Counselling in London

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Photo of Dr Alice Fiorica, Psychologist in London, England
Dr Alice Fiorica
Psychologist, DCounsPsych, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
London SW11
Hello, I am Alice. I am a registered Psychologist and CBT therapist. I am experienced in Mindfulness and third wave CBT developments such as ACT. I work primarily with adults 18+ and couples. I specialise in the treatment of Stress and Anxiety disorders (such as OCD, PTSD, Panic, Perfectionism, Social Anxiety and Impostor Syndrome); Depression and Bipolar Disorder; Trauma and relationship problems. I also help clients to achieve the life they want to live through self development and working on living their values.
Hello, I am Alice. I am a registered Psychologist and CBT therapist. I am experienced in Mindfulness and third wave CBT developments such as ACT. I work primarily with adults 18+ and couples. I specialise in the treatment of Stress and Anxiety disorders (such as OCD, PTSD, Panic, Perfectionism, Social Anxiety and Impostor Syndrome); Depression and Bipolar Disorder; Trauma and relationship problems. I also help clients to achieve the life they want to live through self development and working on living their values.
020 8103 3924 View 020 8103 3924
Photo of Nicholas Barker, Psychotherapist in London, England
Nicholas Barker
Psychotherapist, MA, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
London NW3
Do you feel like you're stuck? Do you suffer from anxiety, depression or low self-esteem? Perhaps you're struggling with relationships at home or work? I offer affordable, short and medium-term therapy aimed at rooting out the negative behaviour and thinking that maintains your unhappiness. With commitment and perseverance, we will restore your sense of balance, clarity of thought and mental well-being.
Do you feel like you're stuck? Do you suffer from anxiety, depression or low self-esteem? Perhaps you're struggling with relationships at home or work? I offer affordable, short and medium-term therapy aimed at rooting out the negative behaviour and thinking that maintains your unhappiness. With commitment and perseverance, we will restore your sense of balance, clarity of thought and mental well-being.
020 3835 2479 View 020 3835 2479
Photo of Michelle Campbell, Counsellor in London, England
Michelle Campbell
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MBACP
Verified Verified
London E17
Sometimes, life in general can seem overwhelming, and there is a need to have a space that is non-judgemental, empathic and holding; to express fears, anxities, concerns and problems. I offer to you, a listening ear, a warm and welcoming presence that will promote an environment which makes you feel comfortable to talk.
Sometimes, life in general can seem overwhelming, and there is a need to have a space that is non-judgemental, empathic and holding; to express fears, anxities, concerns and problems. I offer to you, a listening ear, a warm and welcoming presence that will promote an environment which makes you feel comfortable to talk.
07449 647133 View 07449 647133
Photo of Ronja Altmann, Psychotherapist in London, England
Ronja Altmann
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London NW1
We're often led to believe that we’re lucky to live in today's world, with all its comforts and endless opportunities, and that we should therefore not only be grateful but also feel happy and fulfilled. In reality, modern life can still be hard and overwhelming and comes with its very own challenges. Therapy can help. There are many reasons why people seek out therapy. You might know exactly what it is you would like to work on, or you might feel lost, unsure where to start. Whatever it is that brings you here, I would love to work together with you to untangle your thoughts, feelings and experiences and help you find a way forward
We're often led to believe that we’re lucky to live in today's world, with all its comforts and endless opportunities, and that we should therefore not only be grateful but also feel happy and fulfilled. In reality, modern life can still be hard and overwhelming and comes with its very own challenges. Therapy can help. There are many reasons why people seek out therapy. You might know exactly what it is you would like to work on, or you might feel lost, unsure where to start. Whatever it is that brings you here, I would love to work together with you to untangle your thoughts, feelings and experiences and help you find a way forward
020 3872 0659 View 020 3872 0659
Photo of Lesley Kollikho, Psychotherapist in London, England
Lesley Kollikho
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London N10
Hello, I am a UKCP registered psychotherapist who is available for sessions with young people and adults. I practice using an integrative approach based on the combined principles of psycho-dynamic and person-centred therapies. I believe that the most healing factor in therapy is the therapeutic relationship and I aim to provide a safe environment for someone to explore their emotions and any difficulties that they might be experiencing. My approach is geared to the individual needs of the client, and I am able to facilitate different types of therapy from reflective to creative.
