Therapists in Edmonton, AB

Photo of Toby John, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Edmonton, AB
Toby John
Registered Provisional Psychologist, CCC, MACP, BA
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T5N
Know all the theories, master all the techniques, but as you touch a human soul, be just another human soul- Carl Jung. Are you looking for someone to talk to? Someone to help you on your journey? Or are you looking for someone to listen to you in a safe and nonjudgemental environment? Well, look no further. My name is Toby John, and welcome to my profile. I am a Registered Provisional Psychologist specializing in sex therapy, couples counselling, anxiety, depression, grief, and trauma. I believe that quality treatment begins with a solid therapeutic relationship between the client and the therapist.
Know all the theories, master all the techniques, but as you touch a human soul, be just another human soul- Carl Jung. Are you looking for someone to talk to? Someone to help you on your journey? Or are you looking for someone to listen to you in a safe and nonjudgemental environment? Well, look no further. My name is Toby John, and welcome to my profile. I am a Registered Provisional Psychologist specializing in sex therapy, couples counselling, anxiety, depression, grief, and trauma. I believe that quality treatment begins with a solid therapeutic relationship between the client and the therapist.
(587) 742-2429 View (587) 742-2429
Photo of Teresa Davis, Psychologist in Edmonton, AB
Teresa Davis
Psychologist, MEd, RPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5P
“The secret to making progress is getting started.” - Mark Twain. As a Registered Psychologist with over 20 years of experience, I have clinical experience and training working with children, youth, adults and families in the Edmonton and surrounding areas. Many of the young children I work with present with challenges with attention, sleep, regulation, toileting, anxiety, feeding issues, aggression, etc. Parents also express concerns with parenting and attachment concerns.
“The secret to making progress is getting started.” - Mark Twain. As a Registered Psychologist with over 20 years of experience, I have clinical experience and training working with children, youth, adults and families in the Edmonton and surrounding areas. Many of the young children I work with present with challenges with attention, sleep, regulation, toileting, anxiety, feeding issues, aggression, etc. Parents also express concerns with parenting and attachment concerns.
(780) 905-1475 View (780) 905-1475
Photo of Claire Murray, Psychologist in Edmonton, AB
Claire Murray
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5K
Not accepting new clients
I am a Registered Psychologist specializing in treating anxiety, depression, grief, and trauma. I completed my Masters of Arts in Counselling Psychology degree through Yorkville University. My approach to therapy includes collaborating with you to create achievable goals. You are the expert in your own life and my job is to support you to improve your mental wellbeing through non-judgemental listening and validation. I have worked in a variety of clinical settings and have learned from the experiences of every client I have encountered.
I am a Registered Psychologist specializing in treating anxiety, depression, grief, and trauma. I completed my Masters of Arts in Counselling Psychology degree through Yorkville University. My approach to therapy includes collaborating with you to create achievable goals. You are the expert in your own life and my job is to support you to improve your mental wellbeing through non-judgemental listening and validation. I have worked in a variety of clinical settings and have learned from the experiences of every client I have encountered.
(587) 812-8406 View (587) 812-8406
Photo of Noorfarah Merali, Psychologist in Edmonton, AB
Noorfarah Merali
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T6G
Not accepting new clients
As a Registered Psychologist since 2001, I help adults and couples overcome personal, mental health and relationship challenges with compassion and cultural sensitivity. Approaching clients with empathy, I listen to understand your unique experiences and struggles, as well as the changes you hope for as a result of seeking help. I work with you to create a customized counselling or treatment plan to help you achieve your goals for change and live a happier, healthier life. The interventions and therapies I draw on are well-researched and have been clinically proven to be effective.
As a Registered Psychologist since 2001, I help adults and couples overcome personal, mental health and relationship challenges with compassion and cultural sensitivity. Approaching clients with empathy, I listen to understand your unique experiences and struggles, as well as the changes you hope for as a result of seeking help. I work with you to create a customized counselling or treatment plan to help you achieve your goals for change and live a happier, healthier life. The interventions and therapies I draw on are well-researched and have been clinically proven to be effective.
