Relational Therapists in Toronto, ON

Photo of Meghan Watson, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Meghan Watson
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4W
Our work is relational, grounded and practical.
Finding the right therapist that matches your need can be overwhelming and difficult. If you struggle with anxiety, feelings of worthlessness, low self esteem, psychological trauma, body image issues, or burnout, we may be able to help. My clinic Bloom Psychology & Wellness offers warm, non-judgmental therapy online to individuals, and couples. Connection is important, so we will work closely to explore your resilience, manage strong emotions, develop insight, and strengthen your relationships. Together we can challenge unhelpful beliefs and patterns that may be preventing you from living the life you want.
Our work is relational, grounded and practical.
Finding the right therapist that matches your need can be overwhelming and difficult. If you struggle with anxiety, feelings of worthlessness, low self esteem, psychological trauma, body image issues, or burnout, we may be able to help. My clinic Bloom Psychology & Wellness offers warm, non-judgmental therapy online to individuals, and couples. Connection is important, so we will work closely to explore your resilience, manage strong emotions, develop insight, and strengthen your relationships. Together we can challenge unhelpful beliefs and patterns that may be preventing you from living the life you want.
(647) 957-8938 View (647) 957-8938
Photo of Japneet Kaur, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Japneet Kaur
Registered Social Worker, BA, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6P
Welcome! In my practice, I use an integrative approach to meet the unique needs of each client and family I work with.  This includes practicing with a relational, attachment focused, and strengths-based theoretical base, along with an anti-oppressive and trauma-informed framework with clients. I incorporate modalities such as mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused, motivational interviewing, and narrative therapy. These modalities can help clients gain insight into their circumstances, empower them towards/reach their goals and learn ways to effectively manage life’s challenges.
Welcome! In my practice, I use an integrative approach to meet the unique needs of each client and family I work with.  This includes practicing with a relational, attachment focused, and strengths-based theoretical base, along with an anti-oppressive and trauma-informed framework with clients. I incorporate modalities such as mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused, motivational interviewing, and narrative therapy. These modalities can help clients gain insight into their circumstances, empower them towards/reach their goals and learn ways to effectively manage life’s challenges.
(647) 492-8590 View (647) 492-8590
Photo of Andrew Holmes - Social Worker Clinical Supervisor, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Andrew Holmes - Social Worker Clinical Supervisor
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4Y  (Online Only)
My client-centred approach is holistic as I draw from the wisdom of trauma-informed practice, IFS, relational therapy and more.
Your past does not have to define your future. You are not doomed to repeat the same mistakes. You can manage stress, racing thoughts, and overwhelming emotions. Your story is a work in progress, and much is still unwritten. You can heal and grow beyond what you think is possible. You can revise your story to one of healing, hope and joy. I know this because I have healed from my own trauma story. You don’t have to do this alone. Together we will create a safe container where we can journey together. I am dedicated to making this journey with you, to a place of wholeness, healing, connection and transformation.
My client-centred approach is holistic as I draw from the wisdom of trauma-informed practice, IFS, relational therapy and more.
Your past does not have to define your future. You are not doomed to repeat the same mistakes. You can manage stress, racing thoughts, and overwhelming emotions. Your story is a work in progress, and much is still unwritten. You can heal and grow beyond what you think is possible. You can revise your story to one of healing, hope and joy. I know this because I have healed from my own trauma story. You don’t have to do this alone. Together we will create a safe container where we can journey together. I am dedicated to making this journey with you, to a place of wholeness, healing, connection and transformation.
(647) 492-9244 View (647) 492-9244
Photo of Clark Bondy, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Clark Bondy
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4K
I believe that relational therapy and anti-oppressive therapy are inextricable.
I work with people experiencing many different hues in the spectrum of being alive. Maybe you are stuck, worried, numb, or furious. Maybe you are feeling alone navigating injustice. Maybe you're trying to make sense of a relationship, or to sift through a murky part of your inner landscape. Whatever you might arrive with, I will stand with you as together we take a slow, deep look into the river of your life.
I believe that relational therapy and anti-oppressive therapy are inextricable.
I work with people experiencing many different hues in the spectrum of being alive. Maybe you are stuck, worried, numb, or furious. Maybe you are feeling alone navigating injustice. Maybe you're trying to make sense of a relationship, or to sift through a murky part of your inner landscape. Whatever you might arrive with, I will stand with you as together we take a slow, deep look into the river of your life.
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Photo of Zoë Bowman, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Zoë Bowman
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6G  (Online Only)
I draw on attachment, relational, and trauma informed approaches.
Clients come to me when they're feeling overwhelmed and exhausted from trying to "keep it together all the time". Often, they're suffering from a combination of burnout, stress, anxiety, depression, fears or low self-esteem. They feel disconnected from themselves and unable to navigate even the simplest of daily challenges. They want support in learning how to reduce the weight of their emotional and physical tensions and regain confidence in their ability to navigate their daily lives.
I draw on attachment, relational, and trauma informed approaches.
Clients come to me when they're feeling overwhelmed and exhausted from trying to "keep it together all the time". Often, they're suffering from a combination of burnout, stress, anxiety, depression, fears or low self-esteem. They feel disconnected from themselves and unable to navigate even the simplest of daily challenges. They want support in learning how to reduce the weight of their emotional and physical tensions and regain confidence in their ability to navigate their daily lives.
(587) 602-2701 View (587) 602-2701
Photo of Karen Zarnett, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Karen Zarnett