Hello, I am a UKCP registered psychotherapist who is available for sessions with young people and adults. I practice using an integrative approach based on the combined principles of psycho-dynamic and person-centred therapies. I believe that the most healing factor in therapy is the therapeutic relationship and I aim to provide a safe environment for someone to explore their emotions and any difficulties that they might be experiencing. My approach is geared to the individual needs of the client, and I am able to facilitate different types of therapy from reflective to creative.
020 3962 1685 View 020 3962 1685
Photo of Naveed Faizi, Psychotherapist in London, England
Naveed Faizi
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London W14
Hello! I am Naveed, an integrative therapist based in London. In life, we often face challenges and situations which make us feel overwhelmed. I provide a safe, confidential, and non-judgemental space for my clients, where we will explore and understand your thoughts and feelings at a deeper psychological level. The therapeutic alliance will be a collaborative journey based on the values of trust and honesty between us. So together we will draw on both traditional and modern techniques to understand and bring long-lasting improvements to every aspect of your wellbeing- mental, physical, emotional and relational.
Hello! I am Naveed, an integrative therapist based in London. In life, we often face challenges and situations which make us feel overwhelmed. I provide a safe, confidential, and non-judgemental space for my clients, where we will explore and understand your thoughts and feelings at a deeper psychological level. The therapeutic alliance will be a collaborative journey based on the values of trust and honesty between us. So together we will draw on both traditional and modern techniques to understand and bring long-lasting improvements to every aspect of your wellbeing- mental, physical, emotional and relational.
020 4538 7476 View 020 4538 7476
Photo of Susannah Savage, Counsellor in London, England
Susannah Savage
Counsellor, PhD, MBACP
Verified Verified
London NW10
I am an integrative counsellor working in private practice in Queen's Park and Camden Town. I also see clients in a quiet, private setting in Dollis Hill, London. I offer a confidential, empathetic and non-judgemental space in which we together explore ways to help you understand yourself better, enhance your wellbeing, and cope with difficult experiences or life events. I am trained in a number of therapeutic modalities and draw on these to tailor sessions to meet you according to your needs.
I am an integrative counsellor working in private practice in Queen's Park and Camden Town. I also see clients in a quiet, private setting in Dollis Hill, London. I offer a confidential, empathetic and non-judgemental space in which we together explore ways to help you understand yourself better, enhance your wellbeing, and cope with difficult experiences or life events. I am trained in a number of therapeutic modalities and draw on these to tailor sessions to meet you according to your needs.
020 3893 2789 View 020 3893 2789
Photo of Juliana Neves, Psychotherapist in London, England
Juliana Neves
Psychotherapist, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
London W2
I hold a BSc in Psychology from Brazil and I am a qualified Counsellor & Psychotherapist with extensive training in various therapeutic approaches, research, reflective practice. Throughout my career, I have worked with adults in public mental health/community settings in the UK. My expertise lies in offering empathetic and effective assistance to individuals navigating through distressing emotions. With a strong commitment to fostering emotional well-being, I create a supportive and nurturing environment where adults and couples can explore their feelings and relationship to find meaningful solutions to their challenges.
I hold a BSc in Psychology from Brazil and I am a qualified Counsellor & Psychotherapist with extensive training in various therapeutic approaches, research, reflective practice. Throughout my career, I have worked with adults in public mental health/community settings in the UK. My expertise lies in offering empathetic and effective assistance to individuals navigating through distressing emotions. With a strong commitment to fostering emotional well-being, I create a supportive and nurturing environment where adults and couples can explore their feelings and relationship to find meaningful solutions to their challenges.
020 3835 4889 View 020 3835 4889
Photo of Luana Lamantea, Counsellor in London, England
Luana Lamantea
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SW1W
Hello, my name is Luana and I would like to welcome you to my profile page. I am a qualified integrative counsellor and registered member of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). I provide one-to-one counselling in my London practices in Chelsea and Hammersmith. I am fully committed to providing a confidential and relaxed space, within which you can feel safe to express your difficulties, worries and concerns, both past and present. Through collaboration with you, my aim is to create a stimulating and reflective experience that offers new perspectives to facilitate change.