(587) 207-4366 View (587) 207-4366
Photo of Michelle Emmerling, Psychologist in Edmonton, AB
Michelle Emmerling
Psychologist, PhD, RPsych
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5J
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Registered Psychologist with over 15 years of extensive professional training in working with a diverse range of individual, couple, and family issues from a holistic and client focused perspective. This means I tailor my work to your unique experience and concerns so that we can work together to help you become aware of different aspects of your experience and areas where you may be stuck. I believe in building a caring, genuine, and supportive therapeutic relationship where you can feel safe to explore your concerns and together we can work towards helping you live a more fulfilling life.
I am a Registered Psychologist with over 15 years of extensive professional training in working with a diverse range of individual, couple, and family issues from a holistic and client focused perspective. This means I tailor my work to your unique experience and concerns so that we can work together to help you become aware of different aspects of your experience and areas where you may be stuck. I believe in building a caring, genuine, and supportive therapeutic relationship where you can feel safe to explore your concerns and together we can work towards helping you live a more fulfilling life.
(825) 435-1306 View (825) 435-1306
Photo of Kari Campbell, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Edmonton, AB
Kari Campbell
Registered Provisional Psychologist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T6W
Kari strongly believes in the power of human connection and works to cultivate a therapeutic relationship that is safe and transformative. Kari approaches her work not as an expert on your journey but as a fellow traveller that has the privilege to walk alongside you in your journey to heal. Kari recognizes that as human beings, we are all interconnected and inevitably face similar hurts, fears, and anxieties. Kari endeavours to learn about your challenges with empathy, develop a personalized treatment plan that is meaningful to you, and offer compassionate support as you move toward your goals.
Kari strongly believes in the power of human connection and works to cultivate a therapeutic relationship that is safe and transformative. Kari approaches her work not as an expert on your journey but as a fellow traveller that has the privilege to walk alongside you in your journey to heal. Kari recognizes that as human beings, we are all interconnected and inevitably face similar hurts, fears, and anxieties. Kari endeavours to learn about your challenges with empathy, develop a personalized treatment plan that is meaningful to you, and offer compassionate support as you move toward your goals.
(825) 250-0660 View (825) 250-0660
Photo of Tara Lutchman, Psychologist in Edmonton, AB
Tara Lutchman
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T6E
Waitlist for new clients
I primarily use IFS (internal family systems), EMDR (eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing), and somatic therapies to help clients heal from and cope more effectively with difficulties having to do with mood disorders, eating disorders, ADHD, addiction, sexual abuse, complex trauma (i.e. repeated painful experiences of betrayal, abandonment, or boundary violations); grief, disrupted attachment in early childhood, as well as experiences of discrimination, exclusion, or shaming on the basis of sexuality, sexual orientation, cultural identity, or anything else that unjustly marks an individual as inferior.
I primarily use IFS (internal family systems), EMDR (eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing), and somatic therapies to help clients heal from and cope more effectively with difficulties having to do with mood disorders, eating disorders, ADHD, addiction, sexual abuse, complex trauma (i.e. repeated painful experiences of betrayal, abandonment, or boundary violations); grief, disrupted attachment in early childhood, as well as experiences of discrimination, exclusion, or shaming on the basis of sexuality, sexual orientation, cultural identity, or anything else that unjustly marks an individual as inferior.
(587) 804-9124 View (587) 804-9124
Photo of Ellen MacGregor, Registered Social Worker in Edmonton, AB
Ellen MacGregor
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T6W
Not accepting new clients
Hi! Thanks for stopping by! It can take a lot of courage to access mental health support so I'm glad you're here! I am a Registered Social Worker experienced in working with children and youth who are impacted by grief, loss, anxiety, depression, obsessions and compulsions, low self-esteem, and identity struggles related to sexuality, culture, or disability. I am passionate about supporting the mental health of neurodiverse students and assisting young adults and families navigate life's transitions.
