Therapists in Montréal, QC

View neighborhoods in Montréal
Photo of Rachel Toledano, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Rachel Toledano
Psychologist, PhD, MA, BA
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A  (Online Only)
"Take the step, the bridge will be there" (Grace Cirocco). Although starting therapy is sometimes frightening and requires a good dose of courage, finding a warm, empathic and compassionate therapist can make the process easier and positively life-altering. I am an experienced psychologist and I can help you deal with many of life's challenges and hardships, while making sure you feel safe and understood. I practice cognitive behavior therapy and schema therapy, and I also adjust my therapeutic orientation to the unique needs of each of my clients. I ensure warm, compassionate, professional, and confidential therapeutic services.
"Take the step, the bridge will be there" (Grace Cirocco). Although starting therapy is sometimes frightening and requires a good dose of courage, finding a warm, empathic and compassionate therapist can make the process easier and positively life-altering. I am an experienced psychologist and I can help you deal with many of life's challenges and hardships, while making sure you feel safe and understood. I practice cognitive behavior therapy and schema therapy, and I also adjust my therapeutic orientation to the unique needs of each of my clients. I ensure warm, compassionate, professional, and confidential therapeutic services.
(855) 661-4560 View (855) 661-4560
Photo of Jamie Skye Farnsworth, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Jamie Skye Farnsworth
Registered Social Worker, MSW, BSW
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H8Y
Reaching out for support is not always easy, I understand taking this first step can be an overwhelming and scary process. I want to provide you with a safe and supportive environment to work through life’s challenges and better understand what is standing in the way of building your best life. Together, we'll collaborate to explore your experiences, gain deeper insights, and develop practical tools and coping strategies tailored to your unique needs.
Reaching out for support is not always easy, I understand taking this first step can be an overwhelming and scary process. I want to provide you with a safe and supportive environment to work through life’s challenges and better understand what is standing in the way of building your best life. Together, we'll collaborate to explore your experiences, gain deeper insights, and develop practical tools and coping strategies tailored to your unique needs.
(438) 500-0718 View (438) 500-0718
Photo of Katelon Starre in Montréal, QC
Katelon Starre
MA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H4A  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am so glad that you found my page. I offer a warm, judgement-free place where you can bring your whole self and be accepted just as you are. I believe everyone is doing the best they can with what they learned, and that many of the things we learned to survive may not be serving us anymore. Together we can explore these ways of coping and discover new ways of being with oneself and others that align with your personal values and goals. I will be open about what we are doing and why, and you will be in control of the process.
Welcome! I am so glad that you found my page. I offer a warm, judgement-free place where you can bring your whole self and be accepted just as you are. I believe everyone is doing the best they can with what they learned, and that many of the things we learned to survive may not be serving us anymore. Together we can explore these ways of coping and discover new ways of being with oneself and others that align with your personal values and goals. I will be open about what we are doing and why, and you will be in control of the process.
(438) 230-5593 View (438) 230-5593
Photo of Charmain Veronia Banton, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Charmain Veronia Banton
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW, FSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H2C  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Charmain Banton she/her/elle, and welcome to my profile. Life can be unpredictable sometimes even when we plan for the best and the worst of it, but even without life's unpredictability's we often find ourselves in situations that make us feel stressed, worried, anxious and scared. During these difficult moments we can feel very lonely and lost. However, most people do not want to live out their days in turmoil and distress but would rather choose peace and enjoy their interpersonal relationships. I offer the space to work through these hardships on-line in my new private practice.
Hello! My name is Charmain Banton she/her/elle, and welcome to my profile. Life can be unpredictable sometimes even when we plan for the best and the worst of it, but even without life's unpredictability's we often find ourselves in situations that make us feel stressed, worried, anxious and scared. During these difficult moments we can feel very lonely and lost. However, most people do not want to live out their days in turmoil and distress but would rather choose peace and enjoy their interpersonal relationships. I offer the space to work through these hardships on-line in my new private practice.