Hello, my name is Luana and I would like to welcome you to my profile page. I am a qualified integrative counsellor and registered member of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). I provide one-to-one counselling in my London practices in Chelsea and Hammersmith. I am fully committed to providing a confidential and relaxed space, within which you can feel safe to express your difficulties, worries and concerns, both past and present. Through collaboration with you, my aim is to create a stimulating and reflective experience that offers new perspectives to facilitate change.
023 8214 8535 View 023 8214 8535
Photo of Ruth Joanne Hunter, Psychologist in London, England
Ruth Joanne Hunter
Psychologist, PsychD
Verified Verified
London SW18  (Online Only)
I work with clients to help them achieve their goals, working collaboratively with them to overcome, manage or move on from difficulties in their lives. I believe in supporting clients to realise and develop their skills in managing difficulties and living the life they are seeking.
I work with clients to help them achieve their goals, working collaboratively with them to overcome, manage or move on from difficulties in their lives. I believe in supporting clients to realise and develop their skills in managing difficulties and living the life they are seeking.
020 3962 0021 View 020 3962 0021
Photo of Daniel Cochrane, Psychotherapist in London, England
Daniel Cochrane
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE10
Sometimes life gets really hard - complicated, confusing and painful. You're feeling anxious, down or depressed and you can't work out why. Maybe you do know why, but you've never felt able to speak about the reasons with anyone. The pace of modern life or past experiences can often make you feel that you have to try and deal with your difficulties by yourself, by sweeping them under the carpet or putting on a brave face. Perhaps it has seemed that if you just keep going, one day you’d wake up and your problems will have disappeared - but they haven't. So now you've decided to try something new, to seek some help.
Sometimes life gets really hard - complicated, confusing and painful. You're feeling anxious, down or depressed and you can't work out why. Maybe you do know why, but you've never felt able to speak about the reasons with anyone. The pace of modern life or past experiences can often make you feel that you have to try and deal with your difficulties by yourself, by sweeping them under the carpet or putting on a brave face. Perhaps it has seemed that if you just keep going, one day you’d wake up and your problems will have disappeared - but they haven't. So now you've decided to try something new, to seek some help.
020 3962 0805 View 020 3962 0805
Photo of Sam Leslie, Psychotherapist in London, England
Sam Leslie
Psychotherapist, PsychD, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London NW7
Hello, I'm Sam, an accredited psychotherapist and counselor specializing in working with adults in North West London and online. Together, we can navigate the challenges you may be facing, whether it's stemming from a traumatic event, a complex childhood with experiences of neglect and abuse, or to work on patterns that you notice might be blocking you reaching your goals. A common thread of depression and anxiety often lead people to initiate their therapeutic journey, or perhaps you're simply seeking additional support during a phase where you don't feel quite like yourself.
Hello, I'm Sam, an accredited psychotherapist and counselor specializing in working with adults in North West London and online. Together, we can navigate the challenges you may be facing, whether it's stemming from a traumatic event, a complex childhood with experiences of neglect and abuse, or to work on patterns that you notice might be blocking you reaching your goals. A common thread of depression and anxiety often lead people to initiate their therapeutic journey, or perhaps you're simply seeking additional support during a phase where you don't feel quite like yourself.
020 4538 5213 View 020 4538 5213
Photo of Mhonh Bancyr-de-Angeli, Counsellor in London, England
Mhonh Bancyr-de-Angeli
Counsellor, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
London E8
I am a Clinical Transactional Analysis Psychotherapist on a final year of training, working toward my MSc in Psychotherapy. I am non-binary practitioner working with any gender, sexuality and identity. I work with individuals, family members, friends facing a difficult moment and couples/romantic relationships. I work with a wide range of issues including trauma or distressing memories, depression, stress, anxiety, shame, anger. I work with personal histories that co-create who you are. I work along you, with what you want and feel you need to address and recognise in yourself.