Hi! Thanks for stopping by! It can take a lot of courage to access mental health support so I'm glad you're here! I am a Registered Social Worker experienced in working with children and youth who are impacted by grief, loss, anxiety, depression, obsessions and compulsions, low self-esteem, and identity struggles related to sexuality, culture, or disability. I am passionate about supporting the mental health of neurodiverse students and assisting young adults and families navigate life's transitions.
View
Photo of Karen Gregory, Psychologist in Edmonton, AB
Karen Gregory
Psychologist, MC
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T5L
My style of therapy is collaborative. I believe that everyone has a unique story and that although I have a lot of theoretical knowledge, you are the best source of knowledge about yourself. We will work together to understand your past and create a present and future around your determined priorities and goals. I view everyone as having a unique path for growth and it is my privilege to be included in discovering that path. I practice a non-judgemental attitude toward the past, believing that the past is part of each of us, but the present is where the work happens.
My style of therapy is collaborative. I believe that everyone has a unique story and that although I have a lot of theoretical knowledge, you are the best source of knowledge about yourself. We will work together to understand your past and create a present and future around your determined priorities and goals. I view everyone as having a unique path for growth and it is my privilege to be included in discovering that path. I practice a non-judgemental attitude toward the past, believing that the past is part of each of us, but the present is where the work happens.
(780) 993-0211 View (780) 993-0211
Photo of Nicolette Sopcak, Registered Psychotherapist in Edmonton, AB
Nicolette Sopcak
Registered Psychotherapist, PhD, MC, CCC, SEP
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T6G
Hi, I’m Nicolette. If you are looking for healing at a deeper level, I would love to connect with you. I work with clients who feel impacted by anxiety, depression, PTSD, relationship issues, stress, and childhood trauma. I enjoy working with adults from all walks of life, particularly with seniors and people who care for others (e.g., health professionals).
Hi, I’m Nicolette. If you are looking for healing at a deeper level, I would love to connect with you. I work with clients who feel impacted by anxiety, depression, PTSD, relationship issues, stress, and childhood trauma. I enjoy working with adults from all walks of life, particularly with seniors and people who care for others (e.g., health professionals).
(587) 409-5748 View (587) 409-5748
Photo of Jerry Rothenberg in Edmonton, AB
Jerry Rothenberg
Dip, Psych, BFA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T6M
To know oneself takes a willingness to be in an honest enquiry into the roots, structures and patterns that make up our decisions and beliefs.What helps on this journey of discovery is a personal relationship with a skilled guide that is grounded in trust and intimacy.This relationship is a powerful tool to unlock the needed self knowledge to change the stuck spaces we live in.We are able to find the strength to successed in career and relationship.Our aim is to become a whole person, one who is able to function with depth of love and understanding.
To know oneself takes a willingness to be in an honest enquiry into the roots, structures and patterns that make up our decisions and beliefs.What helps on this journey of discovery is a personal relationship with a skilled guide that is grounded in trust and intimacy.This relationship is a powerful tool to unlock the needed self knowledge to change the stuck spaces we live in.We are able to find the strength to successed in career and relationship.Our aim is to become a whole person, one who is able to function with depth of love and understanding.
(780) 437-2883 View (780) 437-2883
Photo of Darlynne Hildebrandt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Edmonton, AB
Darlynne Hildebrandt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW , RCAT
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T5M
Life is challenging and difficult at times. It can create distress that affects every part of who we are: our thoughts, feelings, physical well-being and spirit, upsetting our ability to be effective with ourselves, others and manage the demands of our daily life. When we decide to reach out for help, we are acting courageously. Particularly if we do not have the energy or believe that things can be better. I am passionate about helping people. I work to understand the world from your point of view and help you gain a sense of balance and confidence to make positive changes in your life.