(438) 817-3761 View (438) 817-3761
Photo of Carolyn Hirtle, Art Therapist in Montréal, QC
Carolyn Hirtle
Art Therapist, MA, ATPQ
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H4A
My intention is to provide an open and non-judgmental space where we can collaborate to explore your unique needs in therapy. My approach encourages clients to use their creative strengths to help explore thoughts and emotions. Our sessions will be flexible and personalized to best meet your needs.
My intention is to provide an open and non-judgmental space where we can collaborate to explore your unique needs in therapy. My approach encourages clients to use their creative strengths to help explore thoughts and emotions. Our sessions will be flexible and personalized to best meet your needs.
(438) 700-2659 View (438) 700-2659
Photo of Amanda L. Hankins, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Amanda L. Hankins
Registered Social Worker, MSW, TS
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2G
I am a registered Psychotherapist and Social Worker in QC. I subscribe to the idea that suffering is a natural part of the human experience; we suffer and experience discomfort so we can cope and grow. It is possible however that we can exceed our threshold of suffering and our normal coping mechanisms are no longer sufficient. This is when our discomfort begins to feel like pain, anxiety, and depressive thoughts and is no longer beneficial to our growth. I like to think of my role as the collaborator and support system for times like these.
I am a registered Psychotherapist and Social Worker in QC. I subscribe to the idea that suffering is a natural part of the human experience; we suffer and experience discomfort so we can cope and grow. It is possible however that we can exceed our threshold of suffering and our normal coping mechanisms are no longer sufficient. This is when our discomfort begins to feel like pain, anxiety, and depressive thoughts and is no longer beneficial to our growth. I like to think of my role as the collaborator and support system for times like these.
(438) 700-9148 View (438) 700-9148
Photo of Wendy Lehman in Montréal, QC
Wendy Lehman
MA, LPC, ACNN
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2X
Over the past 19 years I have had the honor of supporting my clients' journeys of healing and growth. I provide deep listening, respect, and a safe space for clients to reflect and expand self-awareness. We work together to identify and achieve your individualized therapeutic goals. As a result of therapy, my clients have been able to: Improve decision-making, manage difficult emotions with integrity, have loving relationships with family, and let go of old fears and hurt, to enjoy life in the present.
Over the past 19 years I have had the honor of supporting my clients' journeys of healing and growth. I provide deep listening, respect, and a safe space for clients to reflect and expand self-awareness. We work together to identify and achieve your individualized therapeutic goals. As a result of therapy, my clients have been able to: Improve decision-making, manage difficult emotions with integrity, have loving relationships with family, and let go of old fears and hurt, to enjoy life in the present.
(438) 500-6278 View (438) 500-6278
Photo of Paige Geisinger, Counsellor in Montréal, QC
Paige Geisinger
Counsellor, CCC, MS, PMH-C, CTP
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2T
Maybe you need support in navigating pregnancy or the newborn stage, or maybe your relationship has been struggling in the midst of reproductive challenges. Certified in Perinatal Mental Health, I guide couples and individuals through the transformative journey of welcoming new life. Specifically, I love supporting queer couples navigating their reproductive, pregnancy, and postpartum journey. Beyond the perinatal period, I help clients enhance communication and navigate neurodivergency. I use modalities such as Gottman Theory, Attachment Theory, and solution-oriented therapy to help clients achieve their goals.
Maybe you need support in navigating pregnancy or the newborn stage, or maybe your relationship has been struggling in the midst of reproductive challenges. Certified in Perinatal Mental Health, I guide couples and individuals through the transformative journey of welcoming new life. Specifically, I love supporting queer couples navigating their reproductive, pregnancy, and postpartum journey. Beyond the perinatal period, I help clients enhance communication and navigate neurodivergency. I use modalities such as Gottman Theory, Attachment Theory, and solution-oriented therapy to help clients achieve their goals.
