Therapists in Vernon, BC

Photo of Noland Trombley Counselling Services, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Noland Trombley Counselling Services
Counsellor, RPC, RHIP
Verified Verified
Vernon, BC V1T
I'm here to help you examine the issues and concerns you have about your thoughts, fears, behaviours, habits, work, and relationships. I especially enjoy assisting people who feel "stuck" to understand the mechanics of what helped get you stuck, and how to get moving again. My area of particular focus is relational issues, whether they be with friends, romantic partners or prospects, co-workers, family, etc.
I'm here to help you examine the issues and concerns you have about your thoughts, fears, behaviours, habits, work, and relationships. I especially enjoy assisting people who feel "stuck" to understand the mechanics of what helped get you stuck, and how to get moving again. My area of particular focus is relational issues, whether they be with friends, romantic partners or prospects, co-workers, family, etc.
(855) 459-6711 View (855) 459-6711
Photo of Niki Connor, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Niki Connor
Counsellor, MACP, RCC, RPC, BA Psyc
Verified Verified
Vernon, BC V1T  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm Niki, very nice to meet you. Chances are you are noticing that some things in your life just aren't working anymore. There are some life events that impact our emotional well-being. Sometimes they are easier to overcome than others. Those that are not easily managed can lead to prolonged mental health concerns such as depression, anxiety, addiction, and others. In therapy, I can help you to work through the process of healing. I have a genuine and compassionate approach that I bring to each session. I hope to help you find emotional health.
Hello, I'm Niki, very nice to meet you. Chances are you are noticing that some things in your life just aren't working anymore. There are some life events that impact our emotional well-being. Sometimes they are easier to overcome than others. Those that are not easily managed can lead to prolonged mental health concerns such as depression, anxiety, addiction, and others. In therapy, I can help you to work through the process of healing. I have a genuine and compassionate approach that I bring to each session. I hope to help you find emotional health.
(604) 260-0535 View (604) 260-0535
Photo of Lifespan Counselling, Registered Social Worker in Vernon, BC
Lifespan Counselling
Registered Social Worker, BSW , RSW , MTC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Vernon, BC V1T
In the quietest of moments what is it that speaks to you? Is it a new life goal? An unresolved issue that keeps re-emerging? A call to service? A burden that seems too heavy to manage alone? I am hear to assist you with navigating what you view as your issues, needs, goals. Located in Vernon Active Health, Lifespan Counselling, offers a safe welcoming environment in which we can explore these very dilemmas.
In the quietest of moments what is it that speaks to you? Is it a new life goal? An unresolved issue that keeps re-emerging? A call to service? A burden that seems too heavy to manage alone? I am hear to assist you with navigating what you view as your issues, needs, goals. Located in Vernon Active Health, Lifespan Counselling, offers a safe welcoming environment in which we can explore these very dilemmas.
(450) 328-5815 View (450) 328-5815
Photo of Shannon Thomas, Registered Social Worker in Vernon, BC
Shannon Thomas
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Vernon, BC V1T
Are you struggling with the harms associated with problematic substance use or are overwhelmed with life stressors? You may be exhausted and unsure of your next move. Or perhaps you know what the next step is but are having difficulty getting started, my name is Shannon, and I offer one to one in person or virtual counselling to help you identify what is stopping you from achieving your goals.
Are you struggling with the harms associated with problematic substance use or are overwhelmed with life stressors? You may be exhausted and unsure of your next move. Or perhaps you know what the next step is but are having difficulty getting started, my name is Shannon, and I offer one to one in person or virtual counselling to help you identify what is stopping you from achieving your goals.
(431) 244-1019 View (431) 244-1019
Photo of Ten66 Recovery - Substance Use Counsellor, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Ten66 Recovery - Substance Use Counsellor
Counsellor, CCAC, CIAC, CCPCPr
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vernon, BC V1B
Is Substance Use having negative impacts in your life? Are you unsure of what to do next and how to go about doing it? The relationship that we have with substances can feel like handcuffs. It can be that force that tells you it will be different this time and then it isn’t different. It’s this cycle of chaos that can keep us stuck. Breaking the stigma and isolation by walking towards vulnerability and courage can feel like an overwhelming journey, but the rewards can be lifelong. If your substance use is keeping you stuck and hopeless, there is help.