Life is challenging and difficult at times. It can create distress that affects every part of who we are: our thoughts, feelings, physical well-being and spirit, upsetting our ability to be effective with ourselves, others and manage the demands of our daily life. When we decide to reach out for help, we are acting courageously. Particularly if we do not have the energy or believe that things can be better. I am passionate about helping people. I work to understand the world from your point of view and help you gain a sense of balance and confidence to make positive changes in your life.
(587) 806-4054 View (587) 806-4054
Photo of Beth Baillie, Psychologist in Edmonton, AB
Beth Baillie
Psychologist, MEd, RPsych
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T5A
Choosing a therapist can feel like a daunting task; I do not believe that therapy is one size fits all and hope that the following information will help you decide whether we might be a good fit! My clients describe me as non-judgmental, genuine, warm, funny, enthusiastic and honest. I believe that we only have one shot at this thing called life and that we all deserve to live that life to the fullest (and I would love to hear about what that might mean to you)! In the words of Mary Oliver, "What will you do with your one wild and precious life?"
Choosing a therapist can feel like a daunting task; I do not believe that therapy is one size fits all and hope that the following information will help you decide whether we might be a good fit! My clients describe me as non-judgmental, genuine, warm, funny, enthusiastic and honest. I believe that we only have one shot at this thing called life and that we all deserve to live that life to the fullest (and I would love to hear about what that might mean to you)! In the words of Mary Oliver, "What will you do with your one wild and precious life?"
(587) 417-6438 View (587) 417-6438
Photo of Randi Shepansky, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Edmonton, AB
Randi Shepansky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5H
Not accepting new clients
Sometimes life can feel overwhelming, and things do not go as planned. Talking to someone who is supportive and unbiased can help you to work through life’s difficulties. I would love to assist you in moving towards a happier and healthier future.
Sometimes life can feel overwhelming, and things do not go as planned. Talking to someone who is supportive and unbiased can help you to work through life’s difficulties. I would love to assist you in moving towards a happier and healthier future.
(587) 872-5631 View (587) 872-5631
Photo of Marcia Buhler, Psychologist in Edmonton, AB
Marcia Buhler
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5N  (Online Only)
Parenting requires so much from us and it can bring up so many emotions and worries when our children struggle. I specialize in parent counselling, supporting and empowering parents to feel more confident, attuned and skilled in their parenting journey. Parent counselling can help with issues such as anxiety, meltdowns, aggression, defiance, sibling issues, adoption, conflict, power struggles, and many more issues. We will work together to understand your child's emotional world and how you can support your child's ability to successfully manage emotions. We will also explore ways to enhance your connection with your child.
Parenting requires so much from us and it can bring up so many emotions and worries when our children struggle. I specialize in parent counselling, supporting and empowering parents to feel more confident, attuned and skilled in their parenting journey. Parent counselling can help with issues such as anxiety, meltdowns, aggression, defiance, sibling issues, adoption, conflict, power struggles, and many more issues. We will work together to understand your child's emotional world and how you can support your child's ability to successfully manage emotions. We will also explore ways to enhance your connection with your child.
(587) 815-4601 View (587) 815-4601
Photo of Daisy Grossi - Clear Presence Psychology, Psychologist in Edmonton, AB
Daisy Grossi - Clear Presence Psychology
Psychologist, BA, MCP, RPsych
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T6H
Waitlist for new clients
Many people struggle with confidence and are unable to fulfill their goals for relationships, work, and personal fulfillment. Understanding how your core values and beliefs impact aspects of your life such as work, relationships, and overall fulfillment can give you the power to overcome these struggles. Through learning to accept and love yourself fully you can move past shame that is likely impacting how you feel and behave. Through awareness of your power to change the meaning you give to events within your childhood, you can become free from limiting beliefs.
