Photo of Morgan Brooks, Registered Social Worker in V8W, BC
Morgan Brooks
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
Overwhelm, uncertainty, confusion, conflict, anxiety, despair and dread - if this is your reality right now, you're not alone. We're all longing for a sense of connection, possibility, and hope in the face of the tsunami of injustice, trauma and loss we've all been living through for so long. Stress levels higher than the price of a Vancouver condo, identities under attack from all sides and catastrophe looming around every corner - how do we cope with the chaos and still show up as the partners, parents, caregivers, creatives, healers and changemakers we long to be?
Overwhelm, uncertainty, confusion, conflict, anxiety, despair and dread - if this is your reality right now, you're not alone. We're all longing for a sense of connection, possibility, and hope in the face of the tsunami of injustice, trauma and loss we've all been living through for so long. Stress levels higher than the price of a Vancouver condo, identities under attack from all sides and catastrophe looming around every corner - how do we cope with the chaos and still show up as the partners, parents, caregivers, creatives, healers and changemakers we long to be?
(902) 906-9789 View (902) 906-9789
Photo of Laura Di Castri, Counsellor in V8W, BC
Laura Di Castri
Counsellor, MACP, RCC
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W
My approach with clients is to provide a safe and non-judgemental space to explore life challenges and work toward better functioning. I draw on different approaches such as cognitive behavioural therapy, solution focused therapy and polvagal informed theory in order to customize the counselling experience to the unique needs of the client. My practice is centred around values of curiosity and respect for the client’s lived experience, with a focus on creating more self compassion and internal safety. I believe that we can access internal strengths that foster improved wellbeing through increased awareness and intentional practice.
My approach with clients is to provide a safe and non-judgemental space to explore life challenges and work toward better functioning. I draw on different approaches such as cognitive behavioural therapy, solution focused therapy and polvagal informed theory in order to customize the counselling experience to the unique needs of the client. My practice is centred around values of curiosity and respect for the client’s lived experience, with a focus on creating more self compassion and internal safety. I believe that we can access internal strengths that foster improved wellbeing through increased awareness and intentional practice.
(226) 840-2165 View (226) 840-2165
Photo of Ryan Leiderman, Counsellor in V8W, BC
Ryan Leiderman
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W  (Online Only)
Now Accepting New Clients - I help clients dealing with issues like anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, substance misuse, and existential concerns.
Now Accepting New Clients - I help clients dealing with issues like anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, substance misuse, and existential concerns.
(855) 982-1214 View (855) 982-1214
Photo of Kashka Hughes Clarke - Heartwood Counselling, Counsellor in V8W, BC
Kashka Hughes Clarke - Heartwood Counselling
Counsellor, MEd, CCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W  (Online Only)
I ground my approach in the transformative power of human connection and relationships, working with individuals and couples. I believe that our wellbeing is shaped by what we've learned and experienced while moving through life, and by the ways we consciously and unconsciously relate to these experiences, to ourselves, and to others. I aim to help you transform painful or challenging emotions, understand your patterns, create healthy boundaries, and develop skills for authentic and effective communication, deep connection, and fulfilling relationships.
I ground my approach in the transformative power of human connection and relationships, working with individuals and couples. I believe that our wellbeing is shaped by what we've learned and experienced while moving through life, and by the ways we consciously and unconsciously relate to these experiences, to ourselves, and to others. I aim to help you transform painful or challenging emotions, understand your patterns, create healthy boundaries, and develop skills for authentic and effective communication, deep connection, and fulfilling relationships.
(450) 987-6629 View (450) 987-6629
Photo of Sandra Atkins, Counsellor in V8W, BC
Sandra Atkins
Counsellor, MA, BSW, RCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
Sandra is a Métis Canadian of Ojibwe, Cree, and European ancestry from southern Manitoba. She has lived and provided counselling services in the Victoria area for over 25 years. Her cultural heritage informs her curiosity, empathy, and passion for working with issues of diversity. Sandra uses a relational, emotionally-focused approach in her work with adults, youth, and couples. She provides a safe, collaborative therapeutic connection to support her clients in responding to life’s challenges.