Is Substance Use having negative impacts in your life? Are you unsure of what to do next and how to go about doing it? The relationship that we have with substances can feel like handcuffs. It can be that force that tells you it will be different this time and then it isn’t different. It’s this cycle of chaos that can keep us stuck. Breaking the stigma and isolation by walking towards vulnerability and courage can feel like an overwhelming journey, but the rewards can be lifelong. If your substance use is keeping you stuck and hopeless, there is help.
(548) 490-1798 View (548) 490-1798
Photo of Chris Bader, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Chris Bader
Counsellor, RTC, MTC, CCAC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Vernon, BC V1T
Life is full of unexpected twists and turns. At some points, we can all experience difficult times and need help and support to guide us through. Experiences that have caused pain, anxiety, grief, loss, or shame can feel overpowering if left unrecognized. Working side by side with you on your journey is a privilege. My approach not only focuses on relief from distress, but also helps to develop new tools and clarity of thoughts and feelings through open exploration. A process that can ultimately open up greater inner strength, joy, self-compassion, and serenity.
Life is full of unexpected twists and turns. At some points, we can all experience difficult times and need help and support to guide us through. Experiences that have caused pain, anxiety, grief, loss, or shame can feel overpowering if left unrecognized. Working side by side with you on your journey is a privilege. My approach not only focuses on relief from distress, but also helps to develop new tools and clarity of thoughts and feelings through open exploration. A process that can ultimately open up greater inner strength, joy, self-compassion, and serenity.
(866) 691-9230 View (866) 691-9230
Photo of Danielle Downs, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vernon, BC
Danielle Downs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vernon, BC V1T
Waitlist for new clients
Imagine feeling it in your bones that change is possible. How you relate to yourself, others, and life - can change. I want to work with people who are courageous and fearful and unsure. When we have limiting stories of ourselves it can be helpful to have someone else, a professional, hear us - see us- and want to show another way. I will not look away from your shadow, and I do not fear trauma or big emotions. You are so much more than what you've done, your body, and your worst thoughts.
Imagine feeling it in your bones that change is possible. How you relate to yourself, others, and life - can change. I want to work with people who are courageous and fearful and unsure. When we have limiting stories of ourselves it can be helpful to have someone else, a professional, hear us - see us- and want to show another way. I will not look away from your shadow, and I do not fear trauma or big emotions. You are so much more than what you've done, your body, and your worst thoughts.
(306) 992-1648 View (306) 992-1648
Photo of Stefanie Yadernuk, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Stefanie Yadernuk
Counsellor, MACP, CCC, BSW
Verified Verified
Vernon, BC V1T
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, my name is Stefanie and I have over 12 years of experience helping individuals, couples, and families within the social work field, and currently as a clinical certified counsellor. I am client-focused and collaboratively work together in partnership with you towards alleviating concerns and promoting overall wellness. Counselling and Psychotherapy offers a safe place to examine multiple perspectives and opportunities to edit and re-author your personal stories and outlook on yourself and the world. In addition, your feelings of safety and comfort are of utmost importance when setting up an effective therapeutic relationship.
Hello, my name is Stefanie and I have over 12 years of experience helping individuals, couples, and families within the social work field, and currently as a clinical certified counsellor. I am client-focused and collaboratively work together in partnership with you towards alleviating concerns and promoting overall wellness. Counselling and Psychotherapy offers a safe place to examine multiple perspectives and opportunities to edit and re-author your personal stories and outlook on yourself and the world. In addition, your feelings of safety and comfort are of utmost importance when setting up an effective therapeutic relationship.
(807) 790-9881 View (807) 790-9881
Photo of Becky McGrath, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Becky McGrath
Counsellor, BEd, MC, RCC
Verified Verified
Vernon, BC V1T
