Counselling in Bristol

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Photo of Charlotte Roberts, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Charlotte Roberts
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS9  (Online Only)
Do you recognise these experiences? Feeling like your brain is always busy and struggling to get rid of repeated or distressing thoughts. Lacking motivation and energy. Feeling nervous, anxious or on edge. struggling with sleep. worried you are going crazy or losing your mind. Not enjoying things you used to enjoy. feeling like you cant control your worrying. Feeling sad, numb or helpless. Feeling like you will never feel better again. These are only some examples of what people may experience when struggling with their mental health.
Do you recognise these experiences? Feeling like your brain is always busy and struggling to get rid of repeated or distressing thoughts. Lacking motivation and energy. Feeling nervous, anxious or on edge. struggling with sleep. worried you are going crazy or losing your mind. Not enjoying things you used to enjoy. feeling like you cant control your worrying. Feeling sad, numb or helpless. Feeling like you will never feel better again. These are only some examples of what people may experience when struggling with their mental health.
0117 463 1718 View 0117 463 1718
Photo of Sandra Wilson Hypnotherapy for Women in Bristol, England
Sandra Wilson Hypnotherapy for Women
MSc
Verified Verified
Bristol BS4
Hi, I'm Sandra, a Clinical Hypnotherapist who helps women with menopause symptoms, in particular anxiety/panic, rage, sexual problems, low body confidence, relationship issues and low self esteem. I have 39 five star google ratings too! Get in touch for a friendly chat.
Hi, I'm Sandra, a Clinical Hypnotherapist who helps women with menopause symptoms, in particular anxiety/panic, rage, sexual problems, low body confidence, relationship issues and low self esteem. I have 39 five star google ratings too! Get in touch for a friendly chat.
0117 325 5737 View 0117 325 5737
Photo of Emma Sophia Tooley, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Emma Sophia Tooley
Counsellor, MSc
Verified Verified
Bristol BS5
I have been working with adults and children for the past 10 years covering different areas of mental health and wellbeing including anxiety, phobias, OCD and depression. I have a strong background in delivering CBT for mild-moderate anxiety and depression but have also worked with individuals suffering with a wide range of different mental health difficulties. I also specalise in delivering parenting courses for childhood anxiety or behavioural problems.
I have been working with adults and children for the past 10 years covering different areas of mental health and wellbeing including anxiety, phobias, OCD and depression. I have a strong background in delivering CBT for mild-moderate anxiety and depression but have also worked with individuals suffering with a wide range of different mental health difficulties. I also specalise in delivering parenting courses for childhood anxiety or behavioural problems.
0117 463 7317 View 0117 463 7317
Photo of Luke Brownlee-Williams, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Luke Brownlee-Williams
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Bristol BS1
Counselling is a place to explore our thoughts, feelings and emotions. A chance to explore our life direction. An opportunity to pause and understand where we are and what is happening in our lives right now. It is a place to explore past and present events or traumas and a space to speak out loud thoughts that had previously been unspeakable.
Counselling is a place to explore our thoughts, feelings and emotions. A chance to explore our life direction. An opportunity to pause and understand where we are and what is happening in our lives right now. It is a place to explore past and present events or traumas and a space to speak out loud thoughts that had previously been unspeakable.
0117 325 5294 View 0117 325 5294
Photo of Sally Davies, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Sally Davies
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bristol BS8
Not accepting new clients
Do you feel stuck, anxious or depressed? Is life very challenging right now? I offer a warm, welcoming space to look at what is going on in your life. I am calm and compassionate and help clients to look at long-standing behaviour that may no longer be helpful, your upbringing or past traumatic events. Or you may wish to make changes around a current specific issue or relationship. Perhaps you simply wish to understand yourself better. I commit to working collaboratively with you at your pace, in a non-judgemental, supportive way. I appreciate the impact of isolation, depression, panic and feeling different to others.