Sandra is a Métis Canadian of Ojibwe, Cree, and European ancestry from southern Manitoba. She has lived and provided counselling services in the Victoria area for over 25 years. Her cultural heritage informs her curiosity, empathy, and passion for working with issues of diversity. Sandra uses a relational, emotionally-focused approach in her work with adults, youth, and couples. She provides a safe, collaborative therapeutic connection to support her clients in responding to life’s challenges.
(778) 588-9520 x6 View (778) 588-9520 x6
Photo of Leanne Toews, Counsellor in V8W, BC
Leanne Toews
Counsellor, MA, RCC, QArb
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
Leanne was born and raised in the Lower Mainland, and has lived and worked in communities across Northern and Central British Columbia. She currently resides in Victoria, where she is active in the community supporting many initiatives, having run various programs and projects supporting youth and the community at large. Leanne holds a Masters Degree in Counselling Psychology, and a Bachelor of Arts in Child & Youth Care, with numerous diplomas and certificates acquired over years of experience in the field of mental wellness.
Leanne was born and raised in the Lower Mainland, and has lived and worked in communities across Northern and Central British Columbia. She currently resides in Victoria, where she is active in the community supporting many initiatives, having run various programs and projects supporting youth and the community at large. Leanne holds a Masters Degree in Counselling Psychology, and a Bachelor of Arts in Child & Youth Care, with numerous diplomas and certificates acquired over years of experience in the field of mental wellness.
(778) 588-9520 x2 View (778) 588-9520 x2
Photo of Kate Steele, Counsellor in V8W, BC
Kate Steele
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
I work with adults, youth, children, and families. I use a strength-based approach to address concerns, and draw on the theories of narrative, response-based, cognitive behavioural and emotion focused therapy in my work. I also specialize in EMDR, an evidence-based trauma-focused therapy that addresses many mental health challenges. I also employ arts-based approaches, incorporating music and visual arts, especially when working with children and youth.
I work with adults, youth, children, and families. I use a strength-based approach to address concerns, and draw on the theories of narrative, response-based, cognitive behavioural and emotion focused therapy in my work. I also specialize in EMDR, an evidence-based trauma-focused therapy that addresses many mental health challenges. I also employ arts-based approaches, incorporating music and visual arts, especially when working with children and youth.
(855) 982-9363 View (855) 982-9363
Photo of PRYSM - Couples Counselling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in V8W, BC
PRYSM - Couples Counselling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with a challenging relationship that affects your ability to feel seen, heard, and validated? Do you feel overwhelmed, frustrated, and lost by patterns of arguing, defensiveness, and lack of closeness in your relationship? Do you question whether things will ever get better? Today more than ever, couples are feeling anxious and uncertain about overcoming their relationship challenges, moving past resentment, and if there is a light at the end of the tunnel. I believe it is possible to improve any relationship and that wounds in high stakes relationships can be healed.
Do you struggle with a challenging relationship that affects your ability to feel seen, heard, and validated? Do you feel overwhelmed, frustrated, and lost by patterns of arguing, defensiveness, and lack of closeness in your relationship? Do you question whether things will ever get better? Today more than ever, couples are feeling anxious and uncertain about overcoming their relationship challenges, moving past resentment, and if there is a light at the end of the tunnel. I believe it is possible to improve any relationship and that wounds in high stakes relationships can be healed.
(506) 315-3612 View (506) 315-3612
Photo of Ashley Alexandre, Counsellor in V8W, BC
Ashley Alexandre
Counsellor, MC, RCC, BSc
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W
It is common for certain life events or patterns to prevent you from thriving in the present and setting goals for the future. Through guided self-exploration in counselling, you can find direction and confidently move toward a place of deepened awareness and healing. To help you with this pursuit, I have created a safe, compassionate, and non-judgemental space to support your personal growth. My specialties include trauma, anxiety, depression, and support through change/transition.