I am a Clinical Transactional Analysis Psychotherapist on a final year of training, working toward my MSc in Psychotherapy. I am non-binary practitioner working with any gender, sexuality and identity. I work with individuals, family members, friends facing a difficult moment and couples/romantic relationships. I work with a wide range of issues including trauma or distressing memories, depression, stress, anxiety, shame, anger. I work with personal histories that co-create who you are. I work along you, with what you want and feel you need to address and recognise in yourself.
020 3640 9490 View 020 3640 9490
Photo of Radical Relating with Kim, Psychotherapist in London, England
Radical Relating with Kim
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE24
I help couples and relationship constellations reduce conflict and trauma in order to increase emotional safety, communicate and set boundaries with more clarity and confidence and ensure that everyone's needs are met, understood and honoured. I work at the intersections of difference and welcome marginalised identities whether BIPOC, LGBTQ+ and gender diverse, neurodivergent, non-monogamous and beyond providing a supportive and judgement-free space where you don't need to explain who you are or the wider political context you exist in and where you can access practical tools that make a difference.
I help couples and relationship constellations reduce conflict and trauma in order to increase emotional safety, communicate and set boundaries with more clarity and confidence and ensure that everyone's needs are met, understood and honoured. I work at the intersections of difference and welcome marginalised identities whether BIPOC, LGBTQ+ and gender diverse, neurodivergent, non-monogamous and beyond providing a supportive and judgement-free space where you don't need to explain who you are or the wider political context you exist in and where you can access practical tools that make a difference.
020 3978 0143 View 020 3978 0143
Photo of Dr Cecilia Wolfenstein-Harris, Psychologist in London, England
Dr Cecilia Wolfenstein-Harris
Psychologist, HCPC - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
London E14
Most people experience difficulties at some stage of their life, such as overwhelming distress, feeling of ‘stuckness’ or lack of meaningfulness. Thoughts and feelings can be difficult to identify alone and come to terms with alone. Talking to a therapist in a confidential and supportive environment is a space to understand and address your difficulties. My view is that the role of the therapist is to explore with the client their core beliefs, in order to identify their feelings of ‘stuckness’ and relationship patterns.
Most people experience difficulties at some stage of their life, such as overwhelming distress, feeling of ‘stuckness’ or lack of meaningfulness. Thoughts and feelings can be difficult to identify alone and come to terms with alone. Talking to a therapist in a confidential and supportive environment is a space to understand and address your difficulties. My view is that the role of the therapist is to explore with the client their core beliefs, in order to identify their feelings of ‘stuckness’ and relationship patterns.
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Photo of Kate Hardwicke, Psychotherapist in London, England
Kate Hardwicke
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London E9
I offer a psychoanalytic approach which endeavours to recognise how recurring patterns in relationships have been effected by the past and earlier experiences. A current traumatic experience or distressing situation may be a reminder of an early hurt. From childhood, foundations for relationships are set in place and provide a template for what lies ahead. Dependent on these secure/insecure early foundations, we form strategies to cope with unpredictable or unpalatable feelings. It may be that circumstances arise which cause us to reach for unhelpful strategies only serving to hurt us more.
I offer a psychoanalytic approach which endeavours to recognise how recurring patterns in relationships have been effected by the past and earlier experiences. A current traumatic experience or distressing situation may be a reminder of an early hurt. From childhood, foundations for relationships are set in place and provide a template for what lies ahead. Dependent on these secure/insecure early foundations, we form strategies to cope with unpredictable or unpalatable feelings. It may be that circumstances arise which cause us to reach for unhelpful strategies only serving to hurt us more.
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Photo of Nicole Worrica, Psychotherapist in London, England
Nicole Worrica
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London EC2N
Hello, my name is Nicole. I’m a psychotherapist and clinical supervisor working with individuals and groups within the NHS and privately. I recognise the importance of our need for connection and how we relate or what interrupts us relating with each other. I place importance on the client and therapist relationship which can work as a model for you to experiment with new ideas about relationships, explore the dynamics of your relationships and sustain mutually satisfying relationships with others, as essential to your health and well-being.
