Therapists in Montréal, QC

View neighborhoods in Montréal
Photo of Sherel Griffiths Therapy & Mediation Services, Registered Psychotherapist in Montréal, QC
Sherel Griffiths Therapy & Mediation Services
Registered Psychotherapist, MSW, LCSW, CFT, AFM, MSc
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H4B  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Maneuvering through the different stages of "Life Journey" can be fulfilling as well as filled with periods of high stress, and emotional imbalance. Through the guiding principles of dignity, diversity, and self-determination, individual therapy brings growth by focusing on your strengths and resilience. Couple therapy can be beneficial to couples who are looking to strengthen their emotional connection in all stages of their relationship. Through the process of couple therapy, I vow to help you understand and become unstuck from the repetitive cycle of miscommunication, stepping on each other's toes, and triggering unhealed wounds.
Maneuvering through the different stages of "Life Journey" can be fulfilling as well as filled with periods of high stress, and emotional imbalance. Through the guiding principles of dignity, diversity, and self-determination, individual therapy brings growth by focusing on your strengths and resilience. Couple therapy can be beneficial to couples who are looking to strengthen their emotional connection in all stages of their relationship. Through the process of couple therapy, I vow to help you understand and become unstuck from the repetitive cycle of miscommunication, stepping on each other's toes, and triggering unhealed wounds.
(438) 255-4340 View (438) 255-4340
Photo of Deborah Ann Herman, Registered Psychotherapist in Montréal, QC
Deborah Ann Herman
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, CT, RP
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
ON-LINE/Virtual Sessions. I've been a psychotherapist and Trauma Specialist for at least 30 years and have worked for various companies & organizations. In my private practise, I enjoy working with clients who are open and willing to make positive changes in their lives. Whether you feel anxious, stuck, depressed or unhappy in some area of your life, my initial goal is to help you gain a feeling of safety. I encourage clients to tell me their story to help them see things from a fresh perspective, improve self-awareness and provide practical solutions & treatments i.e EMDR, IFS(Internal Family Systems) and more...
ON-LINE/Virtual Sessions. I've been a psychotherapist and Trauma Specialist for at least 30 years and have worked for various companies & organizations. In my private practise, I enjoy working with clients who are open and willing to make positive changes in their lives. Whether you feel anxious, stuck, depressed or unhappy in some area of your life, my initial goal is to help you gain a feeling of safety. I encourage clients to tell me their story to help them see things from a fresh perspective, improve self-awareness and provide practical solutions & treatments i.e EMDR, IFS(Internal Family Systems) and more...
(438) 700-8730 View (438) 700-8730
Photo of Maxine Silverman, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Maxine Silverman
Registered Social Worker, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H2X
Welcome to my page - I am licensed clinical social worker here in Montreal. My therapeutic areas of focus include but are not limited to: anxiety and depression, life changes and transitions, family related issues, and boundary setting.
Welcome to my page - I am licensed clinical social worker here in Montreal. My therapeutic areas of focus include but are not limited to: anxiety and depression, life changes and transitions, family related issues, and boundary setting.
(438) 803-6286 View (438) 803-6286
Photo of Clinique de Psychologie Zikman et Associés, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Clinique de Psychologie Zikman et Associés
Psychologist, MA, MEd, OPQ, QUEBEC, ONTARIO
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H3G
Avec plus de 15 ans d'expérience en thérapie cognitivo-comportementale (TCC), nous sommes dévoués à aider nos clients à mener une vie plus saine. Nous travaillerons avec vous pour atténuer la détresse causée par des problèmes personnels, sociaux ou professionnels. Nous sommes compétents dans le traitement de l'anxiété, de la dépression, du deuil, de la procrastination, des relations, de l'estime de soi, ainsi que de l'adaptation aux études et au travail. Nous sommes également sensibles aux besoins uniques de la communauté LGBTQIA+. Nous avons soigneusement sélectionné nos thérapeutes pour leurs connaissances et leur chaleur.
Avec plus de 15 ans d'expérience en thérapie cognitivo-comportementale (TCC), nous sommes dévoués à aider nos clients à mener une vie plus saine. Nous travaillerons avec vous pour atténuer la détresse causée par des problèmes personnels, sociaux ou professionnels. Nous sommes compétents dans le traitement de l'anxiété, de la dépression, du deuil, de la procrastination, des relations, de l'estime de soi, ainsi que de l'adaptation aux études et au travail. Nous sommes également sensibles aux besoins uniques de la communauté LGBTQIA+. Nous avons soigneusement sélectionné nos thérapeutes pour leurs connaissances et leur chaleur.