It is common for certain life events or patterns to prevent you from thriving in the present and setting goals for the future. Through guided self-exploration in counselling, you can find direction and confidently move toward a place of deepened awareness and healing. To help you with this pursuit, I have created a safe, compassionate, and non-judgemental space to support your personal growth. My specialties include trauma, anxiety, depression, and support through change/transition.
(604) 229-2895 View (604) 229-2895
Photo of Jenna Berg Counselling, Counsellor in V8W, BC
Jenna Berg Counselling
Counsellor, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
Hello There! I am a somatic, experiential and relational therapist. I work with attachment (relationships), trauma (religious, family & relationship), and lots of different mood struggles. I love spending time dancing, playing on a playground, watching comedians, and spending time with my family people. I work to hold a space where you can be your true self and feel accepted by my true self. I enjoy helping individuals, friends and family dyads work through conflict, grief, and attachment healing. I love this work and have a caring, playful, and present energy.
Hello There! I am a somatic, experiential and relational therapist. I work with attachment (relationships), trauma (religious, family & relationship), and lots of different mood struggles. I love spending time dancing, playing on a playground, watching comedians, and spending time with my family people. I work to hold a space where you can be your true self and feel accepted by my true self. I enjoy helping individuals, friends and family dyads work through conflict, grief, and attachment healing. I love this work and have a caring, playful, and present energy.
(778) 770-1849 View (778) 770-1849
Photo of Katree Weick, Registered Social Worker in V8W, BC
Katree Weick
Registered Social Worker, RSW
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W
Life can feel overwhelming and complicated when shifting into a non-monogamous way of being. It often brings up deep feelings of fear, abandonment, and jealousy both for those who are starting out and also for those who have been in an Ethically Non-Monogamous paradigm for a long time. It can feel isolating to come out as gender diverse. I’ve been supporting folks as they access gender affirming care, challenge people's expectations, find acceptance, set boundaries, and grow more comfortable in themselves and their own identities. I support folks who want to access a Queer, Trans, and Non-binary welcoming space.
Life can feel overwhelming and complicated when shifting into a non-monogamous way of being. It often brings up deep feelings of fear, abandonment, and jealousy both for those who are starting out and also for those who have been in an Ethically Non-Monogamous paradigm for a long time. It can feel isolating to come out as gender diverse. I’ve been supporting folks as they access gender affirming care, challenge people's expectations, find acceptance, set boundaries, and grow more comfortable in themselves and their own identities. I support folks who want to access a Queer, Trans, and Non-binary welcoming space.
(782) 201-3668 View (782) 201-3668
Photo of Keegan Baulkham, Counsellor in V8W, BC
Keegan Baulkham
Counsellor, MACP, RCC
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W
My practice is directed towards those wanting to explore emotions and relationships, to make sense of life, and to capture the essence of development. I focus on integration, adapting learned wisdom and experience into daily practice. I help navigate life's challenges, doubts, and fears, to help build a life's practice that aligns with your optimal Self. I enjoy working outdoors and host my sessions in parks across Victoria (virtual, or in-clinic also available).
My practice is directed towards those wanting to explore emotions and relationships, to make sense of life, and to capture the essence of development. I focus on integration, adapting learned wisdom and experience into daily practice. I help navigate life's challenges, doubts, and fears, to help build a life's practice that aligns with your optimal Self. I enjoy working outdoors and host my sessions in parks across Victoria (virtual, or in-clinic also available).
(249) 803-3114 View (249) 803-3114
Photo of Naamat D, Pre-Licensed Professional in V8W, BC
Naamat D
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W  (Online Only)
Sometimes therapy feels scary and intimidating, I am here to be with you and provide a safe and comfortable place to share your stories. My approach is genuine and you'll find me an easy person to talk to. Working together in a professional relationship will help you free you from emotional pain and able to deal with life and discover meaning and purpose in relationships, family, friendships, and spirituality.
