Therapists in Montréal, QC

View neighborhoods in Montréal
Photo of Dr. Zhen (Jen) Xu, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Dr. Zhen (Jen) Xu
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H3Z  (Online Only)
Are you or your child/teen feeling stressed, anxious, depressed, or burned out? Would you like to change unhealthy habits, improve your relationships, self-esteem, and communication skills? Are you having difficulty adapting to a new environment/life transition? Today's fast-paced society can be difficult to survive and thrive in, especially if you are juggling multiple roles or experiencing life transitions, such as changing careers or starting life in a new city/country. It can be scary to reach out to a therapist because you want to make sure that you find someone who can speak your language and really connect with you.
Are you or your child/teen feeling stressed, anxious, depressed, or burned out? Would you like to change unhealthy habits, improve your relationships, self-esteem, and communication skills? Are you having difficulty adapting to a new environment/life transition? Today's fast-paced society can be difficult to survive and thrive in, especially if you are juggling multiple roles or experiencing life transitions, such as changing careers or starting life in a new city/country. It can be scary to reach out to a therapist because you want to make sure that you find someone who can speak your language and really connect with you.
(438) 796-4366 View (438) 796-4366
Photo of Stephanie Paquette, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Stephanie Paquette
Registered Social Worker, MSW
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A
Hi, I’m Steph (pronouns : she/her). I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker working on the Kanien’kehá:ka Territory (Island of Montreal, Quebec). Unexpected events and life transitions can have a destabilizing impact on your daily functioning. This may lead you to experience various emotions that are uncomfortable and contribute to anxiety, depressive symptoms, or generalized unwellness. My individualized, empathic, and trauma-aware approach offers a compassionate sounding board to untangle your challenges. I deeply respect and honour your therapeutic trajectory, and draw from various modalities that are catered to your experience.
Hi, I’m Steph (pronouns : she/her). I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker working on the Kanien’kehá:ka Territory (Island of Montreal, Quebec). Unexpected events and life transitions can have a destabilizing impact on your daily functioning. This may lead you to experience various emotions that are uncomfortable and contribute to anxiety, depressive symptoms, or generalized unwellness. My individualized, empathic, and trauma-aware approach offers a compassionate sounding board to untangle your challenges. I deeply respect and honour your therapeutic trajectory, and draw from various modalities that are catered to your experience.
(438) 801-8559 View (438) 801-8559
Photo of Patricia Dawes, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Patricia Dawes
Psychologist, MEd, OPQ
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H3X
Change is a process and working towards change takes courage. Through a collaborative approach, we will work together to help make these changes happen. I can provide you with a confidential and safe environment that will support you in addressing your concerns. Together we will identify the areas in need of change and develop a plan to do so. I will offer you guidance, support and the tools needed to bring your life into balance.
Change is a process and working towards change takes courage. Through a collaborative approach, we will work together to help make these changes happen. I can provide you with a confidential and safe environment that will support you in addressing your concerns. Together we will identify the areas in need of change and develop a plan to do so. I will offer you guidance, support and the tools needed to bring your life into balance.
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Photo of Mia Zehil in Montréal, QC
Mia Zehil
MA, ACNN, CCPA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H4A
Welcome adults and older teens who struggle to feel good enough. Do you feel disconnected from your authentic self, and like you need to please everyone else? Do you feel stuck in certain patterns of thinking or being? In a performance-driven world, our human needs for connection, identity and dignity are too often sacrificed. I invite you to engage in a therapeutic process that will center your humanity, and that will reconnect you to your emotions and your inherent wisdom. By paying attention to all the ways your body speaks to you, you can find the answers you seek. Every part of you is welcome and honoured here.