Are you feeling stuck in a rut and coping with anxiety and/or depression and not sure how to move forward? Do you have (or are you) a youth or young adult who needs some support? Or are you someone who is struggling with infertility? These are all areas of expertise of mine, and I would like to help you (or your child) live a happier, more fulfilling life.
Are you feeling stuck in a rut and coping with anxiety and/or depression and not sure how to move forward? Do you have (or are you) a youth or young adult who needs some support? Or are you someone who is struggling with infertility? These are all areas of expertise of mine, and I would like to help you (or your child) live a happier, more fulfilling life.
(249) 294-1381 View (249) 294-1381
Photo of Olivia Donaher, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Olivia Donaher
Counsellor, MA, RCC
Verified Verified
Vernon, BC V1T
Helping people realize just how resilient they are is always inspiring. You might be contending with self-acceptance, boundaries, communication, anxiety, learning differences or a range of struggles. Together we will identify and build on your skills and strengths, creating manageable goals that set you up for success within therapy and beyond.
Helping people realize just how resilient they are is always inspiring. You might be contending with self-acceptance, boundaries, communication, anxiety, learning differences or a range of struggles. Together we will identify and build on your skills and strengths, creating manageable goals that set you up for success within therapy and beyond.
(819) 414-2968 View (819) 414-2968
Photo of Morganna Lerch, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Morganna Lerch
Counsellor, RPC-C, CYCP
Verified Verified
Vernon, BC V1T
Do you feel disconnected, lost, or without a sense of direction in life? Does it feel like stress and anxiety consumes your mental/emotional energy leaving you drained? Maybe at one point, you had a clear sense of who you were and what you wanted out of life but that seems far away now, or maybe motivation and energy has never come naturally to you. If this is something you can relate to, a supportive counselling journey can help you transition from just getting through each day to living life with a sense of purpose and goals.
Do you feel disconnected, lost, or without a sense of direction in life? Does it feel like stress and anxiety consumes your mental/emotional energy leaving you drained? Maybe at one point, you had a clear sense of who you were and what you wanted out of life but that seems far away now, or maybe motivation and energy has never come naturally to you. If this is something you can relate to, a supportive counselling journey can help you transition from just getting through each day to living life with a sense of purpose and goals.
(249) 444-2499 View (249) 444-2499
Photo of Noel Appleton, Registered Social Worker in Vernon, BC
Noel Appleton
Registered Social Worker, BSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Vernon, BC V1T
Now Accepting Clients! I have been working with youth/families for 12 years, and I love it! Curiosity and empathy have served me well. I look forward to hearing your story. I'm ready if you are! More information available at: www.dogwoodvalleycounselling.ca
Now Accepting Clients! I have been working with youth/families for 12 years, and I love it! Curiosity and empathy have served me well. I look forward to hearing your story. I'm ready if you are! More information available at: www.dogwoodvalleycounselling.ca
(365) 800-6815 View (365) 800-6815
Photo of Kristy L. Higgins, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Kristy L. Higgins
Counsellor, MTC, TIR, MBTI, RTC, RCS
Verified Verified
21 Endorsed
Vernon, BC V1B
Not accepting new clients
As a Registered Therapeutic Counsellor and Supervisor, I believe every person is the expert of their life. I provide a safe environment where people can process and gain the insights and awareness they are seeking. Many of us feel trapped in shame, fear, loneliness, anger, and hurt. These feelings are often deep-rooted and have not been recognized, acknowledged and shared with someone non-judgmental. Although well-intentioned, family members, friends and co-workers offer advice and support in ways that inhibit our healing process. As we share our life stories with someone objective we are able to heal ourselves.
As a Registered Therapeutic Counsellor and Supervisor, I believe every person is the expert of their life. I provide a safe environment where people can process and gain the insights and awareness they are seeking. Many of us feel trapped in shame, fear, loneliness, anger, and hurt. These feelings are often deep-rooted and have not been recognized, acknowledged and shared with someone non-judgmental. Although well-intentioned, family members, friends and co-workers offer advice and support in ways that inhibit our healing process. As we share our life stories with someone objective we are able to heal ourselves.