Hello, my name is Nicole. I’m a psychotherapist and clinical supervisor working with individuals and groups within the NHS and privately. I recognise the importance of our need for connection and how we relate or what interrupts us relating with each other. I place importance on the client and therapist relationship which can work as a model for you to experiment with new ideas about relationships, explore the dynamics of your relationships and sustain mutually satisfying relationships with others, as essential to your health and well-being.
020 8103 9756 View 020 8103 9756
Photo of Natalia Vavassori, Counsellor in London, England
Natalia Vavassori
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
London EC4V
Therapy can help us to understand ourselves, identifying areas of struggle to find a way to change and live a more fulfilling life. Sometimes there is a traumatic incident in our past that we start remembering or we start experiencing general anxiety, depression or relationship issues. Often we have an idea about what we need to do but are unable to move on and feel stuck. I believe that talking about things is helpful. It is a way of dealing with our difficulties and a step towards a different path.
Therapy can help us to understand ourselves, identifying areas of struggle to find a way to change and live a more fulfilling life. Sometimes there is a traumatic incident in our past that we start remembering or we start experiencing general anxiety, depression or relationship issues. Often we have an idea about what we need to do but are unable to move on and feel stuck. I believe that talking about things is helpful. It is a way of dealing with our difficulties and a step towards a different path.
01748 901224 View 01748 901224
Photo of Priscilla Tse, Counsellor in London, England
Priscilla Tse
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
London SE1
Hello, I am Priscilla, a BACP qualified integrative counsellor. I offer a confidential and non-judgemental space for you to bring in your experience at your own pace. In each session, I will be there to listen and understand your experience. I will give you space to explore your own feelings and concerns. We might talk about your past relationships and how they shape you as a person, your current experience and struggles and your hope. Through our explorations together, revelations and newfound clarity may emerge, which may empower you live more freer and more fulfilling life.
Hello, I am Priscilla, a BACP qualified integrative counsellor. I offer a confidential and non-judgemental space for you to bring in your experience at your own pace. In each session, I will be there to listen and understand your experience. I will give you space to explore your own feelings and concerns. We might talk about your past relationships and how they shape you as a person, your current experience and struggles and your hope. Through our explorations together, revelations and newfound clarity may emerge, which may empower you live more freer and more fulfilling life.
020 3818 1074 View 020 3818 1074
Photo of Mimi Leese, Psychotherapist in London, England
Mimi Leese
Psychotherapist, MHGI
Verified Verified
London SW11  (Online Only)
For reasons you may or may not be aware of, you or someone you know may be experiencing feelings of stress, low-mood, anger, anxiety, sadness to name a few. Small or big, such emotions can be painful and burdensome. Within a few sessions I can help you feel better + support you through life’s inevitable challenges, leading to lasting change. Provided with a compassionate + confidential space to talk, a better understanding of our emotions and a tool kit that is forever yours to employ, clients often describe feeling a sense of ‘robust resilience', ‘personal growth’ and restored ‘pleasure in life’ following therapy.
For reasons you may or may not be aware of, you or someone you know may be experiencing feelings of stress, low-mood, anger, anxiety, sadness to name a few. Small or big, such emotions can be painful and burdensome. Within a few sessions I can help you feel better + support you through life’s inevitable challenges, leading to lasting change. Provided with a compassionate + confidential space to talk, a better understanding of our emotions and a tool kit that is forever yours to employ, clients often describe feeling a sense of ‘robust resilience', ‘personal growth’ and restored ‘pleasure in life’ following therapy.
07969 764510 View 07969 764510

See more therapy options for London

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in London

3,000+

Average cost per session

£75

Counsellors in London who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
84% Self Esteem
81% Relationship Issues
79% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Bereavement

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Aviva
65% AXA PPP
58% Vitality

How Counsellors in London see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
24% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in London?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.