. Perhaps we behave in ways that we'd rather not, or that we don't understand. Or maybe life has lost its meaning, we've lost our sense of direction, feel stuck, or just don't know who we are any more. Counselling offers a safe, confidential space in which to explore such issues in relationship with someone who is skilled, non-judgemental, and really there for you. A space in which to come to terms with things, and allow them to change.
We all experience difficulties at one time or another. It could be that our relationships aren’t all we'd like them to be. Or perhaps we feel anxious, depressed, lonely, or we’re grieving a loss. Perhaps we behave in ways that we'd rather not, or that we don't understand. Or maybe life has lost its meaning, we've lost our sense of direction, feel stuck, or just don't know who we are any more. Counselling offers a safe, confidential space in which to explore such issues in relationship with someone who is skilled, non-judgemental, and really there for you. A space in which to come to terms with things, and allow them to change.
01275 402957 View 01275 402957
Photo of Craig Davies, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Craig Davies
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bristol BS34
My name is Craig Davies and I am a fully qualified and experienced Psychotherapist available for short and longer-term treatment. I hold full UKCP registration. If you are experiencing emotional difficulties, problems in relationships or patterns in your life that you want to change, psychotherapy can be an effective way of addressing these issues from within. I offer a comfortable and confidential space in which to explore your feelings. I work in accordance with the code of ethics of UKCP.
My name is Craig Davies and I am a fully qualified and experienced Psychotherapist available for short and longer-term treatment. I hold full UKCP registration. If you are experiencing emotional difficulties, problems in relationships or patterns in your life that you want to change, psychotherapy can be an effective way of addressing these issues from within. I offer a comfortable and confidential space in which to explore your feelings. I work in accordance with the code of ethics of UKCP.
0117 456 2091 View 0117 456 2091
Photo of Ben Findlay, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Ben Findlay
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bristol BS2
Life can be hard, however, there are some times when difficulties and feelings become overwhelming and everything seems like a struggle. Having a capable ally alongside you who is impartial, warm and honest can be what’s needed to recognise and shift out of unhelpful patterns of thinking and behaviour. Living in this world can't always be safe but I believe we are meant to feel safe in our bodies and our sense of who we are. Rather than 'fixing' problems, focusing on being 'better' or even happier, we can develop our sense of security, wholeness and worth, increasing our ability to navigate life's challenges.
Life can be hard, however, there are some times when difficulties and feelings become overwhelming and everything seems like a struggle. Having a capable ally alongside you who is impartial, warm and honest can be what’s needed to recognise and shift out of unhelpful patterns of thinking and behaviour. Living in this world can't always be safe but I believe we are meant to feel safe in our bodies and our sense of who we are. Rather than 'fixing' problems, focusing on being 'better' or even happier, we can develop our sense of security, wholeness and worth, increasing our ability to navigate life's challenges.
0117 463 4615 View 0117 463 4615
Photo of Donna Person, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Donna Person
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS6
If life feels like its falling apart and you feel lost, I can help you find your way back home reconnecting you to your mind, body and soul. Turning toward our suffering is not easy and you have already taking a very brave step by seeking help. I offer you a warm, open and peaceful space to gently explore the places in your life that feel disconnected and investigate the impact of this on your emotional, mental and physical health and wellbeing.
If life feels like its falling apart and you feel lost, I can help you find your way back home reconnecting you to your mind, body and soul. Turning toward our suffering is not easy and you have already taking a very brave step by seeking help. I offer you a warm, open and peaceful space to gently explore the places in your life that feel disconnected and investigate the impact of this on your emotional, mental and physical health and wellbeing.
0117 325 4995 View 0117 325 4995
Photo of Dr. Jess Walker, Psychologist in Bristol, England
Dr. Jess Walker
Psychologist, PsychD, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
Bristol BS8
I am a HCPC registered counselling psychologist with over 20 years experience in mental health. I trained in a number of different modalities, which means that I tailor therapy to suit your needs and wants. The most important aspect for me is the relationship between us, so that you feel safe to share your issues and work together. I offer respect, warmth and empathy to help you build a trusting relationship with me so that you can talk through whatever is on holding you back. You are the expert in your experience, so I will work with you to decide on a course of action to help you make positive changes, going at your own pace.
I am a HCPC registered counselling psychologist with over 20 years experience in mental health. I trained in a number of different modalities, which means that I tailor therapy to suit your needs and wants. The most important aspect for me is the relationship between us, so that you feel safe to share your issues and work together. I offer respect, warmth and empathy to help you build a trusting relationship with me so that you can talk through whatever is on holding you back. You are the expert in your experience, so I will work with you to decide on a course of action to help you make positive changes, going at your own pace.
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See more therapy options for Bristol

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Bristol

600+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Bristol who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
85% Self Esteem
79% Relationship Issues
78% Stress
68% Trauma and PTSD
63% Bereavement

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

61% AXA PPP
60% Aviva
45% Bupa

How Counsellors in Bristol see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
25% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Bristol?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.