(438) 800-1936 View (438) 800-1936
Photo of Faranak Bidabad, Registered Psychotherapist in Montréal, QC
Faranak Bidabad
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H8Y  (Online Only)
As a Psychotherapist & Clinical sexologist she works with clients struggle with emotional problems, affectional dependency, jealousy, fear of intimacy and loneliness; and various problems such as anxiety, depression, self-esteem, body image. She works with couples struggle with separation, conflict, anger, jealousy, intimacy and conversation problems. Relationship begins with hope and love leads to suffering and frustration. Despite the strong urge for intimacy and closeness, couples have no choice but to leave the relationship. Gain insight into repetitive destructive patterns is the first step towards self knowing and improvement.
As a Psychotherapist & Clinical sexologist she works with clients struggle with emotional problems, affectional dependency, jealousy, fear of intimacy and loneliness; and various problems such as anxiety, depression, self-esteem, body image. She works with couples struggle with separation, conflict, anger, jealousy, intimacy and conversation problems. Relationship begins with hope and love leads to suffering and frustration. Despite the strong urge for intimacy and closeness, couples have no choice but to leave the relationship. Gain insight into repetitive destructive patterns is the first step towards self knowing and improvement.
(438) 795-1360 View (438) 795-1360
Photo of Shimmon Hutchinson, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Shimmon Hutchinson
Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW (c)
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H3H
Over the last 11+ years, I have worked with children, individuals, couples, and families in Youth Protection, Teaching/Education, and Community settings. My expertise covers areas such as conjugal violence, emotional dysregulation, Anger Management, men's issues, trauma, racial trauma, anxiety, identity, race and culture, self-esteem, attachment, parenting, co-parenting, and fostering.
Over the last 11+ years, I have worked with children, individuals, couples, and families in Youth Protection, Teaching/Education, and Community settings. My expertise covers areas such as conjugal violence, emotional dysregulation, Anger Management, men's issues, trauma, racial trauma, anxiety, identity, race and culture, self-esteem, attachment, parenting, co-parenting, and fostering.
(438) 601-2644 View (438) 601-2644
Photo of Dema Hussain, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Dema Hussain
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A
Not accepting new clients
I am an integrative therapist that combines humanistic, mindfulness-based, and cognitive-behavioral approaches through a feminist and multicultural lens. This flexible approach is centered on understanding your needs and collaborating to help you succeed and reach your full potential. I am also a career counsellor and well-trained to address issues like career decision-making and transitions as well as workplace burnout.
I am an integrative therapist that combines humanistic, mindfulness-based, and cognitive-behavioral approaches through a feminist and multicultural lens. This flexible approach is centered on understanding your needs and collaborating to help you succeed and reach your full potential. I am also a career counsellor and well-trained to address issues like career decision-making and transitions as well as workplace burnout.
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Photo of Jodie-Ann Muckler, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Jodie-Ann Muckler
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, SCC, TS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H2H  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! I'm Jodie-Ann (they/them). I'm a Black queer social worker and community organizer based in Tio'tia:ke (aka Montreal, Quebec). Sometimes we have had experiences in life that can feel heavy, and they bring up emotions that can stay with us and overwhelm us. This can feel exhausting as it impacts our daily lives and our current relationships, and sometimes we can't understand why. With support, those experiences can be explored and worked through, creating space for the emotions that can often feel trapped.
Hi! I'm Jodie-Ann (they/them). I'm a Black queer social worker and community organizer based in Tio'tia:ke (aka Montreal, Quebec). Sometimes we have had experiences in life that can feel heavy, and they bring up emotions that can stay with us and overwhelm us. This can feel exhausting as it impacts our daily lives and our current relationships, and sometimes we can't understand why. With support, those experiences can be explored and worked through, creating space for the emotions that can often feel trapped.
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Photo of Dr. Peter R. Giancola, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Dr. Peter R. Giancola
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H9K
Please visit my website at FirstChoicePsychology.com. 25+ years of Experience in the US and Canada. My Specialities: Overcoming Adverse and Traumatic experiences, Anxiety, OCD, Depression, Problems in Living, Addictions and Sexual problems. I also focus on helping people recover from the effects of Growing up in Difficult Families as well as Bad/Toxic Relationships. I will help you to build a strong and authentic self-identity so that you can live a life of greater Meaning and Purpose. I utilize the most recent and Highly Effective Intervention Approaches. See the "Specializations" section of my website: FirstChoicePsychology.com
Please visit my website at FirstChoicePsychology.com. 25+ years of Experience in the US and Canada. My Specialities: Overcoming Adverse and Traumatic experiences, Anxiety, OCD, Depression, Problems in Living, Addictions and Sexual problems. I also focus on helping people recover from the effects of Growing up in Difficult Families as well as Bad/Toxic Relationships. I will help you to build a strong and authentic self-identity so that you can live a life of greater Meaning and Purpose. I utilize the most recent and Highly Effective Intervention Approaches. See the "Specializations" section of my website: FirstChoicePsychology.com
(438) 700-9138 View (438) 700-9138
Photo of Paige Geisinger, Counsellor in Montréal, QC
Paige Geisinger
Counsellor, CCC, MS, PMH-C, CTP
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2T
Maybe you need support in navigating pregnancy or the newborn stage, or maybe your relationship has been struggling in the midst of reproductive challenges. Certified in Perinatal Mental Health, I guide couples and individuals through the transformative journey of welcoming new life. Specifically, I love supporting queer couples navigating their reproductive, pregnancy, and postpartum journey. Beyond the perinatal period, I help clients enhance communication and navigate neurodivergency. I use modalities such as Gottman Theory, Attachment Theory, and solution-oriented therapy to help clients achieve their goals.