Sometimes therapy feels scary and intimidating, I am here to be with you and provide a safe and comfortable place to share your stories. My approach is genuine and you'll find me an easy person to talk to. Working together in a professional relationship will help you free you from emotional pain and able to deal with life and discover meaning and purpose in relationships, family, friendships, and spirituality.
(343) 453-5128 View (343) 453-5128
Photo of Seth Shugar in V8W, BC
Seth Shugar
RCC, MFT, BCC
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W  (Online Only)
Are you looking to improve your relationship? Communicate better? Find a life-partner? Navigate the ups-and-downs of dating? Deal with a difficult break-up? Pivot out of a break-down? Heal and grow after adversity? Make a tough decision? Manage your emotions more skillfully? Bring your family back together? Experience more joy, zest and inner peace? Whether I am working with you as an individual, couple or family, as a Registered Clinical Counsellor and Marital and Family Therapist I'll give you not just my experience and expertise, but the curious and compassionate attention necessary to clarify and accomplish your goals.
Are you looking to improve your relationship? Communicate better? Find a life-partner? Navigate the ups-and-downs of dating? Deal with a difficult break-up? Pivot out of a break-down? Heal and grow after adversity? Make a tough decision? Manage your emotions more skillfully? Bring your family back together? Experience more joy, zest and inner peace? Whether I am working with you as an individual, couple or family, as a Registered Clinical Counsellor and Marital and Family Therapist I'll give you not just my experience and expertise, but the curious and compassionate attention necessary to clarify and accomplish your goals.
(438) 500-0913 View (438) 500-0913
Photo of Miki Hotel, Counsellor in V8W, BC
Miki Hotel
Counsellor, MC, RCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W  (Online Only)
Hey there! Sometimes, it can feel like you missed that day at school when they taught you how to be a ‘social human being’. It might seem like you have to hide your authentic self outside of your chosen ‘people’. Well, I’m here to tell you that you don’t need to ‘fit in’ or ‘be like other people’. In fact, I thrive on the kind of counselling that invites your quirks to the party, instead of leaving them at home feeling lonely. I understand the challenges of living in a world that often neglects your unique needs. You possess unique strengths and resources that we’ll learn to harness together.
Hey there! Sometimes, it can feel like you missed that day at school when they taught you how to be a ‘social human being’. It might seem like you have to hide your authentic self outside of your chosen ‘people’. Well, I’m here to tell you that you don’t need to ‘fit in’ or ‘be like other people’. In fact, I thrive on the kind of counselling that invites your quirks to the party, instead of leaving them at home feeling lonely. I understand the challenges of living in a world that often neglects your unique needs. You possess unique strengths and resources that we’ll learn to harness together.
(450) 823-0407 View (450) 823-0407
Photo of Adrienne Wetmore Counselling, Counsellor in V8W, BC
Adrienne Wetmore Counselling
Counsellor, MEd, RCC
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W
Waitlist for new clients
I believe in the capacity of individuals to learn, change and grow. When challenges and difficult circumstances arise, individuals can experience difficulty functioning in day-to-day life. Whether you are struggling with a short-term challenge, or a long-term more complex issue, counselling and psychotherapy can create an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of yourself and the circumstances you are facing within the safety of the therapeutic relationship.
I believe in the capacity of individuals to learn, change and grow. When challenges and difficult circumstances arise, individuals can experience difficulty functioning in day-to-day life. Whether you are struggling with a short-term challenge, or a long-term more complex issue, counselling and psychotherapy can create an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of yourself and the circumstances you are facing within the safety of the therapeutic relationship.
(867) 292-0890 View (867) 292-0890
Photo of Linnea Strom, Registered Social Worker in V8W, BC
Linnea Strom
Registered Social Worker, RSW
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W
Linnea Strom is passionate about supporting clients to release past trauma, nurture their self-compassion, and improve emotional regulation. Her style is warm, relational and body-based. She brings skills in navigating complex life issues, with lived and professional experience in areas such as parenting, gender and sexuality, grief, depression/anxiety, medicalization/chronic health issues, neurodivergence, and trauma.