Do you feel stuck, anxious or depressed? Is life very challenging right now? I offer a warm, welcoming space to look at what is going on in your life. I am calm and compassionate and help clients to look at long-standing behaviour that may no longer be helpful, your upbringing or past traumatic events. Or you may wish to make changes around a current specific issue or relationship. Perhaps you simply wish to understand yourself better. I commit to working collaboratively with you at your pace, in a non-judgemental, supportive way. I appreciate the impact of isolation, depression, panic and feeling different to others.
01275 403024 View 01275 403024
Photo of Dr Matt Sopp, Psychologist in Bristol, England
Dr Matt Sopp
Psychologist, PsychD, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Bristol BS8
Thank you for taking the time to visit my profile and find out more about my experience as a therapist. If you, or someone you care about, are struggling and finding things overwhelming, reaching out for help is an important first step. I understand that coming to therapy can feel like a daunting experience, however, I am dedicated to creating a safe space for you to talk through your difficulties and to help you identify your goals.
Thank you for taking the time to visit my profile and find out more about my experience as a therapist. If you, or someone you care about, are struggling and finding things overwhelming, reaching out for help is an important first step. I understand that coming to therapy can feel like a daunting experience, however, I am dedicated to creating a safe space for you to talk through your difficulties and to help you identify your goals.
01276 535291 View 01276 535291
Photo of Cassie de Pourtales, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Cassie de Pourtales
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Bristol BS6
Hello, I'm Cassie ! In practice for 13 years, I offer specialist trauma informed support to adults, adolescents and children. I offer adult & teen counselling, parent consultations and child play therapy. If you are a parent struggling to find effective solutions for your child's challenging/distressed behaviour, I'm here to help. If you are a young adult or teen struggling to manage your thoughts and emotions I can provide safe, warm and confidential support. If you are an adult battling with issues related to anxiety, grief, distress or major life changes I am here to help you find your way to relief, resolve and greater ease.
Hello, I'm Cassie ! In practice for 13 years, I offer specialist trauma informed support to adults, adolescents and children. I offer adult & teen counselling, parent consultations and child play therapy. If you are a parent struggling to find effective solutions for your child's challenging/distressed behaviour, I'm here to help. If you are a young adult or teen struggling to manage your thoughts and emotions I can provide safe, warm and confidential support. If you are an adult battling with issues related to anxiety, grief, distress or major life changes I am here to help you find your way to relief, resolve and greater ease.
01275 402765 View 01275 402765
Photo of Rosie Coad, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Rosie Coad
Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
Bristol BS3
I work in Bristol, offering a compassionate and confidential space in which to explore feelings and experiences at a pace which suits you. You may come with specific things that you would like to talk about, or you may struggle to articulate what you're feeling and why. Psychotherapy offers a space to uncover those difficult feelings and for you to be fully heard, perhaps for the first time. It is my belief that this kind of therapy can lead us into greater understanding and acceptance of ourselves, which in turn provides the opportunity for freedom and change.
I work in Bristol, offering a compassionate and confidential space in which to explore feelings and experiences at a pace which suits you. You may come with specific things that you would like to talk about, or you may struggle to articulate what you're feeling and why. Psychotherapy offers a space to uncover those difficult feelings and for you to be fully heard, perhaps for the first time. It is my belief that this kind of therapy can lead us into greater understanding and acceptance of ourselves, which in turn provides the opportunity for freedom and change.
01275 409706 View 01275 409706
Photo of Adam Wilson, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Adam Wilson
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS1
I am experienced working with adults on a broad range of issues. I have a special interest in working with neurodiversity, particularly adult awareness / late diagnosis of ADHD, its emotional impact and affect on past and present behaviour and relationships. I also work with men’s issues, for example expectations/roles/identity, parenting, emotional awareness, expression and safety, and interpersonal and intimate relationships. In my experience, doing this work with another man can be especially meaningful.