(855) 338-0518 View (855) 338-0518
Photo of Dixon Zalit, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Dixon Zalit
Counsellor, BA, RTC
Verified Verified
Vernon, BC V1T
Are you a man whose wife has asked you to go for counselling? She wants you to work on some issues, anger management, root causes, or something like that? Maybe you have noticed your relationship with her is at the critical point where, if something doesn’t change soon, breakdown is coming. I’m experienced in helping men in this situation There is hope. In counselling, we take time to see how the negative communication cycle works and take steps to break out of it. You can change old patterns and even understand yourself better. You can even start to understand her better and rebuild the close connection you are both hoping for.
Are you a man whose wife has asked you to go for counselling? She wants you to work on some issues, anger management, root causes, or something like that? Maybe you have noticed your relationship with her is at the critical point where, if something doesn’t change soon, breakdown is coming. I’m experienced in helping men in this situation There is hope. In counselling, we take time to see how the negative communication cycle works and take steps to break out of it. You can change old patterns and even understand yourself better. You can even start to understand her better and rebuild the close connection you are both hoping for.
(236) 600-9923 View (236) 600-9923
Photo of Allison Bells, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Allison Bells
Counsellor, RCC, RMT, MACP, BHSc
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Vernon, BC V1T
Survivors of childhood trauma, individuals struggling in unhealthy relationships, emergency responders or individuals battling physical or mental illness all have the potential to develop a powerful mindset. A powerful mindset is about overcoming adversity and challenges that life presents. It’s about possessing, understanding, and being able to successfully use a set of psychological coping skills that allow you to be more effective, adaptive, and persistent while pursuing your goals. The foundation and quality of your life will be shaped by how how well you handle challenges and how open you are to improvement.
Survivors of childhood trauma, individuals struggling in unhealthy relationships, emergency responders or individuals battling physical or mental illness all have the potential to develop a powerful mindset. A powerful mindset is about overcoming adversity and challenges that life presents. It’s about possessing, understanding, and being able to successfully use a set of psychological coping skills that allow you to be more effective, adaptive, and persistent while pursuing your goals. The foundation and quality of your life will be shaped by how how well you handle challenges and how open you are to improvement.
(236) 300-2007 View (236) 300-2007
Photo of Tyne Buchy, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Tyne Buchy
Counsellor, MACP, BHK
Verified Verified
Vernon, BC V1T
Currently Accepting New Clients. I am a Registered Clinical Counsellor offering counselling services to adult clients who are struggling with mental health issues (e.g. depression, anxiety, etc.) as well as clients who have experienced trauma. I have extensive experience working with client's diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and survivors of narcissistic abuse. I work with client's in individual, group, family/couple's sessions. My approach to counselling is client-centered and eclectic, where the client and I work together collaboratively in choosing which therapeutic approach is best suited for their needs.
Currently Accepting New Clients. I am a Registered Clinical Counsellor offering counselling services to adult clients who are struggling with mental health issues (e.g. depression, anxiety, etc.) as well as clients who have experienced trauma. I have extensive experience working with client's diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and survivors of narcissistic abuse. I work with client's in individual, group, family/couple's sessions. My approach to counselling is client-centered and eclectic, where the client and I work together collaboratively in choosing which therapeutic approach is best suited for their needs.
(778) 906-8633 View (778) 906-8633
Photo of Paige Hollingsworth, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Paige Hollingsworth
Counsellor, MA
Verified Verified
Vernon, BC V1B  (Online Only)
I specialize in relationship counselling and individual counselling. Have you noticed that worrying is negatively impacting your life or your relationships? Are you feeling hijacked by worry, distressing thoughts, or rumination? Perhaps you are feeling overwhelmed, have difficulty falling asleep, or are feeling stuck in life. Are you and your partner no longer feeling connected and supported by each other? Do you look at your partner and wonder where the person you committed to went? Do you feel like your partner is a stranger, and experience loneliness? Are you looking for a change? I can help.