Maybe you need support in navigating pregnancy or the newborn stage, or maybe your relationship has been struggling in the midst of reproductive challenges. Certified in Perinatal Mental Health, I guide couples and individuals through the transformative journey of welcoming new life. Specifically, I love supporting queer couples navigating their reproductive, pregnancy, and postpartum journey. Beyond the perinatal period, I help clients enhance communication and navigate neurodivergency. I use modalities such as Gottman Theory, Attachment Theory, and solution-oriented therapy to help clients achieve their goals.
(438) 230-0459 View (438) 230-0459
Photo of Leanne D Rondeau, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Leanne D Rondeau
Psychologist, MA, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H2W
Not accepting new clients
Leanne uses a humanist-existentialist approach and Compassion Focused Therapy to treat anxiety, grief, trauma and shame-based self-criticism.
Leanne uses a humanist-existentialist approach and Compassion Focused Therapy to treat anxiety, grief, trauma and shame-based self-criticism.
Photo of Ornela Kapetani- Drama Therapist, Counsellor in Montréal, QC
Ornela Kapetani- Drama Therapist
Counsellor, MA, RDT
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2V
Are you stuck in repetitive, unhealthy patterns and feel as if life happens to you? Drama Therapy can provide the tools and context to engage your imagination in telling your story, solve problems, express feelings and achieve insight. Being active in personal healing is transforming and life affirming experience. Through this technique the life journey of an individual/couple/family can be actively explored and interpersonal skills increased. Participants expand and integrate parts of themselves for a more functional self to emerge. Drama therapy's creative flexibility makes it an appropriate intervention for people of all ages.
Are you stuck in repetitive, unhealthy patterns and feel as if life happens to you? Drama Therapy can provide the tools and context to engage your imagination in telling your story, solve problems, express feelings and achieve insight. Being active in personal healing is transforming and life affirming experience. Through this technique the life journey of an individual/couple/family can be actively explored and interpersonal skills increased. Participants expand and integrate parts of themselves for a more functional self to emerge. Drama therapy's creative flexibility makes it an appropriate intervention for people of all ages.
(438) 701-9404 View (438) 701-9404
Photo of Naila Alidina, Counsellor in Montréal, QC
Naila Alidina
Counsellor, MA, CCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H4E  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Naila brings to her counselling practice many years of experience in the community sector. This work deeply informs her desire to learn and grow as a person, teacher, counsellor, human, in ways that honour our individual and collective stories and their impact on our day to day.
Naila brings to her counselling practice many years of experience in the community sector. This work deeply informs her desire to learn and grow as a person, teacher, counsellor, human, in ways that honour our individual and collective stories and their impact on our day to day.
(438) 701-1840 View (438) 701-1840
Photo of Charbel Michel Ibrahim, Marriage & Family Therapist in Montréal, QC
Charbel Michel Ibrahim
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, TCF, Psycho, Coach, NLP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H4K
I am a marriage and family therapist, a licensed psychotherapist with over 18 years of experience. My areas of expertise include treatments for trauma, anxiety, depression, emotional distress, grief, stress management, bereavement, perinatal bereavement, couple and family difficulties. I believe everyone has inner resources, so I honor my clients’ unique perspectives, values and strengths.
I am a marriage and family therapist, a licensed psychotherapist with over 18 years of experience. My areas of expertise include treatments for trauma, anxiety, depression, emotional distress, grief, stress management, bereavement, perinatal bereavement, couple and family difficulties. I believe everyone has inner resources, so I honor my clients’ unique perspectives, values and strengths.
(450) 954-4854 View (450) 954-4854
Photo of Caitlin Sigouin, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Caitlin Sigouin
Registered Social Worker, MSW, TS
Verified Verified
12 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H2L  (Online Only)
Caitlin supports adults throughout their parenting journey, through grief and burnout. Whether you’re a new or seasoned parent, this role can feel overwhelming and Caitlin is especially passionate about helping you manage and understand these feelings. She can also help you navigate prenatal and postnatal challenges, and the everyday transitions you experience in parenthood. Caitlin is here to help you build the confidence and skills you need to become a mentally and emotionally strong parent.