(438) 230-0459 View (438) 230-0459
Photo of Pierre Khoury, Registered Psychotherapist in Montréal, QC
Pierre Khoury
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2L  (Online Only)
I'm a licensed psychotherapist and teacher of psychology at University. I teach the following courses: interpersonal relationship, interviewing techniques, intervention models, and personality psychlogy. I am a member of OCCOQ (L'ordre des conseillers et conseillères d'orientation). I offer an hybrid approach between humanistic and cognitive behavioral models. I believe in adapting to whatever works best for YOU, as a unique individual, while prirotizing action and concreteness. You will find me to be non-judgemental, culturally sensitive, creative and especially interactive in my style of intervention.
I'm a licensed psychotherapist and teacher of psychology at University. I teach the following courses: interpersonal relationship, interviewing techniques, intervention models, and personality psychlogy. I am a member of OCCOQ (L'ordre des conseillers et conseillères d'orientation). I offer an hybrid approach between humanistic and cognitive behavioral models. I believe in adapting to whatever works best for YOU, as a unique individual, while prirotizing action and concreteness. You will find me to be non-judgemental, culturally sensitive, creative and especially interactive in my style of intervention.
(438) 817-0325 View (438) 817-0325
Photo of Dema Hussain, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Dema Hussain
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A
Not accepting new clients
I am an integrative therapist that combines humanistic, mindfulness-based, and cognitive-behavioral approaches through a feminist and multicultural lens. This flexible approach is centered on understanding your needs and collaborating to help you succeed and reach your full potential. I am also a career counsellor and well-trained to address issues like career decision-making and transitions as well as workplace burnout.
I am an integrative therapist that combines humanistic, mindfulness-based, and cognitive-behavioral approaches through a feminist and multicultural lens. This flexible approach is centered on understanding your needs and collaborating to help you succeed and reach your full potential. I am also a career counsellor and well-trained to address issues like career decision-making and transitions as well as workplace burnout.
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Steven Rosenbloom
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A
I am a registered Psychologist with 40 years experience and a Training and Supervising Analyst at the Canadian Institute of Psychoanalysis in Montreal. I see late adolescents and adults for Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis for personal problems ranging from anxiety and depression to personal identity and other emotional difficulties. I have taught and supervised psychiatric residents and psychology interns for 40 years. I teach supervise Candidates at the Canadian Institute of Psychoanalysis and have published in the areas of Psychoanalytic Identity and Countertransference.
I am a registered Psychologist with 40 years experience and a Training and Supervising Analyst at the Canadian Institute of Psychoanalysis in Montreal. I see late adolescents and adults for Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis for personal problems ranging from anxiety and depression to personal identity and other emotional difficulties. I have taught and supervised psychiatric residents and psychology interns for 40 years. I teach supervise Candidates at the Canadian Institute of Psychoanalysis and have published in the areas of Psychoanalytic Identity and Countertransference.
(514) 400-2522 View (514) 400-2522
Photo of Brigitte Naggar, Counsellor in Montréal, QC
Brigitte Naggar
Counsellor, MA, co
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H4A
Hello! My name is Brigitte and I am a licensed counsellor with a mission to walk alongside you with gentle curiosity, to unfold the challenges that are bringing you to seek help-and if you made it this far, then you are already on your way. In therapy, we can work together to develop your self-understanding, to empower you to make choices in line with your values and needs. For me, this work is an access point for healing the many ways in which we can show up outside of the therapy room, both for ourselves and for our communities.
Hello! My name is Brigitte and I am a licensed counsellor with a mission to walk alongside you with gentle curiosity, to unfold the challenges that are bringing you to seek help-and if you made it this far, then you are already on your way. In therapy, we can work together to develop your self-understanding, to empower you to make choices in line with your values and needs. For me, this work is an access point for healing the many ways in which we can show up outside of the therapy room, both for ourselves and for our communities.
