Photo of Isidora Valetti, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Isidora Valetti
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Counselling can help bring clarity where there is confusion, resolve past issues, change behaviours and improve relationships. I work particularly effectively with couples, providing you and your partner with a safe and emphatic space to assist you in exploring the difficult issues you're facing in your relationship, whatever your age, gender or sexual orientation. This includes individually tailored sessions, regular relationship maintenance and relationship improvement sessions.
Counselling can help bring clarity where there is confusion, resolve past issues, change behaviours and improve relationships. I work particularly effectively with couples, providing you and your partner with a safe and emphatic space to assist you in exploring the difficult issues you're facing in your relationship, whatever your age, gender or sexual orientation. This includes individually tailored sessions, regular relationship maintenance and relationship improvement sessions.
01727 260314 View 01727 260314
Photo of Emma Edis-Bates, Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Emma Edis-Bates
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
I regularly work with clients experiencing Depression, Generalised anxiety, Obsessive compulsive disorder, Health anxiety, Social phobia, Panic disorder, Specific phobias, Agoraphobia, PTSD and Low self-esteem. My main interests are overcoming Perfectionism, Social Anxiety, PTSD and Low Self esteem. I am very passionate about supporting clients in pregnancy and parenthood. I am extremely empathetic to the challenges that this time can bring. I hope to empower parents and help them develop positive beliefs about themselves
I regularly work with clients experiencing Depression, Generalised anxiety, Obsessive compulsive disorder, Health anxiety, Social phobia, Panic disorder, Specific phobias, Agoraphobia, PTSD and Low self-esteem. My main interests are overcoming Perfectionism, Social Anxiety, PTSD and Low Self esteem. I am very passionate about supporting clients in pregnancy and parenthood. I am extremely empathetic to the challenges that this time can bring. I hope to empower parents and help them develop positive beliefs about themselves
01727 648577 View 01727 648577
Photo of Mandy Williams, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Mandy Williams
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
I am a fully qualified and experienced Integrative Psychotherapist/Counsellor offering individual or couples therapy face to face or online, I am also a counselling supervisor. Taking the first steps to access counselling may feel a little overwhelming but this can lead to increased self esteem and knowledge, better relationships with loved ones and a greater quality of life. I offer a safe, warm and comfortable environment to work together to explore what may be going on for you and discover opportunities for change.
I am a fully qualified and experienced Integrative Psychotherapist/Counsellor offering individual or couples therapy face to face or online, I am also a counselling supervisor. Taking the first steps to access counselling may feel a little overwhelming but this can lead to increased self esteem and knowledge, better relationships with loved ones and a greater quality of life. I offer a safe, warm and comfortable environment to work together to explore what may be going on for you and discover opportunities for change.
01923 603692 View 01923 603692
Photo of Daniel Kent, Counsellor, COSRT Accred
Daniel Kent
Counsellor, COSRT Accred
Verified Verified
You are unique & you are the expert of your own life experiences. But things don’t always go to plan, & you have found yourself in need of some help. This is where I come in. I work with a range of presenting issues including: Psychological/social challenges (anxiety/panic, depression, stress, addiction, PTSD, abuse, existentialism, identity & authentication). Psychosexual concerns (sexual dysfunction, low/mismatched desire, sex & ageing, compulsive sexual behaviour, pornography, sexual abuse & trauma. Sexual & gender identity (polyamory, consensual non-monogamy, infidelity, kink, BDSM, sexuality.
You are unique & you are the expert of your own life experiences. But things don’t always go to plan, & you have found yourself in need of some help. This is where I come in. I work with a range of presenting issues including: Psychological/social challenges (anxiety/panic, depression, stress, addiction, PTSD, abuse, existentialism, identity & authentication). Psychosexual concerns (sexual dysfunction, low/mismatched desire, sex & ageing, compulsive sexual behaviour, pornography, sexual abuse & trauma. Sexual & gender identity (polyamory, consensual non-monogamy, infidelity, kink, BDSM, sexuality.
01727 326426 View 01727 326426
Photo of Sue Pallenberg, Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Sue Pallenberg