Welcome adults and older teens who struggle to feel good enough. Do you feel disconnected from your authentic self, and like you need to please everyone else? Do you feel stuck in certain patterns of thinking or being? In a performance-driven world, our human needs for connection, identity and dignity are too often sacrificed. I invite you to engage in a therapeutic process that will center your humanity, and that will reconnect you to your emotions and your inherent wisdom. By paying attention to all the ways your body speaks to you, you can find the answers you seek. Every part of you is welcome and honoured here.
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Photo of Jodie-Ann Muckler, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Jodie-Ann Muckler
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, SCC, TS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H2H  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! I'm Jodie-Ann (they/them). I'm a Black queer social worker and community organizer based in Tio'tia:ke (aka Montreal, Quebec). Sometimes we have had experiences in life that can feel heavy, and they bring up emotions that can stay with us and overwhelm us. This can feel exhausting as it impacts our daily lives and our current relationships, and sometimes we can't understand why. With support, those experiences can be explored and worked through, creating space for the emotions that can often feel trapped.
Hi! I'm Jodie-Ann (they/them). I'm a Black queer social worker and community organizer based in Tio'tia:ke (aka Montreal, Quebec). Sometimes we have had experiences in life that can feel heavy, and they bring up emotions that can stay with us and overwhelm us. This can feel exhausting as it impacts our daily lives and our current relationships, and sometimes we can't understand why. With support, those experiences can be explored and worked through, creating space for the emotions that can often feel trapped.
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Photo of Anne Weintraub, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Anne Weintraub
Registered Social Worker, PSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H4B
Not accepting new clients
We all have a need to feel seen, heard and understood—especially during our most difficult times. I offer a safe place for you to process your thoughts and feelings. Together we will expand on, and enhance your self-awareness and ability to cope with life’s most challenging moments. In this process you will be supported in learning how to change unhealthy patterns and thoughts that keep you feeling stuck. The process will allow you to recognize and mobilize your innate strengths to make the changes you desire.
We all have a need to feel seen, heard and understood—especially during our most difficult times. I offer a safe place for you to process your thoughts and feelings. Together we will expand on, and enhance your self-awareness and ability to cope with life’s most challenging moments. In this process you will be supported in learning how to change unhealthy patterns and thoughts that keep you feeling stuck. The process will allow you to recognize and mobilize your innate strengths to make the changes you desire.
(438) 701-0360 View (438) 701-0360
Photo of Yamin Weiss, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Yamin Weiss
Registered Social Worker, RSW
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H3W
Disconnection, frustration, feeling stuck, and losing hope can all lead to seeking support for relief. Through careful exploration and connective discussion, we can resolve the issues getting in the way with compassion, commitment, and expansion. Learn how to understand and put words to needs, painful events, and traumatic experiences. Make helpful sense of your situation through the emotions, behaviours, thoughts, and beliefs that accompany it, and learn how to respond in meaningful and fulfilling ways to overcome whatever barriers.
Disconnection, frustration, feeling stuck, and losing hope can all lead to seeking support for relief. Through careful exploration and connective discussion, we can resolve the issues getting in the way with compassion, commitment, and expansion. Learn how to understand and put words to needs, painful events, and traumatic experiences. Make helpful sense of your situation through the emotions, behaviours, thoughts, and beliefs that accompany it, and learn how to respond in meaningful and fulfilling ways to overcome whatever barriers.
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Photo of Diane Mondor, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Diane Mondor
Psychologist, MEd
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2J  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a psychologist with a passion for people and a deep and abiding respect for the courage that makes us whole. I believe we are our own map makers and possess what we require in order to navigate our unique course. Sometimes the journey is a solitary one, at other times it is shared. Therapy, as a collaborative engagement, is a place and a space to connect with one’s own knowing. You are your own best expert ... and beginner.
I am a psychologist with a passion for people and a deep and abiding respect for the courage that makes us whole. I believe we are our own map makers and possess what we require in order to navigate our unique course. Sometimes the journey is a solitary one, at other times it is shared. Therapy, as a collaborative engagement, is a place and a space to connect with one’s own knowing. You are your own best expert ... and beginner.