Many people struggle with confidence and are unable to fulfill their goals for relationships, work, and personal fulfillment. Understanding how your core values and beliefs impact aspects of your life such as work, relationships, and overall fulfillment can give you the power to overcome these struggles. Through learning to accept and love yourself fully you can move past shame that is likely impacting how you feel and behave. Through awareness of your power to change the meaning you give to events within your childhood, you can become free from limiting beliefs.
(587) 414-6039 View (587) 414-6039
Photo of Dr. Caroline Deutsch, Psychologist in Edmonton, AB
Dr. Caroline Deutsch
Psychologist, PhD, PsyD, RPsych
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T6J
Coming from Ireland, I am down to earth with a sense of humour. I have been counselling people in a variety of health settings for more than a decade. People have many things going on in their lives. I help by listening, understanding and encouraging people to unpack what they are experiencing and to consider other perspectives.
Coming from Ireland, I am down to earth with a sense of humour. I have been counselling people in a variety of health settings for more than a decade. People have many things going on in their lives. I help by listening, understanding and encouraging people to unpack what they are experiencing and to consider other perspectives.
(825) 250-0647 View (825) 250-0647
Photo of Kristen Dubrule, Registered Social Worker in Edmonton, AB
Kristen Dubrule
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5W  (Online Only)
I am experienced in helping people heal from their trauma and address behaviours that interfere with a persons’ quality of life. I do this with a sense of curiosity, and an understanding that survivors have had to adapt to overcome and cope with unthinkable circumstances. Although this is an area of interest, I also have experience helping people with a variety of challenges such as anger, paranoia, depression, and anxiety. I am open to discussing your specific needs to determine if I am the right fit for you.
I am experienced in helping people heal from their trauma and address behaviours that interfere with a persons’ quality of life. I do this with a sense of curiosity, and an understanding that survivors have had to adapt to overcome and cope with unthinkable circumstances. Although this is an area of interest, I also have experience helping people with a variety of challenges such as anger, paranoia, depression, and anxiety. I am open to discussing your specific needs to determine if I am the right fit for you.
(587) 400-1728 View (587) 400-1728
Photo of Bethany Miller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Edmonton, AB
Bethany Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, BSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T6R  (Online Only)
Welcome! My name is Bethany (she/her). At the core of my work as a therapist is the belief that recovery is possible. I focus on providing therapy for stress, trauma, adverse childhood experiences, grief/loss, depression, anxiety, and addiction. Therapy can help to make sense of your life experiences by looking at where you come from, what you’ve been through, and how you are living presently. This deepened sense of awareness clarifies what is important to you for moving forward to build a future that is meaningful.
Welcome! My name is Bethany (she/her). At the core of my work as a therapist is the belief that recovery is possible. I focus on providing therapy for stress, trauma, adverse childhood experiences, grief/loss, depression, anxiety, and addiction. Therapy can help to make sense of your life experiences by looking at where you come from, what you’ve been through, and how you are living presently. This deepened sense of awareness clarifies what is important to you for moving forward to build a future that is meaningful.
(587) 209-2733 View (587) 209-2733
Photo of Kaytlyn Morris, Registered Social Worker in Edmonton, AB
Kaytlyn Morris
Registered Social Worker, MSW
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T6C
I strive to create a collaborative, empowering, and safe therapeutic process. I honour people’s unique experiences and where they are at in their journey. I believe that each person has valuable strengths, knowledge, and skills to offer to their growth.
I strive to create a collaborative, empowering, and safe therapeutic process. I honour people’s unique experiences and where they are at in their journey. I believe that each person has valuable strengths, knowledge, and skills to offer to their growth.
(825) 804-4482 x211 View (825) 804-4482 x211

See more therapy options for Edmonton

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Edmonton, AB

1,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Counsellors in Edmonton, AB who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
80% Self Esteem
79% Relationship Issues
79% Stress
74% Trauma and PTSD
73% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

66% Alberta Blue Cross
60% Green Shield Canada
57% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in Edmonton, AB see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Edmonton?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.