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4P  (Online Only)
We may work with the approach of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Mindfulness, Relational, Emotional Focused or a combination of them.
Welcome and thank you for visiting my page at the Psychology Today site. You may be searching for a therapist for the first time or perhaps you are returning to therapy after some time away; either way you have made a courageous step. Do you feel anxious or scared? Do you feel down or depressed and is it harder to bounce back? Is it a relationship break up or problems? Whatever you may be experiencing, we will sit together in a comfortable office and begin to unravel the issues you want to focus on, in a non-judgemental and gentle environment.
We may work with the approach of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Mindfulness, Relational, Emotional Focused or a combination of them.
Welcome and thank you for visiting my page at the Psychology Today site. You may be searching for a therapist for the first time or perhaps you are returning to therapy after some time away; either way you have made a courageous step. Do you feel anxious or scared? Do you feel down or depressed and is it harder to bounce back? Is it a relationship break up or problems? Whatever you may be experiencing, we will sit together in a comfortable office and begin to unravel the issues you want to focus on, in a non-judgemental and gentle environment.
(647) 977-5906 View (647) 977-5906
Photo of Marina Vinokurov Psychotherapy, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Marina Vinokurov Psychotherapy
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5R
I am a registered social worker with 15 years experience in providing individual and family therapy in adult and children mental health settings. I support individuals and families with interpersonal challenges, mental health concerns, coping with childhood trauma, work stress, transitions and emotional concerns. My work is focused on compassionately exploring and transforming deeply rooted, unsettling patterns in relationship with self and others. In therapeutic relationship where my clients feel deeply understood, we integrate relational, emotional, cognitive and body-oriented experiences to facilitate meaningful change.
I am a registered social worker with 15 years experience in providing individual and family therapy in adult and children mental health settings. I support individuals and families with interpersonal challenges, mental health concerns, coping with childhood trauma, work stress, transitions and emotional concerns. My work is focused on compassionately exploring and transforming deeply rooted, unsettling patterns in relationship with self and others. In therapeutic relationship where my clients feel deeply understood, we integrate relational, emotional, cognitive and body-oriented experiences to facilitate meaningful change.
(647) 696-8516 View (647) 696-8516
Photo of Lesley Swartz, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Lesley Swartz
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MEd, EXAT
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6J
My approach is relational, client-centered, creative, somatic and collaborative.
I am a registered psychotherapist and a certified expressive arts therapist. I have been a practicing psychotherapist for over 15 years and am interested in promoting self healing, relationships, growth and change. I have trained extensively in expressive arts, gestalt and developmental somatic psychotherapy and have pursued professional training in emotionally focused couples therapy (EFT), trauma informed therapy, narrative therapy and child and play therapy. I create a safe and interactive therapeutic atmosphere, and work from a resource oriented, somatic awareness based perspective, focussing on both short and long term needs.
My approach is relational, client-centered, creative, somatic and collaborative.
I am a registered psychotherapist and a certified expressive arts therapist. I have been a practicing psychotherapist for over 15 years and am interested in promoting self healing, relationships, growth and change. I have trained extensively in expressive arts, gestalt and developmental somatic psychotherapy and have pursued professional training in emotionally focused couples therapy (EFT), trauma informed therapy, narrative therapy and child and play therapy. I create a safe and interactive therapeutic atmosphere, and work from a resource oriented, somatic awareness based perspective, focussing on both short and long term needs.
(855) 607-5508 View (855) 607-5508
Photo of Emily Halperin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toronto, ON
Emily Halperin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C  (Online Only)
Hi! My name is Emily Halperin and I am a Registered Social Worker and Therapist. I work with youth, young adults, and couples, supporting them through a range of emotional and relational challenges. Whether you are looking to unpack experiences that are difficult, build self-compassion, or develop strategies to manage anxiety and stress, I am here to help. In my practice, I aim to support you in exploring your emotional health and well-being. I have a particular interest in working with adults as they navigate relationships and related stressors.
Hi! My name is Emily Halperin and I am a Registered Social Worker and Therapist. I work with youth, young adults, and couples, supporting them through a range of emotional and relational challenges. Whether you are looking to unpack experiences that are difficult, build self-compassion, or develop strategies to manage anxiety and stress, I am here to help. In my practice, I aim to support you in exploring your emotional health and well-being. I have a particular interest in working with adults as they navigate relationships and related stressors.
(416) 639-1762 View (416) 639-1762
Photo of Andrei Reznikov, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Toronto, ON
Andrei Reznikov
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA, BSc
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5G
Offering sessions in Russian and English, my main focus is relationships. I work by peeling apart narratives surrounding the issue, educating the couple on the specific tools I used, and how to apply them independently. For individuals, I offer a toolbox of various CBT, SFT, and Narrative Therapy methodology that we collaborate on fitting and applying. After closely exploring ones relational functioning - breakups, tough relationships and family situations, I proceed to focus on immediate needs, with the aim of boosting overall functioning. Lost after trauma, or hurting day after day - If these are your issues, I may be of service.
Offering sessions in Russian and English, my main focus is relationships. I work by peeling apart narratives surrounding the issue, educating the couple on the specific tools I used, and how to apply them independently. For individuals, I offer a toolbox of various CBT, SFT, and Narrative Therapy methodology that we collaborate on fitting and applying. After closely exploring ones relational functioning - breakups, tough relationships and family situations, I proceed to focus on immediate needs, with the aim of boosting overall functioning. Lost after trauma, or hurting day after day - If these are your issues, I may be of service.