Linnea Strom is passionate about supporting clients to release past trauma, nurture their self-compassion, and improve emotional regulation. Her style is warm, relational and body-based. She brings skills in navigating complex life issues, with lived and professional experience in areas such as parenting, gender and sexuality, grief, depression/anxiety, medicalization/chronic health issues, neurodivergence, and trauma.
(249) 444-4019 View (249) 444-4019
Photo of Rachel Dee Athey, Counsellor in V8W, BC
Rachel Dee Athey
Counsellor, MEd, RCC
Verified Verified
Victoria, BC V8W
Waitlist for new clients
I work from a person-centered, trauma-informed approach. I engage collaboratively with my clients to understand what they are seeking from the therapeutic experience and the goals they may have. I tailor sessions and my approach based on my client's needs and prioritize their sense of safety at all times. I work relationally with clients and support them to explore how developmental experiences and internalized beliefs shape their current lived experience. I have a special interest in the physiological experience of trauma and anxiety and supporting folks to build resiliency through re-conditioning the nervous system.
I work from a person-centered, trauma-informed approach. I engage collaboratively with my clients to understand what they are seeking from the therapeutic experience and the goals they may have. I tailor sessions and my approach based on my client's needs and prioritize their sense of safety at all times. I work relationally with clients and support them to explore how developmental experiences and internalized beliefs shape their current lived experience. I have a special interest in the physiological experience of trauma and anxiety and supporting folks to build resiliency through re-conditioning the nervous system.
View
Photo of Julie Evans Counselling in V8W, BC
Julie Evans Counselling
MEd, RCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
Waitlist for new clients
I provide skilled therapy for individuals ages 18+ who are having difficulties coping with the inevitable ups and downs of life. I believe that even the most confident and capable of us can sometimes get stuck in challenging circumstances and unhelpful patterns of thinking, feeling and acting that takes us away from what matters most. My approach to therapy can help you learn new ways of understanding, relating to and coping with your painful experiences and encourages you to take intentional steps towards a rich and meaningful life.
I provide skilled therapy for individuals ages 18+ who are having difficulties coping with the inevitable ups and downs of life. I believe that even the most confident and capable of us can sometimes get stuck in challenging circumstances and unhelpful patterns of thinking, feeling and acting that takes us away from what matters most. My approach to therapy can help you learn new ways of understanding, relating to and coping with your painful experiences and encourages you to take intentional steps towards a rich and meaningful life.
(778) 760-1453 View (778) 760-1453
Photo of Riley McDonald, Counsellor in V8W, BC
Riley McDonald
Counsellor, MC, RCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Victoria, BC V8W
My aim is to provide a trusting, nonjudgmental space in which you feel comfortable sharing your story. While there is innate wisdom within all of us, our ability to see the way forward can become clouded when we become overwhelmed. A deep exploration of one’s internal experience can be freeing, and provide valuable insight into (often unconscious) patterns of relating to the self and others. We will work collaboratively from an attachment-based, client-centred orientation. Drawing connections between your past experiences and your present situation will help us identify how best to meet your future goals.
My aim is to provide a trusting, nonjudgmental space in which you feel comfortable sharing your story. While there is innate wisdom within all of us, our ability to see the way forward can become clouded when we become overwhelmed. A deep exploration of one’s internal experience can be freeing, and provide valuable insight into (often unconscious) patterns of relating to the self and others. We will work collaboratively from an attachment-based, client-centred orientation. Drawing connections between your past experiences and your present situation will help us identify how best to meet your future goals.
(450) 328-5874 View (450) 328-5874

See more therapy options for V8W

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in V8W

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in V8W who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Self Esteem
86% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
71% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

43% SunLife
33% First Nations Health Authority
33% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in V8W see their clients

77% In Person and Online
23% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
17% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in V8W?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.