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Hello, I have been working as a psychotherapist for 35 years, helping people to overcome problems when they are feeling overwhelmed, confused, perhaps depressed and anxious, struggling with relationships, or whatever difficulties life has thrown at them. As a Psychotherapist I can work with you in a unique and individual way that best suits your needs. I offer a safe and reliable therapeutic relationship in which to explore your presenting problems in a comfortable and confidential environment. I am also offering telephone, Skype or Zoom Sessions.
Hello, I have been working as a psychotherapist for 35 years, helping people to overcome problems when they are feeling overwhelmed, confused, perhaps depressed and anxious, struggling with relationships, or whatever difficulties life has thrown at them. As a Psychotherapist I can work with you in a unique and individual way that best suits your needs. I offer a safe and reliable therapeutic relationship in which to explore your presenting problems in a comfortable and confidential environment. I am also offering telephone, Skype or Zoom Sessions.
01727 875212 View 01727 875212
Caroline Greening
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hi, my name is Caroline, I offer a warm and friendly face to face counselling service in St Albans, working with both adults and young people (from 18+). This may be the first time that you are considering placing your trust in another to help you or your young person navigate the difficulties that you or they may be facing in life right now. You may have decided that now is the time for you to seek help but searching for the right therapist may seem like an intimidating task. Please feel that you can contact me within the knowledge that my practise is confidential, non-judgemental, a safe place to find your voice and move forward
Hi, my name is Caroline, I offer a warm and friendly face to face counselling service in St Albans, working with both adults and young people (from 18+). This may be the first time that you are considering placing your trust in another to help you or your young person navigate the difficulties that you or they may be facing in life right now. You may have decided that now is the time for you to seek help but searching for the right therapist may seem like an intimidating task. Please feel that you can contact me within the knowledge that my practise is confidential, non-judgemental, a safe place to find your voice and move forward
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Photo of Maggie Maher, Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Maggie Maher
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Have you experienced trauma, neglect, or abuse in childhood or adult relationships? This can shape how we connect with others, leaving us stuck in cycles of hurt and frustration—whether we find ourselves drawn to abusive relationships or struggling with a toxic parent. Do you seek constant reassurance, fear abandonment, or feel not good enough? Or do you avoid closeness, relying only on yourself? You might be a people pleaser, struggle to set boundaries, or push others away when things feel too intimate. If you keep repeating toxic patterns or feel lonely despite being surrounded by others, you’re not alone—and it’s not your fault.
Have you experienced trauma, neglect, or abuse in childhood or adult relationships? This can shape how we connect with others, leaving us stuck in cycles of hurt and frustration—whether we find ourselves drawn to abusive relationships or struggling with a toxic parent. Do you seek constant reassurance, fear abandonment, or feel not good enough? Or do you avoid closeness, relying only on yourself? You might be a people pleaser, struggle to set boundaries, or push others away when things feel too intimate. If you keep repeating toxic patterns or feel lonely despite being surrounded by others, you’re not alone—and it’s not your fault.
01727 326120 View 01727 326120
Photo of Stacy Holland, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Stacy Holland
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I have a heart for those who haven't felt heard or understood and I will treat what you share with the utmost care. I can offer you compassion where maybe you feel you haven't received it before, or maybe you feel like you don't deserve it because that internal voice tells you you are not good enough. I can help you discover the roots of that voice, weakening its influence over you and allowing you to build a new voice that is encouraging and supportive. Everyone deserves to have their voice heard, what you think and how you feel really is important to me.
I have a heart for those who haven't felt heard or understood and I will treat what you share with the utmost care. I can offer you compassion where maybe you feel you haven't received it before, or maybe you feel like you don't deserve it because that internal voice tells you you are not good enough. I can help you discover the roots of that voice, weakening its influence over you and allowing you to build a new voice that is encouraging and supportive. Everyone deserves to have their voice heard, what you think and how you feel really is important to me.