(365) 400-8344 View (365) 400-8344
Photo of Claire Lewis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Toronto, ON
Claire Lewis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6H  (Online Only)
My clinical work draws from Relational Psychotherapy, Trauma Informed Stabilization Treatment and mindfulness informed cognitive therapies (ACT, DBT).
Welcome! I’m so glad you’re here. Asking for support is a vulnerable and courageous act. You may be feeling anxious, overwhelmed, depressed or out of touch with yourself. Or perhaps, you are struggling in your relationships or being held back by issues from the past. Whatever your reason for reaching out, therapy can help you move from feeling stuck to feeling more clear, connected, confident and courageous in your life. Our work together will help you to discover your healing path and offer you a therapeutic relationship that you can rely on to support, inspire and guide you.
My clinical work draws from Relational Psychotherapy, Trauma Informed Stabilization Treatment and mindfulness informed cognitive therapies (ACT, DBT).
Welcome! I’m so glad you’re here. Asking for support is a vulnerable and courageous act. You may be feeling anxious, overwhelmed, depressed or out of touch with yourself. Or perhaps, you are struggling in your relationships or being held back by issues from the past. Whatever your reason for reaching out, therapy can help you move from feeling stuck to feeling more clear, connected, confident and courageous in your life. Our work together will help you to discover your healing path and offer you a therapeutic relationship that you can rely on to support, inspire and guide you.
(437) 747-7343 View (437) 747-7343
Photo of Rajvinder Kaur, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Toronto, ON
Rajvinder Kaur
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BHSc, MACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4C  (Online Only)
I use a relational, trauma-informed and anti-oppressive approach.
I work with teens and adults from across the spectrums of gender, sexuality, and culture who are looking to deepen and bring more compassion to their relationship with themselves and others. You may be struggling with identity, life direction, inner and external conflict, or in understanding where you’re getting stuck in your journey towards happiness and fulfilment. Or, maybe you know where you want to go but are just not sure how to get there. I’ll support you along your path, whatever it is, while honouring your values and experiences.
I use a relational, trauma-informed and anti-oppressive approach.
I work with teens and adults from across the spectrums of gender, sexuality, and culture who are looking to deepen and bring more compassion to their relationship with themselves and others. You may be struggling with identity, life direction, inner and external conflict, or in understanding where you’re getting stuck in your journey towards happiness and fulfilment. Or, maybe you know where you want to go but are just not sure how to get there. I’ll support you along your path, whatever it is, while honouring your values and experiences.
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Photo of Nakema McManamna, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Nakema McManamna
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M5X  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My approach is grounded in collaborative relational and interpersonal psychotherapy.
Making the decision to expand your family is one of life's most difficult transitions. It is a journey that no one should have to undertake alone. Through one-to-one psychotherapy, I support people throughout their perinatal mental health journey including pregnancy planning, infertility, grief, processing labour and delivery, and post-partum transitions.
My approach is grounded in collaborative relational and interpersonal psychotherapy.
Making the decision to expand your family is one of life's most difficult transitions. It is a journey that no one should have to undertake alone. Through one-to-one psychotherapy, I support people throughout their perinatal mental health journey including pregnancy planning, infertility, grief, processing labour and delivery, and post-partum transitions.
(289) 276-7416 View (289) 276-7416
Photo of Francis Martin, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Francis Martin
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6S
Often clients struggle with past difficulties encountered during childhood. Many of these painful, even traumatic experiences occur within their family of origin or with peers. As the person enters adulthood and then moves through later milestones, their childhood wounds can hinder present healthy development and interfere with their ability to become their authentic selves. Relational issues emerge as the person seeks intimacy and connection with others. Feelings of loneliness and isolation can result in anxiety and depression because these interpersonal challenges interfere with one's core sense of fulfillment and meaning in life.
Often clients struggle with past difficulties encountered during childhood. Many of these painful, even traumatic experiences occur within their family of origin or with peers. As the person enters adulthood and then moves through later milestones, their childhood wounds can hinder present healthy development and interfere with their ability to become their authentic selves. Relational issues emerge as the person seeks intimacy and connection with others. Feelings of loneliness and isolation can result in anxiety and depression because these interpersonal challenges interfere with one's core sense of fulfillment and meaning in life.
(647) 360-6427 View (647) 360-6427
Photo of Rose Anthony, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Rose Anthony
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M8V
My therapeutic style is trauma informed; rooted in emotion focused, relational, somatic and mindfulness approaches.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist with over 15 years of experience. What I have learned as both a therapist and a client of therapy myself is the immense healing, growth and transformation that can be nurtured in a therapeutic relationship. I am passionate about helping people to understand themselves better and address barriers that are preventing them from living a more easeful life. This may include addressing feelings of anxiety, depression or stuckness; managing stress or big emotions, improving relationships, working through past trauma or self growth. Together, we will draw insight and wisdom from your lived experience.
My therapeutic style is trauma informed; rooted in emotion focused, relational, somatic and mindfulness approaches.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist with over 15 years of experience. What I have learned as both a therapist and a client of therapy myself is the immense healing, growth and transformation that can be nurtured in a therapeutic relationship. I am passionate about helping people to understand themselves better and address barriers that are preventing them from living a more easeful life. This may include addressing feelings of anxiety, depression or stuckness; managing stress or big emotions, improving relationships, working through past trauma or self growth. Together, we will draw insight and wisdom from your lived experience.