(438) 806-0295 View (438) 806-0295
Photo of Laura Malbogat, Counsellor in Montréal, QC
Laura Malbogat
Counsellor, MEd, B, Psy, Ed, Spec
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A
Difficult life challenges and decisions can be overwhelming. Clients can feel stuck and directionless. I have a real capacity to help clients gain better understanding and create change. I have a Masters in Counselling, McGill University and am a certified Executive/Life Coach. Clients can have challenges that benefit not just from awareness or insight but also need behavioural change. I facilitate clients to learn practical skills and explore issues more deeply. Having lived and worked overseas for 10 years in several different countries means I have cultural awareness. I am skilled at picking out the real issues and concerns.
Difficult life challenges and decisions can be overwhelming. Clients can feel stuck and directionless. I have a real capacity to help clients gain better understanding and create change. I have a Masters in Counselling, McGill University and am a certified Executive/Life Coach. Clients can have challenges that benefit not just from awareness or insight but also need behavioural change. I facilitate clients to learn practical skills and explore issues more deeply. Having lived and worked overseas for 10 years in several different countries means I have cultural awareness. I am skilled at picking out the real issues and concerns.
(855) 504-6098 View (855) 504-6098
Photo of Sonia Krol, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Sonia Krol
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2T
Not accepting new clients
So you’re ready to understand yourself better and figure out how to move forward in your life. That takes courage. If any of the following resonate with you, I think I can help: • You look like you have it all together on the outside, but feel like a mess on the inside. • You’re a people-pleaser and are ready to make more space for you. • You feel like you’re on an emotional roller coaster and are ready to get off this ride and take control of your life. • You have a pattern of feeling stuck in unfulfilling relationships and want that to change. • You’re sick of perfectionism ruling your life.
So you’re ready to understand yourself better and figure out how to move forward in your life. That takes courage. If any of the following resonate with you, I think I can help: • You look like you have it all together on the outside, but feel like a mess on the inside. • You’re a people-pleaser and are ready to make more space for you. • You feel like you’re on an emotional roller coaster and are ready to get off this ride and take control of your life. • You have a pattern of feeling stuck in unfulfilling relationships and want that to change. • You’re sick of perfectionism ruling your life.
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Photo of Jackson Hagner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Montréal, QC
Jackson Hagner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSW , CFT
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2S
I am a social worker, couple and family therapist, and psychotherapist. Using an attachment lens, I draw on an array of psychotherapeutic practices to support clients in enhancing their relational health, emotional wellbeing, and ability to find safety in close adult relationships, including emotionally focused, trauma-informed/focused, and systemic approaches. My work is grounded in a commitment to social justice, and I seek to foster a compassionate environment for all my clients while recognizing how broader systems of power impact our lives and filter into our relationships.
I am a social worker, couple and family therapist, and psychotherapist. Using an attachment lens, I draw on an array of psychotherapeutic practices to support clients in enhancing their relational health, emotional wellbeing, and ability to find safety in close adult relationships, including emotionally focused, trauma-informed/focused, and systemic approaches. My work is grounded in a commitment to social justice, and I seek to foster a compassionate environment for all my clients while recognizing how broader systems of power impact our lives and filter into our relationships.
(438) 814-5997 View (438) 814-5997
Photo of Caitlin Parsons, Counsellor in Montréal, QC
Caitlin Parsons
Counsellor, MA, MHSc, CCC, SLP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H4A
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Canadian Certified Counsellor with an MA in Creative Arts Therapies. My approach is person-centred and collaborative, meaning we’ll work together to figure out what you need and what will be most helpful, from the beginning and throughout the counselling process. I aim to create a space where you can openly share your experiences, thoughts, and emotions, and find a sense of comfort and security as you face life’s challenges. In session, you can expect my full presence, openness, and genuineness.