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Photo of Toni Isabel Rebic, Psychologist in Montréal, QC
Toni Isabel Rebic
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H3B
Would you like to stand in your power, be more in control of your life? To solve a problem, Einstein said you must first change the mindset that created it. It starts “within” you! Having worked with thousands of clients over 18 years, I’ve observed that we have 2 voices in our head - the conscious and subconscious minds. When your 2 voices don't get along, it feels like a battle is raging within, and it’s this gap that causes your anxiety, depression, fears, and emotional struggles; but when your 2 voices align in harmony, you experience inner strength, joy, passion, your TrueSelf, and feel energized in the pursuit of your desires.
Would you like to stand in your power, be more in control of your life? To solve a problem, Einstein said you must first change the mindset that created it. It starts “within” you! Having worked with thousands of clients over 18 years, I’ve observed that we have 2 voices in our head - the conscious and subconscious minds. When your 2 voices don't get along, it feels like a battle is raging within, and it’s this gap that causes your anxiety, depression, fears, and emotional struggles; but when your 2 voices align in harmony, you experience inner strength, joy, passion, your TrueSelf, and feel energized in the pursuit of your desires.
(514) 400-2296 View (514) 400-2296
Photo of Laura Gilbert, Marriage & Family Therapist in Montréal, QC
Laura Gilbert
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MA Psy, Coach
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2V  (Online Only)
Formerly a California, US, Psychotherapist. Currently a Marriage and Family Therapist, an ADHD/Attention Coach, and Adjunct Professor, Psychology. Learn to effectively manage ADD/ADHD challenges with evidence based interventions and techniques. Develop cognitive, affective, and behavioral skills. Regain control over thoughts and emotions.
Formerly a California, US, Psychotherapist. Currently a Marriage and Family Therapist, an ADHD/Attention Coach, and Adjunct Professor, Psychology. Learn to effectively manage ADD/ADHD challenges with evidence based interventions and techniques. Develop cognitive, affective, and behavioral skills. Regain control over thoughts and emotions.
(438) 255-0978 View (438) 255-0978
Photo of Aurélie Frenette-Araujo, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Aurélie Frenette-Araujo
Registered Social Worker, MSW, TS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H3T  (Online Only)
Navigating life can be challenging, considering suffering and uncertainty are central to the human experience. In efforts to feel happier, we tend to deny our pain, hoping it will eventually go away. It may be efficient for a while, but ultimately this prevents us from showing up authentically in our relationships and experiencing the very thing we want most: inner peace, confidence, connection and belonging. The good news is these challenges make us human, they are not uncommon, and you have what it takes to create the life you crave. It simply requires following your intuition and getting the support you need.
Navigating life can be challenging, considering suffering and uncertainty are central to the human experience. In efforts to feel happier, we tend to deny our pain, hoping it will eventually go away. It may be efficient for a while, but ultimately this prevents us from showing up authentically in our relationships and experiencing the very thing we want most: inner peace, confidence, connection and belonging. The good news is these challenges make us human, they are not uncommon, and you have what it takes to create the life you crave. It simply requires following your intuition and getting the support you need.
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Photo of Beverly Monk, Marriage & Family Therapist in Montréal, QC
Beverly Monk
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, CFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H2V
I have over 25 years experience, and extensive training specializing in therapy with people whose relationships have become places of fear, insecurity, and loneliness, where bonds of emotional safety, trust and intimacy have gradually eroded. I offer a short-term, emotionally focused approach (EFT) that's scientifically proven and highly successful in creating greater closeness, a way back to the heart of your relationship. When the connection that you'd hoped to depend on forever seems lost, replaced by distance and confusion, I can help you rekindle intimacy and compassion, a secure bond you can depend on even in hard times.
I have over 25 years experience, and extensive training specializing in therapy with people whose relationships have become places of fear, insecurity, and loneliness, where bonds of emotional safety, trust and intimacy have gradually eroded. I offer a short-term, emotionally focused approach (EFT) that's scientifically proven and highly successful in creating greater closeness, a way back to the heart of your relationship. When the connection that you'd hoped to depend on forever seems lost, replaced by distance and confusion, I can help you rekindle intimacy and compassion, a secure bond you can depend on even in hard times.