01525 659958 View 01525 659958
Photo of Stephen Philip Johnson - Stephen Johnson Therapy, Counsellor, MBACP
Stephen Johnson Therapy
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
I’m a qualified counsellor and psychotherapist who is approachable, caring and thoughtful. My focus is on building a safe and supportive relationship with you. I believe in demystifying mental health. I practice a type of talking therapy called psychodynamic therapy. I listen to and reflect on your thoughts, feelings and experiences and I sometimes focus on the dynamics of our relationship and your past relationships to enable us to explore root causes. This approach can make longer-lasting change for you possible.
I’m a qualified counsellor and psychotherapist who is approachable, caring and thoughtful. My focus is on building a safe and supportive relationship with you. I believe in demystifying mental health. I practice a type of talking therapy called psychodynamic therapy. I listen to and reflect on your thoughts, feelings and experiences and I sometimes focus on the dynamics of our relationship and your past relationships to enable us to explore root causes. This approach can make longer-lasting change for you possible.
01582 368286 View 01582 368286
Photo of Celia Jarvis, Counsellor, MBACP
Celia Jarvis
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I work with women to explore and strengthen their low self-esteem. If you feel not good enough, often experience jealousy or comparison or you're prone to people pleasing, then self esteem counselling may be for you. We live in a high pressure world and many things can contribute towards low self-esteem – a difficult childhood, a hurtful comment or a disappointing relationship. But self-esteem can be renewed and repaired. Many of my clients report feeling significantly better after completing our counselling sessions together. And they go on to create a life they love.
I work with women to explore and strengthen their low self-esteem. If you feel not good enough, often experience jealousy or comparison or you're prone to people pleasing, then self esteem counselling may be for you. We live in a high pressure world and many things can contribute towards low self-esteem – a difficult childhood, a hurtful comment or a disappointing relationship. But self-esteem can be renewed and repaired. Many of my clients report feeling significantly better after completing our counselling sessions together. And they go on to create a life they love.
01548 808659 View 01548 808659
Photo of Christian John Liberati, Counsellor, MBACP
Christian John Liberati
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Perhaps you feel lost, ungrounded, unable to understand your emotional way of being and always seem to be at conflict with yourself and others in your life. Perhaps you suffer from anxiety, stress, OCD, addictions, lack of self-worth. Perhaps you are grieving a loss of a loved one, relationship break-up or a job. In these times of stress and anxiety, one needs to find one’s inner core strength to be able to be fully grounded and able to fully move into life with clarity and focus. With my counselling skills and our teamwork, you can become the person you were born to be.
Perhaps you feel lost, ungrounded, unable to understand your emotional way of being and always seem to be at conflict with yourself and others in your life. Perhaps you suffer from anxiety, stress, OCD, addictions, lack of self-worth. Perhaps you are grieving a loss of a loved one, relationship break-up or a job. In these times of stress and anxiety, one needs to find one’s inner core strength to be able to be fully grounded and able to fully move into life with clarity and focus. With my counselling skills and our teamwork, you can become the person you were born to be.
01275 408887 View 01275 408887
Photo of Monique Sara Noy Spevock, Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Monique Sara Noy Spevock
Psychotherapist, MA, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Online Only
I provide a welcoming, supportive, understanding and non-judgmental safe haven in-which to explore any emotions, feelings or concerns you may have. As a fully registered and accredited UKCP Psychotherapist and a registered member of the BACP, I have a vast experience of various concerns in private, NHS and public clinics. My varied experience has permitted me to meet a diverse spectrum of clients with varied backgrounds and presenting concerns. My Integrative approach to Psychotherapy, has provided me with an extensive foundation of perspectives and psychological philosophies.