I am experienced working with adults on a broad range of issues. I have a special interest in working with neurodiversity, particularly adult awareness / late diagnosis of ADHD, its emotional impact and affect on past and present behaviour and relationships. I also work with men’s issues, for example expectations/roles/identity, parenting, emotional awareness, expression and safety, and interpersonal and intimate relationships. In my experience, doing this work with another man can be especially meaningful.
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Photo of Kerstin Pullin, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Kerstin Pullin
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bristol BS7
Choosing a counsellor with whom to connect and build a trusting therapeutic relationship can feel daunting, even risky, yet also empowering and hopeful. What does it feel like to take off masks, shedding protective layers that keep the authentic, vulnerable self safe while navigating through challenging or traumatic times? Together we can explore what you feel ready and safe to share - whether these are current, buried or almost forgotten experiences. I will be at your side to listen; endeavouring to relate to your unique circumstances and way of being; facilitative of your change and growth process.
Choosing a counsellor with whom to connect and build a trusting therapeutic relationship can feel daunting, even risky, yet also empowering and hopeful. What does it feel like to take off masks, shedding protective layers that keep the authentic, vulnerable self safe while navigating through challenging or traumatic times? Together we can explore what you feel ready and safe to share - whether these are current, buried or almost forgotten experiences. I will be at your side to listen; endeavouring to relate to your unique circumstances and way of being; facilitative of your change and growth process.
0117 456 5302 View 0117 456 5302
Photo of Maria Brooks, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Maria Brooks
Psychotherapist, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Bristol BS8
If you are looking for therapy in Bristol then I can help. Life can be complicated and sometimes we need support to make changes and improve the quality of our lives. Entering into counselling or psychotherapy can be one of the hardest but bravest decisions you can make for yourself. I am an Integrative Psychotherapist, Trauma, Eating Disorder and Addiction Specialist. As well as ‘talking therapy’ and 'somatic (body) work' I incorporate eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy into my practice. To treat a range of psychological issues including complex trauma and attachment issues.
If you are looking for therapy in Bristol then I can help. Life can be complicated and sometimes we need support to make changes and improve the quality of our lives. Entering into counselling or psychotherapy can be one of the hardest but bravest decisions you can make for yourself. I am an Integrative Psychotherapist, Trauma, Eating Disorder and Addiction Specialist. As well as ‘talking therapy’ and 'somatic (body) work' I incorporate eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy into my practice. To treat a range of psychological issues including complex trauma and attachment issues.
0117 456 2425 View 0117 456 2425
Photo of Yotam Bezalel in Bristol, England
Yotam Bezalel
MA
Verified Verified
Bristol BS8
If your soul calls for a Dynamic Therapy (emotional talks) combined with Psychodrama techniques and more... A therapy that can make a real difference in your life. You are most welcome to contact me. I am a Clinical Social Worker specialized in Trauma and Addiction Therapy and will love to be in your assistant.
If your soul calls for a Dynamic Therapy (emotional talks) combined with Psychodrama techniques and more... A therapy that can make a real difference in your life. You are most welcome to contact me. I am a Clinical Social Worker specialized in Trauma and Addiction Therapy and will love to be in your assistant.
0117 463 2623 View 0117 463 2623
Photo of Jimi D Katsis, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Jimi D Katsis
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS1  (Online Only)
Have you decided to change the feelings and behaviours that stop you from living a life you want to live? Have you had enough of living with the crushing effects of anxiety and depression, dragging around the weight of your past? Do you finally feel ready to tackle the intrusive thoughts and negativity that seem to have a life of their own, impacting every decision you try to make? Are you carrying the weight of family dysfunction and trauma and are prepared to commit to a programme that will help you change how you think, feel and react?
Have you decided to change the feelings and behaviours that stop you from living a life you want to live? Have you had enough of living with the crushing effects of anxiety and depression, dragging around the weight of your past? Do you finally feel ready to tackle the intrusive thoughts and negativity that seem to have a life of their own, impacting every decision you try to make? Are you carrying the weight of family dysfunction and trauma and are prepared to commit to a programme that will help you change how you think, feel and react?