(365) 364-1456 View (365) 364-1456
Photo of Heidi Cho, Registered Social Worker in Toronto, ON
Heidi Cho
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6H  (Online Only)
My approach is relational, trauma-informed and narrative based, using a combination of talk therapy with collaborative skill building such as Mindfulness, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, and Dialetical Behavioural Therapy.
I offer one-on-one individual sessions for adults and youth navigating themes of depression, anxiety, neurodivergence, grief, sexuality, gender identity, race/racism, childhood trauma, relationships issues, self-worth and harm reduction/substance use. I approach the exploration of healing and trauma processing with a non-linear, non-pathological perspective that recognizes the relationships between systemic oppression, intergenerational trauma, and adaptive survival/coping mechanisms. My hope is to ground our conversations in nuance, sensitivity and curiosity.
My approach is relational, trauma-informed and narrative based, using a combination of talk therapy with collaborative skill building such as Mindfulness, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, and Dialetical Behavioural Therapy.
I offer one-on-one individual sessions for adults and youth navigating themes of depression, anxiety, neurodivergence, grief, sexuality, gender identity, race/racism, childhood trauma, relationships issues, self-worth and harm reduction/substance use. I approach the exploration of healing and trauma processing with a non-linear, non-pathological perspective that recognizes the relationships between systemic oppression, intergenerational trauma, and adaptive survival/coping mechanisms. My hope is to ground our conversations in nuance, sensitivity and curiosity.
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Photo of Lewis Lau, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying) in Toronto, ON
Lewis Lau
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4N  (Online Only)
I supplement this work with academic, leadership, and relational skill development.
It’s often hard to succeed in school and/or at work when we’re struggling with distressing feelings that we can’t seem to understand or manage. I specialize in supporting students and professionals by integrating mental health support with the development of the concrete skills needed to thrive in school, work, and relationships.
I supplement this work with academic, leadership, and relational skill development.
It’s often hard to succeed in school and/or at work when we’re struggling with distressing feelings that we can’t seem to understand or manage. I specialize in supporting students and professionals by integrating mental health support with the development of the concrete skills needed to thrive in school, work, and relationships.
(647) 691-5225 View (647) 691-5225
Photo of Peggy O'Leary, Psychological Associate in Toronto, ON
Peggy O'Leary
Psychological Associate, MEd
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4Y
I have trained in psychoanalysis with the Toronto Institute for Contemporary Psychoanalysis, in dynamic psychotherapy with a relational attachment focus, and in self psychology.
I work with people whose struggle with depression, anxiety, low self esteem or addictions is getting in the way of leading a fulfilling life. For many years I have helped individuals who have experienced trauma and suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder. I also work with couples experiencing ruptures in their relationship to help rebuild communication, trust and intimacy . As a family mediator I help couples resolve conflict emerging from separation and divorce.
I have trained in psychoanalysis with the Toronto Institute for Contemporary Psychoanalysis, in dynamic psychotherapy with a relational attachment focus, and in self psychology.
I work with people whose struggle with depression, anxiety, low self esteem or addictions is getting in the way of leading a fulfilling life. For many years I have helped individuals who have experienced trauma and suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder. I also work with couples experiencing ruptures in their relationship to help rebuild communication, trust and intimacy . As a family mediator I help couples resolve conflict emerging from separation and divorce.
(855) 463-1807 View (855) 463-1807
Photo of Samara Liu, Registered Psychotherapist in Toronto, ON
Samara Liu
Registered Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6K  (Online Only)
My core psychotherapeutic training is Humanistic - specifically Gestalt Therapy (Relational/Embodied/Experiential).
So many of us have learned to shut down emotions in order to carry on. You may have noticed that this can only last so long. You do not need to have a mental health diagnosis in order to access therapy. All that is needed is the desire for personal and relational growth. We heal via safe re-connection with other humans - your story deserves to be listened to.
My core psychotherapeutic training is Humanistic - specifically Gestalt Therapy (Relational/Embodied/Experiential).
So many of us have learned to shut down emotions in order to carry on. You may have noticed that this can only last so long. You do not need to have a mental health diagnosis in order to access therapy. All that is needed is the desire for personal and relational growth. We heal via safe re-connection with other humans - your story deserves to be listened to.
(226) 271-7692 View (226) 271-7692
Photo of Tahereh Barati, Marriage & Family Therapist in Toronto, ON
Tahereh Barati
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, RP, CAMFT-S, AAMFT
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M4S  (Online Only)
When problems take over our lives and relationships, a wide range of concerns may be present. We seek understanding, solution and relief from the grip that the problems have on us - problems. I provide counselling services to address your relational, emotional and behavioural issues from depression, anxiety, anger, and grief to parenting, relationships with children, spouses, pre-marital, common-laws, blended families, and beyond. Our collaborative conversations will support you in gaining new understanding, exploring alternative solutions, and get relief from the grip of problems.
When problems take over our lives and relationships, a wide range of concerns may be present. We seek understanding, solution and relief from the grip that the problems have on us - problems. I provide counselling services to address your relational, emotional and behavioural issues from depression, anxiety, anger, and grief to parenting, relationships with children, spouses, pre-marital, common-laws, blended families, and beyond. Our collaborative conversations will support you in gaining new understanding, exploring alternative solutions, and get relief from the grip of problems.
(855) 434-3532 View (855) 434-3532