I provide a welcoming, supportive, understanding and non-judgmental safe haven in-which to explore any emotions, feelings or concerns you may have. As a fully registered and accredited UKCP Psychotherapist and a registered member of the BACP, I have a vast experience of various concerns in private, NHS and public clinics. My varied experience has permitted me to meet a diverse spectrum of clients with varied backgrounds and presenting concerns. My Integrative approach to Psychotherapy, has provided me with an extensive foundation of perspectives and psychological philosophies.
View
Photo of Nicki Raffo, Counsellor, MBACP
Nicki Raffo
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I offer therapy to adults, young people, and couples. Counselling can help when we feel stuck, lost and overwhelmed and can’t find a way to make sense of those difficult feelings on our own. Speaking to someone who isn’t a friend or family member can help you to see a problem from a different perspective, without judgement or bias. You may be struggling with feelings of sadness, anxiety, stress, anger or loss. Perhaps you'd like to find the mental tools to help give you greater resilience and confidence. Or you could be looking for ways to manage conflict and improve communication within your personal relationships.
I offer therapy to adults, young people, and couples. Counselling can help when we feel stuck, lost and overwhelmed and can’t find a way to make sense of those difficult feelings on our own. Speaking to someone who isn’t a friend or family member can help you to see a problem from a different perspective, without judgement or bias. You may be struggling with feelings of sadness, anxiety, stress, anger or loss. Perhaps you'd like to find the mental tools to help give you greater resilience and confidence. Or you could be looking for ways to manage conflict and improve communication within your personal relationships.
01727 223772 View 01727 223772
Photo of Nisa Farooq, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Nisa Farooq
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Hello! I am Nisa, I am a Psychodynamic Counsellor and an Accredited Member of the British Association of Counselling & Psychotherapy (BACP). I abide by its Code of Ethics and professional standards and hold a professional indemnity Insurance and have an enhanced DBS check. I completed four years of rigorous training in Psychodynamic counselling at the Counselling Foundation and also trained at the University of Hertfordshire. I am an experienced Bereavement Counsellor trained at Cruse Bereavement Care.
Hello! I am Nisa, I am a Psychodynamic Counsellor and an Accredited Member of the British Association of Counselling & Psychotherapy (BACP). I abide by its Code of Ethics and professional standards and hold a professional indemnity Insurance and have an enhanced DBS check. I completed four years of rigorous training in Psychodynamic counselling at the Counselling Foundation and also trained at the University of Hertfordshire. I am an experienced Bereavement Counsellor trained at Cruse Bereavement Care.
01438 584569 View 01438 584569
Photo of Hayley Ryan, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Hayley Ryan
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Snr. Accred
Verified Verified
Serves Area
If we never take a leap of faith then we never know. More significantly we remain stuck. I often talk to clients about the power of change. In my work I am for people to gain a greater understanding of who they really are. Whilst enabling them to explore their feelings, circumstances and relationships. The goal of our work together is to challenge any destructive patterns or behaviours and work towards positive active change. In the end this enables people to live a more fulfilling and calmer life.
If we never take a leap of faith then we never know. More significantly we remain stuck. I often talk to clients about the power of change. In my work I am for people to gain a greater understanding of who they really are. Whilst enabling them to explore their feelings, circumstances and relationships. The goal of our work together is to challenge any destructive patterns or behaviours and work towards positive active change. In the end this enables people to live a more fulfilling and calmer life.
01727 634564 View 01727 634564
Photo of Michael Feldman, Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Michael Feldman
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I am a very experienced counsellor working with a wide range of clients presenting with a broad spectrum of issues. I work with both individuals and couples and have a particular interest in working with relationships, depression and anxiety. I also specialise in working with porn and sex addiction. I have additional training in IAPT Counselling for Depression as well as a Level 5 Diploma in Sex Addiction Counselling.
I am a very experienced counsellor working with a wide range of clients presenting with a broad spectrum of issues. I work with both individuals and couples and have a particular interest in working with relationships, depression and anxiety. I also specialise in working with porn and sex addiction. I have additional training in IAPT Counselling for Depression as well as a Level 5 Diploma in Sex Addiction Counselling.
01727 227293 View 01727 227293