0117 463 6831 View 0117 463 6831
Photo of Catherine Alcock, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Catherine Alcock
Counsellor, PNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Bristol BS2
I understand that taking those first steps on your counselling journey can feel very daunting, and maybe even a bit frightening, but I aim to create an empathetic, non-judgemental, warm, and friendly environment for us to work in. I believe that every client is unique and that your needs are different, so am happy to undertake and support you through this process at your pace.
I understand that taking those first steps on your counselling journey can feel very daunting, and maybe even a bit frightening, but I aim to create an empathetic, non-judgemental, warm, and friendly environment for us to work in. I believe that every client is unique and that your needs are different, so am happy to undertake and support you through this process at your pace.
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Photo of Joe Pawson, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Joe Pawson
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS7  (Online Only)
People come to psychotherapy for all kinds of different reasons. Perhaps a particular issue is making life very difficult, or maybe you have more general feelings of discontentment, unease or unhappiness that you want to address. One-to-one psychotherapy can help by providing a safe, therapeutic space in which you feel able to explore and express difficult thoughts, feelings and memories. This process of deep exploration helps you to grow and develop in areas that have previously felt stuck, painful or have been blocked out.
People come to psychotherapy for all kinds of different reasons. Perhaps a particular issue is making life very difficult, or maybe you have more general feelings of discontentment, unease or unhappiness that you want to address. One-to-one psychotherapy can help by providing a safe, therapeutic space in which you feel able to explore and express difficult thoughts, feelings and memories. This process of deep exploration helps you to grow and develop in areas that have previously felt stuck, painful or have been blocked out.
0117 463 3300 View 0117 463 3300
Photo of Michelle Gale, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Michelle Gale
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS9
Hi, I'm Michelle. I offer counselling to individuals and couples. Life can be challenging and there are times we can feel overwhelmed. I offer a safe and compassionate space to explore the challenges you are facing. I'm trained as an integrative therapist, which means I draw from a range of counselling approaches including Psychodynamic, Person-centred and Gestalt. As each person is unique, I aim to listen and develop a way of working together that fits with your needs.
Hi, I'm Michelle. I offer counselling to individuals and couples. Life can be challenging and there are times we can feel overwhelmed. I offer a safe and compassionate space to explore the challenges you are facing. I'm trained as an integrative therapist, which means I draw from a range of counselling approaches including Psychodynamic, Person-centred and Gestalt. As each person is unique, I aim to listen and develop a way of working together that fits with your needs.
0117 463 4577 View 0117 463 4577
Photo of Anna Browne, Psychotherapist in Bristol, England
Anna Browne
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS8
Waitlist for new clients
I offer therapy and supervision and have a particular interest in trauma and how it impacts our nervous system: CPTSD, PTSD, and DID; dissociation, hearing voices, addictive behaviours and coping mechanisms and links to childhood trauma. 'ACE's' (Adverse Childhood Experiences), and how these affect us as adults. Trauma comes in many forms; overt ones such as physical or sexual abuse, car accidents, war, disasters etc, and less obvious or covert forms like emotional abuse or neglect, bullying, or just 'not getting what we need' on an emotional level. I'm a member of UKCP, BCPC, and ISST-D and have specialist trauma training.
I offer therapy and supervision and have a particular interest in trauma and how it impacts our nervous system: CPTSD, PTSD, and DID; dissociation, hearing voices, addictive behaviours and coping mechanisms and links to childhood trauma. 'ACE's' (Adverse Childhood Experiences), and how these affect us as adults. Trauma comes in many forms; overt ones such as physical or sexual abuse, car accidents, war, disasters etc, and less obvious or covert forms like emotional abuse or neglect, bullying, or just 'not getting what we need' on an emotional level. I'm a member of UKCP, BCPC, and ISST-D and have specialist trauma training.
0117 456 5291 View 0117 456 5291