I specialize in relationship counselling and individual counselling. Have you noticed that worrying is negatively impacting your life or your relationships? Are you feeling hijacked by worry, distressing thoughts, or rumination? Perhaps you are feeling overwhelmed, have difficulty falling asleep, or are feeling stuck in life. Are you and your partner no longer feeling connected and supported by each other? Do you look at your partner and wonder where the person you committed to went? Do you feel like your partner is a stranger, and experience loneliness? Are you looking for a change? I can help.
View
Photo of Dean Cebuliak, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Dean Cebuliak
Counsellor, RPC
Verified Verified
Vernon, BC V1T
Tired of feeling Stuck, Alone, or Hopeless in your relationships? Having the same old arguments, living separate lives together, or constantly failing in relationships? Specialized Relationship Counselling will teach you how to stop the pain. Learn instead to break frustrating barriers and painful relationship dynamics so you experience Joy and Connection instead. Learn skills necessary to grow closer over time, not drift further apart. Feel loved and appreciated, connected and supported, valued and respected, heard and understood. Feel confident that you can get through anything together because you have a strong foundation.
Tired of feeling Stuck, Alone, or Hopeless in your relationships? Having the same old arguments, living separate lives together, or constantly failing in relationships? Specialized Relationship Counselling will teach you how to stop the pain. Learn instead to break frustrating barriers and painful relationship dynamics so you experience Joy and Connection instead. Learn skills necessary to grow closer over time, not drift further apart. Feel loved and appreciated, connected and supported, valued and respected, heard and understood. Feel confident that you can get through anything together because you have a strong foundation.
(250) 260-7892 View (250) 260-7892
Photo of Joan vonNiessen; Tall Tree Therapy, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Joan vonNiessen; Tall Tree Therapy
Counsellor, RN, BTSN, MA, CCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vernon, BC V1T
Hi! And welcome to Tall Tree Therapy. Do you want to feel calmer, brighter, restful and more grounded? Do you want to be able to function better in your life, relationships and your work? My name is Joan and I am here to help. I work with clients with anxiety, depression, trauma, PTSD, ADHD and more. My desire is to create a safe, inviting space for you to your story and to help you achieve your goals. I have seen significant, lasting, positive changes in the clients that come to see me and I have hope that you can experience these changes too. Call me today and let's talk about whether I would be a good fit for you.
Hi! And welcome to Tall Tree Therapy. Do you want to feel calmer, brighter, restful and more grounded? Do you want to be able to function better in your life, relationships and your work? My name is Joan and I am here to help. I work with clients with anxiety, depression, trauma, PTSD, ADHD and more. My desire is to create a safe, inviting space for you to your story and to help you achieve your goals. I have seen significant, lasting, positive changes in the clients that come to see me and I have hope that you can experience these changes too. Call me today and let's talk about whether I would be a good fit for you.
(343) 313-0233 View (343) 313-0233
Photo of Inner Balance Psychotherapy; Bronwyn von Niessen, Counsellor in Vernon, BC
Inner Balance Psychotherapy; Bronwyn von Niessen
Counsellor, BFA, MC, RCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Vernon, BC V1T
Hi! I'm Bronwyn. I offer a range of unique therapeutic approaches which can be done online or in person. Some of the services I offer are: Neurofeedback, Dream & Nightmare Therapy, Art Therapy, Breathwork, and various types of Energy Healing modalities.
Hi! I'm Bronwyn. I offer a range of unique therapeutic approaches which can be done online or in person. Some of the services I offer are: Neurofeedback, Dream & Nightmare Therapy, Art Therapy, Breathwork, and various types of Energy Healing modalities.
(506) 804-9607 View (506) 804-9607

See more therapy options for Vernon

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Vernon, BC

100+

Average cost per session

$145

Counsellors in Vernon, BC who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
84% Depression
78% Self Esteem
77% Stress
75% Relationship Issues
68% Coping Skills
65% Grief

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

48% Green Shield Canada
45% Other
44% Pacific Blue Cross

How Counsellors in Vernon, BC see their clients

88% In Person and Online
12% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Vernon?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.