Photo of Dee Critoph, Psychotherapist, BPC
Dee Critoph
Psychotherapist, BPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Would you like a Safe Space to Speak Freely and Explore whatever is on 'Your Mind'? As an experienced and registered Psychotherapist and Certified ADHD Clinical Services Professional, I have worked with a diverse range of people struggling with a wide range of challenges. I would work to help you make sense of your feelings, moods, behaviour and motivations. Helping you understand and resolve your difficulties by increasing awareness of your inner world and its influence over your relationship with yourself and others.
Would you like a Safe Space to Speak Freely and Explore whatever is on 'Your Mind'? As an experienced and registered Psychotherapist and Certified ADHD Clinical Services Professional, I have worked with a diverse range of people struggling with a wide range of challenges. I would work to help you make sense of your feelings, moods, behaviour and motivations. Helping you understand and resolve your difficulties by increasing awareness of your inner world and its influence over your relationship with yourself and others.
020 4538 5494 View 020 4538 5494
Photo of Penny Glazebrook - Penny Glazebrook Counselling and Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych
Penny Glazebrook Counselling and Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Whether you simply need counselling and want to talk to a professional counsellor in confidence to discuss general worries that may have become constraints in your life or need an in-depth psychotherapeutic approach to explore deep-seated long standing issues; as an experienced integrative counselling psychotherapist in private practice, I can offer you individually tailored sessions to promote understanding and enable change in a warm and non-judgemental environment. Privacy and Confidentiality are assured.
Whether you simply need counselling and want to talk to a professional counsellor in confidence to discuss general worries that may have become constraints in your life or need an in-depth psychotherapeutic approach to explore deep-seated long standing issues; as an experienced integrative counselling psychotherapist in private practice, I can offer you individually tailored sessions to promote understanding and enable change in a warm and non-judgemental environment. Privacy and Confidentiality are assured.
01727 733164 View 01727 733164
Photo of Awa S. Ottiger, Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Awa S. Ottiger
Psychotherapist, MA, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Online Only
Do feel disconnected from yourself? Are you not living your potentials in life? Do you want to work through past experiences that made you feel unworthy, not good enough and undeserving and return to self-ownership, inner resilience, authenticity, vulnerability, self-love and self-responsibilities? Then get ready to start to truly get to know, own an be yourself.
Do feel disconnected from yourself? Are you not living your potentials in life? Do you want to work through past experiences that made you feel unworthy, not good enough and undeserving and return to self-ownership, inner resilience, authenticity, vulnerability, self-love and self-responsibilities? Then get ready to start to truly get to know, own an be yourself.
View
Photo of Erica Spencer Green - Valley Counselling, Psychotherapist, MBACP
Valley Counselling
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Problems are personal, bereavement, depression, stress, relationship breakdowns and anxiety can all feel unbearable and isolating. The reasons for seeking counselling or psychotherapy are as unique and varied as we are. Sometimes we have an idea of what is annoying or upsetting us. Sometimes we struggle to understand issues that darken our days. We might enter a cycle of blame or self-loathing in which we get lost, finding it difficult to move forwards in our lives.
Problems are personal, bereavement, depression, stress, relationship breakdowns and anxiety can all feel unbearable and isolating. The reasons for seeking counselling or psychotherapy are as unique and varied as we are. Sometimes we have an idea of what is annoying or upsetting us. Sometimes we struggle to understand issues that darken our days. We might enter a cycle of blame or self-loathing in which we get lost, finding it difficult to move forwards in our lives.
01727 638101 View 01727 638101
1

See more therapy options for AL2

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in AL2

40+

Average cost per session

£70

Counsellors in AL2 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
85% Self Esteem
76% Stress
65% Bereavement
63% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

65% Aviva
53% Bupa
47% AXA PPP

How Counsellors in AL2 see their clients

83% In Person and Online
17% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
16% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in AL2?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.