Photo of Becky Eaton Counselling and Psychotherapy, Counsellor in Bristol, England
Becky Eaton Counselling and Psychotherapy
Counsellor, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Bristol BS1  (Online Only)
Welcome. What has brought you here today? Maybe you are experiencing difficulties with anxiety, depression or stress, perhaps you simply have a sense of life not being quite as you would like it to be. Whatever your reason for seeking counselling I am hopeful I can help you find a way through the difficulties you are experiencing. I offer each and every one of my clients a safe space. It is my hope that from this place of safety you will feel able to explore your challenges, identify the ways in which you can support yourself and make the changes, whether internal or external, that will enable you to live your best life.
Welcome. What has brought you here today? Maybe you are experiencing difficulties with anxiety, depression or stress, perhaps you simply have a sense of life not being quite as you would like it to be. Whatever your reason for seeking counselling I am hopeful I can help you find a way through the difficulties you are experiencing. I offer each and every one of my clients a safe space. It is my hope that from this place of safety you will feel able to explore your challenges, identify the ways in which you can support yourself and make the changes, whether internal or external, that will enable you to live your best life.
0117 463 1019 View 0117 463 1019
Photo of The Bristol Hypnotherapy Clinic, Counsellor in Bristol, England
The Bristol Hypnotherapy Clinic
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS9  (Online Only)
Welcome to the Bristol Hypnotherapy Clinic! Are you ready to take control of your life? Our team of professional hypnotherapists is here to help you overcome any obstacle, from quitting smoking to managing stress and increasing your self-esteem. We all have blocks, whether that be believing we aren’t capable of achieving our goals, constantly being hijacked by negative self-talk or fearful of getting something wrong. At the Bristol Hypnotherapy Clinic, our team of hypnotherapists use their experience and a clinically tested method of hypnosis to remove those blocks, change stories and get you living the living the life you desire.
Welcome to the Bristol Hypnotherapy Clinic! Are you ready to take control of your life? Our team of professional hypnotherapists is here to help you overcome any obstacle, from quitting smoking to managing stress and increasing your self-esteem. We all have blocks, whether that be believing we aren’t capable of achieving our goals, constantly being hijacked by negative self-talk or fearful of getting something wrong. At the Bristol Hypnotherapy Clinic, our team of hypnotherapists use their experience and a clinically tested method of hypnosis to remove those blocks, change stories and get you living the living the life you desire.
01572 494673 View 01572 494673
Photo of Meirav Dagan, Psychologist in Bristol, England
Meirav Dagan
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Health Psych.
Verified Verified
Bristol BS6
Are you struggling with issues related to anxiety, distress, or major life changes? Have you recently been diagnosed with Physical Health Condition or find it hard to adjust to the impact of your Conditions? There comes a time when a professional support is needed to learn how to cope with your life’s challenges. I am a Chartered Health Psychologist and a CBT therapist. Over the years I have worked extensively with people coping with different psychological symptoms (e.g. worries, general anxiety, stress, OCD, phobias, health worries, sleep problems) and physical health conditions (e.g. Cancer, Cardiac conditions, Diabetes, IBD).
Are you struggling with issues related to anxiety, distress, or major life changes? Have you recently been diagnosed with Physical Health Condition or find it hard to adjust to the impact of your Conditions? There comes a time when a professional support is needed to learn how to cope with your life’s challenges. I am a Chartered Health Psychologist and a CBT therapist. Over the years I have worked extensively with people coping with different psychological symptoms (e.g. worries, general anxiety, stress, OCD, phobias, health worries, sleep problems) and physical health conditions (e.g. Cancer, Cardiac conditions, Diabetes, IBD).
0117 456 5103 View 0117 456 5103

See more therapy options for Bristol

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Bristol

600+

Average cost per session

£60

Counsellors in Bristol who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
85% Depression
85% Self Esteem
78% Relationship Issues
78% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD
63% Bereavement

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

61% AXA PPP
60% Aviva
45% Bupa

How Counsellors in Bristol see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
25% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Bristol?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.