See more therapy options for Toronto

Relational Counsellors

How does relational therapy work?

Relational therapy was developed by psychologist Jean Miller, whose ideas stressed that having strong connections with others encourages better health and well-being when compared with a lonely existence. Conversely, poor interpersonal relationships do not foster growth and learning. Relational therapy also encourages trust in others and patience with others, along with better communication and less conflict.

Is relational therapy evidence-based?

Relational therapy is not well-studied, and it may not be as effective in treating certain mental health conditions when compared with evidence-based treatments like cognitive behavioural or acceptance and commitment therapy. However, relational therapy uses techniques found in cognitive behavioural therapy as well as psychodynamic therapy, which are both well-studied with empirical research.

How long are people typically in relational therapy?

Clients may see improvement after a few weeks or months of therapy. Like cognitive behavioral therapy, relational therapy can reduce symptoms within 10 to 20 weeks, at 45 to 50 minutes once a week. But like any type of therapy, improvement depends on the person and the severity of the problem.

Does relational therapy work?

While no therapy type will work for everyone, some evidence suggests that this therapy can be effective. Relational therapy can help a person manage problematic relationships as well as the mental health conditions that accompany difficult relationships like depression or anxiety. This therapy type may offer benefits that are hard to measure but can be just as valuable—including feelings of higher self-worth or healthier connections with others.