I am a Canadian Certified Counsellor with an MA in Creative Arts Therapies. My approach is person-centred and collaborative, meaning we’ll work together to figure out what you need and what will be most helpful, from the beginning and throughout the counselling process. I aim to create a space where you can openly share your experiences, thoughts, and emotions, and find a sense of comfort and security as you face life’s challenges. In session, you can expect my full presence, openness, and genuineness.
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Photo of Mingyue Tao, Counsellor in Montréal, QC
Mingyue Tao
Counsellor, MA, CCC, ND
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H2L  (Online Only)
Hey, I know it's a lot to read, so let me make it easy for both of us! My 'things' are: self-love and esteem (How we accept and love ourselves before anybody else does?) ; Overachieving and fear of being a 'failure' (never feeling enough and always wanting to do more?). I also work with people who experience immigration and cultural adaptation challenges. No matter the personal blockages you're facing, my job is to help you discover that there's POWER behind it. I want to help you reclaim that power and find the spring in you :)
Hey, I know it's a lot to read, so let me make it easy for both of us! My 'things' are: self-love and esteem (How we accept and love ourselves before anybody else does?) ; Overachieving and fear of being a 'failure' (never feeling enough and always wanting to do more?). I also work with people who experience immigration and cultural adaptation challenges. No matter the personal blockages you're facing, my job is to help you discover that there's POWER behind it. I want to help you reclaim that power and find the spring in you :)
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Photo of Hoonhei Cho, Counsellor in Montréal, QC
Hoonhei Cho
Counsellor, MA, CCC, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2W  (Online Only)
I create collaborative work with clients facing diverse challenges. My clinical focus is working with individuals going through challenging life transition, relationship or family conflict, anxiety, depression, and grief. No Matter what has brought you therapy, your experience is valid. I believe that even life challenges and unique parts of you have a wisdom to be understood, and strength to be discovered.
I create collaborative work with clients facing diverse challenges. My clinical focus is working with individuals going through challenging life transition, relationship or family conflict, anxiety, depression, and grief. No Matter what has brought you therapy, your experience is valid. I believe that even life challenges and unique parts of you have a wisdom to be understood, and strength to be discovered.
(438) 801-8671 View (438) 801-8671
Photo of Bianca Pungartnik, Registered Psychotherapist in Montréal, QC
Bianca Pungartnik
Registered Psychotherapist, OPQ, OCCOQ, CCC, NIHB, CRPO
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H3Z
Throughout our sessions, I strive to create an environment of compassion, acceptance, and present moment awareness. I don't see myself as fundamentally different from the client, but rather as someone who can bring a fresh perspective to their situation. I believe that the client and I are both climbing our own mountains, and I can use my vantage point to identify obstacles on their mountain that they may not be aware of. In therapy, every struggle is important, and no one's pain is greater or less than another's. Together, we can then find new ways to navigate these obstacles and chart a new course towards a more fulfilling life.
Throughout our sessions, I strive to create an environment of compassion, acceptance, and present moment awareness. I don't see myself as fundamentally different from the client, but rather as someone who can bring a fresh perspective to their situation. I believe that the client and I are both climbing our own mountains, and I can use my vantage point to identify obstacles on their mountain that they may not be aware of. In therapy, every struggle is important, and no one's pain is greater or less than another's. Together, we can then find new ways to navigate these obstacles and chart a new course towards a more fulfilling life.
(514) 889-8922 View (514) 889-8922
Photo of Sherilyn Bell, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Sherilyn Bell
Psychologist, MEd, BA
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A
Not accepting new clients
The teen and young adult years can be tumultuous and fraught with challenges. Many young people experience difficulties during this time which can result in emotional, behavioral, social, academic and/or family issues. Therapy provides an opportunity to stop, reflect, and talk about issues confidentially and openly. I work individually with teens aged 14 and older, as well as adults, in an environment of compassion, non-judgement and respect. Clients and I work collaboratively to explore concerns, examine different perspectives, and work through challenges and obstacles to change, in order to make healthy choices.