Caitlin supports adults throughout their parenting journey, through grief and burnout. Whether you’re a new or seasoned parent, this role can feel overwhelming and Caitlin is especially passionate about helping you manage and understand these feelings. She can also help you navigate prenatal and postnatal challenges, and the everyday transitions you experience in parenthood. Caitlin is here to help you build the confidence and skills you need to become a mentally and emotionally strong parent.
(438) 601-4540 View (438) 601-4540
Photo of Maxim D. Lewkowski, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Maxim D. Lewkowski
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H3S  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am a psychologist registered with the Ordre des Psychologues du Québec specializing in research-supported treatment approaches known collectively as Contemporary Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). I help clients find ways to overcome new, and sometimes old, challenges as well as to adjust to limitations. I make therapy active, including running sessions outside the office for exposure when needed. I prefer to keep therapy time limited to improve accountability and maximize results for efforts.
I am a psychologist registered with the Ordre des Psychologues du Québec specializing in research-supported treatment approaches known collectively as Contemporary Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). I help clients find ways to overcome new, and sometimes old, challenges as well as to adjust to limitations. I make therapy active, including running sessions outside the office for exposure when needed. I prefer to keep therapy time limited to improve accountability and maximize results for efforts.
(866) 947-6218 View (866) 947-6218
Photo of Jeffrey Edwin Drugge, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Jeffrey Edwin Drugge
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A
Not accepting new clients
Are you depressed, anxious, stressed, angry or feeling bad about yourself because of challenges in your life, relationships, or past experiences? I can help. Call, text, or email me today so that we can get started.
Are you depressed, anxious, stressed, angry or feeling bad about yourself because of challenges in your life, relationships, or past experiences? I can help. Call, text, or email me today so that we can get started.
(438) 834-8049 View (438) 834-8049
Photo of Carly Noodelman, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Carly Noodelman
Registered Social Worker, MSW, TS
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2V  (Online Only)
With over 13 years of professional experience, I am passionate about working with children, teens, and adults of all ages, as well as couples and families, to navigate issues such as anxiety, self-esteem, work-life balance, parenting, postpartum struggles, and couple difficulties.
With over 13 years of professional experience, I am passionate about working with children, teens, and adults of all ages, as well as couples and families, to navigate issues such as anxiety, self-esteem, work-life balance, parenting, postpartum struggles, and couple difficulties.
(438) 230-0457 View (438) 230-0457
Photo of Emily Martin, Art Therapist in Montréal, QC
Emily Martin
Art Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H2E
I offer in-person art therapy to older children (11+), youth and adults. I aim to meet my clients where they are at by holding a client-centered approach to therapy and making space for curiosity and compassion. I enjoy working collaboratively with my clients to identify their motivation for change, sense of self, and resiliency. It is always my goal to give care to your knowledge, desires, character strengths and connections. The client-therapist relationship remains one of mutuality and partnership.
I offer in-person art therapy to older children (11+), youth and adults. I aim to meet my clients where they are at by holding a client-centered approach to therapy and making space for curiosity and compassion. I enjoy working collaboratively with my clients to identify their motivation for change, sense of self, and resiliency. It is always my goal to give care to your knowledge, desires, character strengths and connections. The client-therapist relationship remains one of mutuality and partnership.
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Photo of Sheryl L Blum, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Sheryl L Blum
Psychologist, BA, MEd, OPQ
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H3G
I have over a decade of counselling expertise. I was specially trained in cognitive-behavior therapy under the late Dr. Micheal Spevack. I treat: panic attacks, fear of flying, depression, OCD, phobias, self-esteem, excessive worrying, procrastination, assertiveness, generalized anxiety, relationship isssues, sexual abuse and incest, insomnia, infertility, and general life stress. I also teach relaxation. I work with you, the client, together as a team on your special goals. We will achieve your goals in a successful, organized manner. I offer warmth and empathy in a supportive environment. Contact me so that you can begin your awesome journey to happiness!
I have over a decade of counselling expertise. I was specially trained in cognitive-behavior therapy under the late Dr. Micheal Spevack. I treat: panic attacks, fear of flying, depression, OCD, phobias, self-esteem, excessive worrying, procrastination, assertiveness, generalized anxiety, relationship isssues, sexual abuse and incest, insomnia, infertility, and general life stress. I also teach relaxation. I work with you, the client, together as a team on your special goals. We will achieve your goals in a successful, organized manner. I offer warmth and empathy in a supportive environment. Contact me so that you can begin your awesome journey to happiness!
(514) 442-8227 View (514) 442-8227

See more therapy options for Montréal

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Montréal, QC

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in Montréal, QC who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
83% Relationship Issues
83% Self Esteem
82% Depression
74% Stress
63% Life Transitions
62% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

56% SunLife
43% Other
43% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in Montréal, QC see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Montréal?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.