(514) 893-7437 View (514) 893-7437
Photo of Cenk Matalon, Counsellor in Montréal, QC
Cenk Matalon
Counsellor, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H1Y
I’ve worked with hundreds of individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma symptoms, and relationship challenges. Through somatic therapy, my clients find the well-being and inner peace they seek. Feeling good about your life is your birthright. Please send me an email (instead of calling) to book your free discovery call.
I’ve worked with hundreds of individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma symptoms, and relationship challenges. Through somatic therapy, my clients find the well-being and inner peace they seek. Feeling good about your life is your birthright. Please send me an email (instead of calling) to book your free discovery call.
(438) 701-1938 View (438) 701-1938
Photo of Angela Aronson, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Angela Aronson
Registered Social Worker, MSW, PSW
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H4A
I practice a specialized form of therapy culled from the best of available dynamic modalities with the clear objective of getting to the source of a person's problem. It is applicable to a wide range of mental health disturbances such as anxiety, depression, panic attacks, chronic pain, unexplained medical symptoms and/or problems with loss, emotions, relationships, assertion, self-esteem and self-defeat.
I practice a specialized form of therapy culled from the best of available dynamic modalities with the clear objective of getting to the source of a person's problem. It is applicable to a wide range of mental health disturbances such as anxiety, depression, panic attacks, chronic pain, unexplained medical symptoms and/or problems with loss, emotions, relationships, assertion, self-esteem and self-defeat.
(514) 939-0053 View (514) 939-0053
Photo of Anne Weintraub, Registered Social Worker in Montréal, QC
Anne Weintraub
Registered Social Worker, PSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montréal, QC H4B
Not accepting new clients
We all have a need to feel seen, heard and understood—especially during our most difficult times. I offer a safe place for you to process your thoughts and feelings. Together we will expand on, and enhance your self-awareness and ability to cope with life’s most challenging moments. In this process you will be supported in learning how to change unhealthy patterns and thoughts that keep you feeling stuck. The process will allow you to recognize and mobilize your innate strengths to make the changes you desire.
We all have a need to feel seen, heard and understood—especially during our most difficult times. I offer a safe place for you to process your thoughts and feelings. Together we will expand on, and enhance your self-awareness and ability to cope with life’s most challenging moments. In this process you will be supported in learning how to change unhealthy patterns and thoughts that keep you feeling stuck. The process will allow you to recognize and mobilize your innate strengths to make the changes you desire.
(438) 701-0360 View (438) 701-0360
Photo of Sol Engmann, Counsellor in Montréal, QC
Sol Engmann
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Montréal, QC H2R
We all struggle sometimes and deserve support. Life can be hard, because of a conflict, transition, separation, loss, or because the world's sick and it's a lot harder for some to survive. It can help to talk, feel supported and heard by someone who can validate and understand our reality. I hope to create an environment full of care, including for queer and trans folks and their loved ones, and everyone living at the intersection of one or several forms of oppression. It's crucial for me to recognize and centre the expertise of each person over their own lived experience.
We all struggle sometimes and deserve support. Life can be hard, because of a conflict, transition, separation, loss, or because the world's sick and it's a lot harder for some to survive. It can help to talk, feel supported and heard by someone who can validate and understand our reality. I hope to create an environment full of care, including for queer and trans folks and their loved ones, and everyone living at the intersection of one or several forms of oppression. It's crucial for me to recognize and centre the expertise of each person over their own lived experience.
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See more therapy options for Montréal

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Montréal, QC

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Counsellors in Montréal, QC who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
83% Relationship Issues
83% Self Esteem
82% Depression
74% Stress
63% Life Transitions
62% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

56% SunLife
43% Other
43% Canada Life | Great-West Life

How Counsellors in Montréal, QC see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Montréal?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.