The teen and young adult years can be tumultuous and fraught with challenges. Many young people experience difficulties during this time which can result in emotional, behavioral, social, academic and/or family issues. Therapy provides an opportunity to stop, reflect, and talk about issues confidentially and openly. I work individually with teens aged 14 and older, as well as adults, in an environment of compassion, non-judgement and respect. Clients and I work collaboratively to explore concerns, examine different perspectives, and work through challenges and obstacles to change, in order to make healthy choices.
(438) 700-9296 View (438) 700-9296
Photo of Rachel Grostern, Registered Psychotherapist in Montréal, QC
Rachel Grostern
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, MFT
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A  (Online Only)
I want to help you live a more meaningful life where you can feel comfortable being yourself. Healthy, fulfilling and authentic relationships with ourselves & others are the key to wellbeing. Change is possible when we are willing and feel safe enough to explore ourselves, our relationships & the patterns that arise in those interactions. Using a warm, collaborative, strength-based, culturally sensitive & trauma sensitive approach, I aim to help you develop an increased understanding of yourself & deepen a sense of connection in your most meaningful relationships.
I want to help you live a more meaningful life where you can feel comfortable being yourself. Healthy, fulfilling and authentic relationships with ourselves & others are the key to wellbeing. Change is possible when we are willing and feel safe enough to explore ourselves, our relationships & the patterns that arise in those interactions. Using a warm, collaborative, strength-based, culturally sensitive & trauma sensitive approach, I aim to help you develop an increased understanding of yourself & deepen a sense of connection in your most meaningful relationships.
(438) 500-1779 View (438) 500-1779
Photo of Aïka Mathelier, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Aïka Mathelier
Registered Social Worker, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H3Z
Anxiety, self-esteem, relationships, work-life balance, trauma... sometimes navigating through it all, and facing life's challenges might seem like a never-ending struggle. You have the right to feel heard and be heard, as well as respected for who you are and what you have experienced.
Anxiety, self-esteem, relationships, work-life balance, trauma... sometimes navigating through it all, and facing life's challenges might seem like a never-ending struggle. You have the right to feel heard and be heard, as well as respected for who you are and what you have experienced.
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Photo of Dema Hussain, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Dema Hussain
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A
Not accepting new clients
I am an integrative therapist that combines humanistic, mindfulness-based, and cognitive-behavioral approaches through a feminist and multicultural lens. This flexible approach is centered on understanding your needs and collaborating to help you succeed and reach your full potential. I am also a career counsellor and well-trained to address issues like career decision-making and transitions as well as workplace burnout.
I am an integrative therapist that combines humanistic, mindfulness-based, and cognitive-behavioral approaches through a feminist and multicultural lens. This flexible approach is centered on understanding your needs and collaborating to help you succeed and reach your full potential. I am also a career counsellor and well-trained to address issues like career decision-making and transitions as well as workplace burnout.
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Photo of Kate Drury, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Kate Drury
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2T
Not accepting new clients
I think it's safe to say that we are all living through a moment of profound uncertainty, with heightened feelings of anxiety, depression and isolation. My hope is that, together, we can help you reclaim a sense of connection with yourself and your community, reconnect with experiences of joy and pleasure, and move through and integrate painful emotions and past experiences.
I think it's safe to say that we are all living through a moment of profound uncertainty, with heightened feelings of anxiety, depression and isolation. My hope is that, together, we can help you reclaim a sense of connection with yourself and your community, reconnect with experiences of joy and pleasure, and move through and integrate painful emotions and past experiences.
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See more therapy options for Montréal

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Montréal, QC

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in Montréal, QC who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
83% Relationship Issues
83% Self Esteem
82% Depression
73% Stress
63% Life Transitions
62% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

56% SunLife
43% Other
43% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in Montréal, QC see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Montréal?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.